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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIBLE AND ITS RECEPTION

Edited by
Hans-Josef Klauck, Bernard McGinn, Choon-Leong Seow, Hermann Spieckermann, Barry Dov Walfish, Eric Ziolkowski

in cooperation with
Dale Allison, Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, Donna Bowman, Brian Britt, Michael Cameron, Mordechai Z. Cohen, Joseph Davis, Jamey Deming, Martin Forward, Peter Gemeinhardt, Haim Goldfus, Ann E. Killebrew, David W. Kling, Volker Leppin, Paul Mendes-Flohr, Martti Nissinen, Dennis T. Olson, Nils Holger Petersen, S. Brent Plate, Christine Roy Yoder, Thomas Römer, Günter Stemberger, Marvin A. Sweeney, Johan C. Thom, David R. Thomas, Samuel Vollenweider, Jan G. van der Watt, Sidnie White Crawford

List of Keywords

A (Aleph) - Ainsworth, Henry l Aion (Deity) - Apostasy l Apostle - Azzur

Baal (Deity) - Beriah l Berio, Luciano - Byzantine Epoch

Cabbon - Christian Science l Christianity, Christendom - Cyrus

Aion (Deity) - Apostasy

Aion (Deity)

Ajalon see Aijalon

Ajjul, Tell El-

Akan

Akedah see Aqedah

Akeldama

Akhenaten (1353–1336 BCE)

Akhetaten, Akhetaton see Amarna, Tell El-

Akhmatova, Anna (1889–1966)

Akhmimic Dialect see Coptic Language

Akiba, Rabbi see Aqiba, Rabbi

Akitu

Akkad

Akkadian (Language)

Akko see Acco

Akkub

Akrabattene

Akrabbim

Alabaster

al-Ahzab (Sura 33) see Clans, The (Sura 33)

Alalakh

al-'Alaq (Sura 96) see Clot, The (Sura 96)

Alan of Lille (d. 1202)

al-An'am (Sura 6) see Cattle (Sura 6)

al-Anbiya' (Sura 21) see Prophets, The (Sura 21)

Aland, Kurt (1915–94)

al-'Ankabut (Sura 29) see Spider, The (Sura 29)

Albalag, Isaac (13th c.)

al-Baqara (Sura 2) see Cow, The (Sura 2)

al-Bayyina (Sura 98) see Clear Proof, The (Sura 98)

Albert, Heinrich (1604–1651)

Albo, Joseph

Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg (1736–1809)

Albright Institute of Archaeological Research see Institutes and Schools of Archaeology

Albright, William Foxwell (1891–1971)

Alchemy

I. Greco-Roman Antiquity
II. Judaism
III. Christianity
IV. Islam
V. Film

Alcimus

Alcohol see Vine

Alcuin, Albinius Flaccus (c. 735–804)

Aldebaran

Aleichem, Sholem see Sholem Aleichem (1859–1916)

Alema (Place)

Alemanno, Yohanan b. Isaac (15th c.)

Alemeth

Aleph

Aleppo

Aleppo Codex

Alexander

01. The Great
02. I Balas, Epiphanes
03. II Zabinas
04. Polyhistor
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10. of Abonuteichus
11. Severus

Alexander Halesius

Alexander the Great

I. Greco-Roman Antiquity
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and Judaism
III. In Christianity
IV. In Islam
V. In Secular Culture

Alexander Yannai (/Jannaeus) see Jannaeus, Alexander

Alexander, Joseph Addison (1809–60)

Alexandria

Alexandrian Exegesis

Alexandrinus, Codex

Alfasi, David b. Abraham (10th c.)

al-Fatiha (Sura 1) see Opening, The (Sura 1)

Alfonso de Valladolid (ca. 1270–1340) see Abner of Burgos (Alfonso de Valladolid) (ca. 1270–1340)

Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284)

al-Furqan (Sura 25) see Criterion, The (Sura 25)

Algebra see Mathematics, Algebra, and Geometry

al-Hadid (Sura 57) see Iron (Sura 57)

al-Hajj (Sura 22) see Pilgrimage, The (Sura 22)

Alharizi, Judah b. Solomon

al-Hijr (Sura 15)

Ali ibn Sulayman

Aliah see Alvah

Alien see Foreigner

Aliyan see Baal (Deity)

Alkabets, Solomon b. Moses ha-Levi (c. 1505–1584)

al-Kahf (Sura 18) see Cave, The (Sura 18)

Allah

Allammelech

Allan, Maud (1879–1956)

Allat (Deity)

Allegorical Interpretation of the Bible see Allegory; Biblical Criticism

Allegory

I. Greco-Roman Antiquity
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. Literature
VII. Film

Alliteration see Style

Allogenes (NHC XI,3)

Allon

Allon-Bacuth

al-Ma'arij (Sura 70) see Ascending Stairways, The (Sura 70)

al-Ma'ida (Sura 5) see Table Spread, The (Sura 5)

Almighty

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. Literature
VII. Film

Almodad

Almon

Almond

Almon-Diblathaim

Almosnino, Moses (c. 1515 - c. 1580)

Alms

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Greco-Roman Antiquity
IV. New Testament
V. Christianity
VI. Islam

Almug

al-Mu'min (Sura 40) see Believer, The (Sura 40)

al-Mu'minun (Sura 23) see Believers, The (Sura 23)

Al-Muqammas, Dawud see Dawud al-Muqammas

al-Naml (Sura 27) see Ant, The (Sura 27)

al-Nazi'at (Sura 79) see Those who drag forth (Sura 79)

al-Nisa (Sura 4) see Women (Sura 4)

Aloes

Alogians

Alpha

Alpha and Omega

I. New Testament
II. Christianity
III. Literature
IV. Visual Arts
V. Music

Alphabet

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Greco-Roman Antiquity and New Testament
IV. Islam
V. Literature

Alphabet of Ben Sira

Alphaeus

al-Qari'a (Sura 101) see Calamity, The (Sura 101)

al-Qamr (Sura 54) see Moon, The (Sura 54)

al-Qasas (Sura 28) see Story, The (Sura 28)

al-Saff (Sura 61) see Ranks, The (Sura 61)

al-Saffat (Sura 37) see Those who set the Ranks (Sura 37)

Alshekh, Moses (16th c.)

al-Shu'ara (Sura 26) see Poets, The (Sura 26)

Alt, Georg Albrecht (1883–1956)

al-Tahrim (Sura 66) see Banning (Sura 66)

Altar

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Greco-Roman Antiquity
V. Christianity
VI. Visual Arts

Altar Call

Altarpiece

al-Tawba (Sura 9) see Repentance (Sura 9)

al-Tawhid (Sura 112) see Unity, The (Sura 112)

Altdorfer, Albrecht (c. 1480–1538)

Alterman, Nathan (1910–1970)

Altruism see Love

Altshuler, David and Jehiel Hillel (18th c.)

Al-Ula see Dedan

Alush

Alvah

Alvan

Alyasa' see Elisha (Person)

al-Zukhruf (Sura 43) see Ornaments of Gold (Sura 43)

Am see Israel, People of; People

Am Haarez

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament

Amad

Amal

Amalar of Metz (ca. 775–850)

Amalek, Amalekite

I. In the Bible
II. Judaism
III. Literature
IV. Visual Arts

Amaltheia (Deity)

Amam

Amama, Sixtinus (1593–1629)

Amana

Amanuensis see Scribe; Secretary

Amariah

01. and 02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
03.

Amarna Letters

Amarna, Tell El-

Amasa

01. Kinsman of David
02. Son of Hadlai

Amasai

Amashsai

Amasia

Amasiah

Amathus

Amato, Vincenzo (1629–1670)

Amaw

Amazement, Awe

Amaziah

01. King of Judah
02.
03.
04.

Ambassador

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Greco-Roman Antiquity
III. New Testament and Early Christianity

Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397)

Ambrosian Chant see Chant. I. Music. 01. Ambrosian

Ambrosiaster

Amel-Marduk

Amen

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. Music

Amenhotep

01. Amenhotep II.
02. Amenhotep III.
03. Amenhotep IV. Akhenaten

Amenophis see Amenhotep

America see North America, Reception of the Bible in; Latin America, Reception of the Bible in; North America and Canada, Reception of the Bible in

American Academy of Religion

American Center of Oriental Research

American Revolution

American School of Prehistoric Research see Institutes and Schools of Archaeology

American Schools of Oriental Research

American Versions of the Bible see Versions of the Bible. 13. English Versions

Americanist Controversy

Amethyst

Ami

Amichai, Yehuda (1924–2000)

Amidah

Amin see Amen

Amisus

Amittai

Ammah (Place)

Amman

'Ammar al-Basri

Ammi

Ammidians

Ammiel

Ammihud

Amminadab

Amminadib see Amminadab

Ammishaddai

Ammizabad

Ammon see Rabbah (Place)

Ammon, Ammonite

I. In the Bible
II. Archeology, Texts, and History
III. Religion, Culture, and Society
IV. Post-Biblical Images of the Ammonites

Ammonite Language see Semitic Languages

Ammudim, Chorvat

Amnon (Son of David)

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Visual Arts

Amnon (Son of Shimon)

Amok

Amon

01. King of Judah
02.
03.

Amon (Deity) see Amun (Deity)

Amora, Amoraim

Amorites

I. In the Bible
II. Archaeology
III. Language and Texts
IV. History
V. Society
VI. Religion
VII. Culture and Arts
VIII. Impact on the Bible

Amos

01. The Prophet
02. Son of Manasseh
03. Son of Nahum

Amos (Prophet)

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. Literature
VII. Visual Arts
VIII. Music

Amoz

Amphictyony

Amphilochius of Iconium

Amphipolis

Amphitheatre

Ampliatus

Amram

01. Father of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam
02. Returnee from Exile

Amram Gaon (9th c.)

Amram, Vision of see Amram. 01. Father of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam

Amraphel

Amrit

Amulet

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity

Amun (Deity)

Amuq Plain

Amurru see Amorites

Amzi

Anab

Anabaptists

I. Reformation Era
II. Modern Europe and America

Anael

Anah

Anaharath

Anaiah

Anak, Anakites

Anakim see Rephaim

Analogy see Style

Anamim

Anammelech (Deity) see Adrammelech (Deity)

Anan

Anan ben David (8th c.)

Anani

Ananiah (Person)

Ananiah (Place)

Ananias

Ananiel

Ananke

Ananus, High Priest

Anaphora

I. Christianity
II. Music

Anaphora of Pilate see Pilate, Anaphora of

Anasib

Anastasis see Resurrection of Jesus

Anath (Deity)

Anath (Person)

Anathema, Anathematism

Anathoth

Anatoli, Jacob ben Abba Mari (13th cent.)

Anatolia see Asia Minor

Anatolian Languages

Ancestor Cult

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Greco-Roman Antiquity and New Testament
III. Reception History

Ancestors (the former generations)

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Greco-Roman Antiquity
IV. New Testament
V. Reception History

Anchor

Anchorite see Hermit

Ancient of Days

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism

Ancient Versions of the Bible see Versions of the Bible. 07. Coptic Versions; Versions of the Bible. 06. Aramaic Versions, Targumim; Versions of the Bible. 04. Ancient Latin Versions; Versions of the Bible. 03. Greek Versions; Versions of the Bible. 05. Syriac Version (Peschitta)

Ancyra

Andalusia (al-Andalus), Reception of the Bible in

I. Judaism
II. Islam
III. Christianity

Andover Theological Seminary

Andrew

I. New Testament
II. Christianity
III. Visual Arts

Andrew and Mattathias, Acts of see Andrew, Acts of

Andrew of St. Victor (d. 1175)

Andrew, Acts of

Andrew, Acts of Peter and see Andrew, Acts of

Andrew, Fragmentary Story see Andrew, Acts of

Andriace

Androgyne, Androgynous Beings

I. Ancient Near East
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
III. New Testament and Greco-Roman Antiquity
IV. Judaism
V. Christianity
VI. Visual Arts

Andronicus

Anem

Aner (Person)

Aner (Place)

Anerio, Giovanni Francesco (ca. 1567–1630)

Angel of Death

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Christianity
IV. Islam
V. Literature
VI. Visual Arts
VII. Music
VIII. Film

Angel of YHWH see Angels and Angel-Like Beings

Angelico, Fra (1387–1455)

Angels and Angel-Like Beings

I. Ancient Near East
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
III. Judaism
IV. New Testament
V. Greco-Roman Antiquity
VI. Christianity
VII. Islam
VIII. Literature
IX. Visual Arts
X. Music
XI. Film

Anger see Virtues and Vices, Lists of; Wrath of God

Anglican Chant see Chant. I. Music. 02. Anglican

Anglican Liturgy see Liturgy. V. Anglican Liturgy

Anguish see Suffering

Aniam

Aniconism

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Islam
IV. As Problem for Visual Arts

Anim

Animal Symbolism

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Greco-Roman Antiquity
IV. New Testament
V. Christianity
VI. Islam
VII. Other Religions
VIII. Literature
IX. Visual Arts

Animal Worship

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Greco-Roman Antiquity
IV. New Testament
V. Visual Arts

Animals in the Bible see Fauna, Biblical

Animuccia, Giovanni (1500–1571)

Anklets

Anna (Prophetess)

I. New Testament
II. Visual Arts

Anna (Wife of Tobit)

Annals

I. Ancient Near East
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
III. Greco-Roman Antiquity

Annan see Harim (Person)

Annas

I. New Testament and Judaism
II. Visual Arts

Anne (Mother of Mary)

I. Christianity
II. Islam
III. Literature
IV. Visual Arts

Annet, Peter (1693–1769)

Annias

Anniuth see Bani

Annunciation

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. New Testament
III. Christianity
IV. Islam
V. Literature
VI. Visual Arts

Annunus

Anointed, The see Messiah

Anointing

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Visual Arts

Anonymity in the Bible

Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109)

Anselm of Havelberg (c. 1100–1158)

Anselm of Laon (c. 1047–1117)

Ant

Ant, The (Sura 27)

Antelope

Anthem

Anthothijah

Anthropological Approaches to the Bible

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. New Testament

Anthropology

I. Ancient Near East
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
III. Judaism
IV. Greco-Roman Antiquity
V. New Testament
VI. Islam

Anthropomorphism

I. HB /OT
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Greco-Roman Antiquity
V. Islam
VI. Other Religions

Antichrist

I. New Testament
II. Christianity
III. Judaism
IV. Islam
V. Literature
VI. Visual Arts
VII. Music
VIII. Film

Anti-Docetism

Antigonos of Sokho

Anti-Imperialism

Anti-Judaism and Anti-Semitism

I. Judaism
II. Greco-Roman Antiquity
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. Other Religions
VII. Literature
VIII. Film

Antilebanon

Antilegomena

Antilibanus see Antilebanon

Antimony

Antinomianism

I. New Testament
II. Judaism
III. Christianity

Antioch of Pisidia

Antioch of Syria

Antioch, Chalice Of

Antiochene Exegesis

Antiochians

Antiochis

Antiochus

01. I Soter
02. II Theos
03. III the Great
04. IV Epiphanes
05. V Eupator
06. VI Dionysus, Epiphanes
07. VII Sidetes, Euergetes
08. VIII Grypus
09. IX Cyzicenus
10. X Eusebes Philopator
11. XI Epiphanes Philadelphus
12. XII Dionysus
13. XIII Asiaticus
14. Father of Numenius

Antipas

01.
02.
03. Antipater
04. Herod

Antipater

01. Son of Jason
02. Father of Herod the Great

Antipatris

Anti-Paulinism

I. New Testament
II. Judaism
III. Christianity
IV. Islam

Antiphon

Antiphoner see Liturgical Books

Antiphrasis see Style

Anti-Semitism see Anti-Judaism and Anti-Semitism

Antithesis see Style

Antithetical parallelism see Style

Antonia, Tower of

Antoninus Pius (138–161)

Antony of the Desert, Saint (251–356)

Antony, Mark see Mark Antony

Anu (Deity)

Anub

Anvil

Anxiety see Emotions; Fear

Anzu (Deity)

Apame

Ape

Apelles

Aphairema

Aphek

01. of Asher
02. of Aram
03. of Lebanon
04. in Sharon

Aphekah

Apherra

Aphiah

Aphid see Insects

Aphraates

Aphrah see Beth-Le-Aphrah

Aphrodite

I. Greco-Roman Antiquity
II. Islam

Aphthonius

Apion

Apiru see Habiru, Hapiru

Apis (Deity)

Apkallu see Sages, Seven

Apocalypse of Weeks see Enoch, First Book of; Apocalypses and Apocalypticism

Apocalypses and Apocalypticism

I. Ancient Near East
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
III. Judaism
IV. New Testament
V. Christianity
VI. Islam
VII. Literature
VIII. Visual Arts
IX. Music
X. Film

Apocalypses, Apocryphal

Apocatastasis

Apocrypha, Apocryphal Writings

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and Judaism
II. New Testament
III. Christianity

Apocryphal Acts see Acts, Apocryphal

Apocryphal Apocalypses see Apocalypses, Apocryphal

Apollinaris of Laodicea (c. 315–392)

Apollo (Deity)

Apollonia

Apollonius

01. of Rhodes
02. Son of Thraseas
03. Son of Menestheus
04. Governor of Samaria
05. Son of Gennaeus
06. Governor of Colesyria and Phoenicia
07. of Tyana

Apollophanes

Apollos

Apollyon see Netherworld

Apologetics

I. Judaism
II. New Testament
III. Christianity
IV. Islam

Apologists, Early Christian

Apology of the Augsburg Confession

Apophthegm

I. Greco-Roman Antiquity
II. New Testament

Apophthegmata Patrum

Apostasy

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam

A (Aleph) - Ainsworth, Henry l Aion (Deity) - Apostasy l Apostle - Azzur

Baal (Deity) - Beriah l Berio, Luciano - Byzantine Epoch

Cabbon - Christian Science l Christianity, Christendom - Cyrus