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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE BIBLE AND ITS RECEPTION

Edited by
Hans-Josef Klauck, Bernard McGinn, Choon-Leong Seow, Hermann Spieckermann, Barry Dov Walfish, Eric Ziolkowski

in cooperation with
Dale Allison, Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, Donna Bowman, Brian Britt, Michael Cameron, Mordechai Z. Cohen, Joseph Davis, Jamey Deming, Martin Forward, Peter Gemeinhardt, Haim Goldfus, Ann E. Killebrew, David W. Kling, Volker Leppin, Paul Mendes-Flohr, Martti Nissinen, Dennis T. Olson, Nils Holger Petersen, S. Brent Plate, Christine Roy Yoder, Thomas Römer, Günter Stemberger, Marvin A. Sweeney, Johan C. Thom, David R. Thomas, Samuel Vollenweider, Jan G. van der Watt, Sidnie White Crawford

List of Keywords

A (Aleph) - Ainsworth, Henry l Aion (Deity) - Apostasy l Apostle - Azzur

Baal (Deity) - Beriah l Berio, Luciano - Byzantine Epoch

Cabbon - Christian Science l Christianity, Christendom - Cyrus

Apostle - Azzur

Apostle

I. New Testament
II. Christianity
III. Islam
IV. Literature
V. Visual Arts
VI. Film

Apostles, Epistle of

Apostles, The Twelve

Apostolic Constitutions and Canons

Apostolic Council see Jerusalem, Council of

Apostolic Creed

I. Christianity
II. Literature and Film

Apostolic Decree

I. New Testament
II. Christianity

Apostolic Fathers

Apostolic History of Abdias see Abdias, Apostolic History of

Apostolic Succession

Apotactites see Ascetics, Asceticism

Appaim

Apparel see Dress and Ornamentation

Appeal to Caesar

Apphia

Apphus see Jonathan. 19.

Appian Way

Appius, Forum of see Forum of Appius (Place)

Apple

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Literature
IV. Visual Arts

Apron

Apsu see Ends of the earth

Apuleius of Madaura

Aqan see Ya'uq

Aqar Quf see Dur Kurigalzu

Aqedah

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. In Literature
VII. In Visual Arts
VIII. In Music
IX. In Film

Aqiba, Rabbi

Aqueduct see Water Works

Aquila and Prisca

Aquila's Version

Aquinas, Thomas (1225–1274) see Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274)

Ara

Arab (Place)

Arabah

Arabah, Brook of the

Arabah, Sea of see Dead Sea

Arabia see Arabs and the Bible; Arabia, Ancient

Arabia, Ancient

01. In the Bible
02. Geography and Climate
03. Archaeology, Texts, and History
04. Society, Religion, Culture, and Arts
05. Impact on the Bible
06. In Literature
07. In Visual Arts

Arabic Language

Arabs and the Bible

I. Pre-Islamic Period
II. Christian Arabs
III. Muslim Arabs
IV. Literature

Arabs in the Bible see Arabia, Ancient

Arad (Person)

Arad (Place)

I. Archaeological Site
II. Texts (Arad Ostraca)
III. In the Bible

Aradus

Arah

Arair see Aroer, Aroerite

Aram (Person)

Aram (Place) see Arameans

Arama, Isaac b. Moses (1420–1494)

Aramaic Apocryphon of Daniel (4QapocrDan ar / 4Q246)

Aramaic Inscriptions

Aramaic Language

Aramaic Versions of the Bible see Targum, Targumim; Versions of the Bible. 06. Aramaic Versions, Targumim

Aramaisms in the Bible

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. New Testament

Aramean Concubine see Manasseh (Person); Aramitess

Arameans

Aramitess

Aram-Maacah see Maacah (Place)

Aram-Naharaim

Aram-Zobah see Zobah (Place)

Aran

Ararat

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Islam
IV. Literature

Aratus of Soli

Araunah

Arba

Arbathite

Arbatta

Arbela

Arbite

Arbitration see Judicial Systems

Arcadia

Arch

Archaeological Institute of America

Archaeology

Archangel see Angels and Angel-Like Beings

Archelaus

Archer see Military Organization

Archi, Archite

Archippus

Archisynagogos (Leader of the Synagogue)

Architecture see Arts and Crafts in the Bible

Archives and Libraries

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Greco-Roman Antiquity and New Testament

Archives of Murashu see Murashû, Archive of

Archives, House of the see City of David

Archon, Archons

I. New Testament
II. Christianity
III. Islam

Arcturus

Ard, Ardites

Ardat

Ardon

Areini, Tell El-

Areli, Arelite

Arena see Stadium; Amphitheatre

Areopagus

Ares

Aretalogy

I. Greco-Roman Antiquity
II. New Testament

Aretas

01. I.
02. II.
03. III.
04. IV.

Argob (Place)

Argob and Arieh (Persons)

Argumentative Style see Rhetoric

Arianism see Arius, Arianism

Ariarathes V Eusebes Philopater

Aridai

Aridatha

Arieh see Argob and Arieh (Persons)

Ariel (Deity, Place)

Ariel (Person)

Arimathea

Arimathea, Joseph of see Joseph of Arimathea

Arioch

Arioch (King of Ellasar)

Arisai

Aristarchus from Thessalonica

Aristeas the Exegete

Aristeas, Letter of

Aristides (Apologist)

Aristides, Aelius

Aristobulus

01. Jewish priest
02. Son of John Hyrcanus
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.

Aristobulus of Alexandria

Aristophanes

Aristotle

I. General
II. Role in Biblical Interpretation

Arius, Arianism

I. Christianity
II. Islam

Ark (Synagogue) see Torah Shrine

Ark of Moses see Moses (Person)

Ark of the Covenant

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. Literature
VII. Visual Arts
VIII. Film

Ark, Noah's see Noah's Ark

Arkite

Arm of the Lord

Armageddon

I. New Testament
II. Judaism
III. Christianity
IV. Literature
V. Film

Armenia

I. Archaeology
II. Texts
III. History
IV. Society
V. Religion
VI. Culture and Arts

Armenian Biblical Interpretation

Armenian Gospel of the Infancy

Armenian Versions of the Bible see Versions of the Bible. 09. Armenian Versions

Armilus see Antichrist

Arminius, Jacobus (James) (1560–1609)

Armlet see Jewelry, Ancient Israelite

Armoni

Armor

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. New Testament
III. Islam
IV. Literature

Armory see Weaponry

Arms (Armaments) see Weaponry

Arms-Bearer

Army see Military Organization

Arna

Arnan

Arni

Arnold, Gottfried (1666–1714)

Arnold, Samuel (1740–1802)

Arnon

Arod, Arodites

Aroer, Aroerite

01. in the Negeb
02. on the Arnon
03. "before Rabbah"
04. of Damascus
05. Aroerite

Arom

Aroma see Odor

Aromatic Cane

Aroura see Weights and Measures

Arpachshad

Arpad

I. Textual evidence
II. Archaeological evidence

Arphaxad see Arpachshad

Arragel, Moses (15th c.)

Arrian

Arrow see Weaponry

Arsaces

Arsinoe

01. III (of Egypt)
02. IV (of Egypt)

Arslantepe see Melitene

Art, Bible in

I. Judaism
II. Christianity
III. Islam
IV. Other Religions and Current Religious Movements
V. Reception History
VI. Biblical Art in Literature
VII. Biblical Art in Music
VIII. Biblical Art in Film

Artapanus

Artaxerxes (King of Persia)

01. Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus)
02. Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon)
03. Artaxerxes III. (Ochus)

Artemas

Artemis

Artisans see Arts and Crafts in the Bible

Artom, Elia Samuele (1887–1965)

Arts and Crafts in the Bible

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. New Testament

Arubboth

Arumah

Arundi, Isaac (14th c.)

Arvad, Arvadites

Arza

Arzareth

Asa, King of Judah

Asahel

01. Son of Zeruiah
02.
03.
04.

Asaiah

Asaias

Asaph

Asaph, Asaphite

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Music

Asaramel

Asarel

Ascending Stairways, The (Sura 70)

Ascension (general)

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Christianity
V. Islam
VI. Literature
VII. Visual Arts
VIII. Music

Ascension of Christ

I. New Testament
II. Christianity
III. Judaism
IV. Islam
V. Literature
VI. Visual Arts
VII. Music
VIII. Film

Ascension of Elijah

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament and Christianity

Ascension of Isaiah see Isaiah, Martyrdom and Ascension of

Ascension of Paul see Paul, Ascension of

Ascent of Heres see Heres, Ascent of (Place)

Ascent of the Corner see Jerusalem

Ascent of the Soul see Ascension (general)

Ascent to Heaven see Heaven, Ascent to

Ascent, Songs of

Ascetics, Asceticism

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Greco-Roman Antiquity
V. Christianity
VI. Islam
VII. Literature

Asch, Sholem (1880–1957)

Asclepius

Asclepius (NHC VI,8)

Asdot-Pisgah

Asenath

Ashan

Asharelah

Ashbea see Beth-Ashbea

Ashbel, Ashbelites

Ashdod

Ashdod-Yam

Asher b. David b. Rabad

Asher Crescas (14th-15th c.) see Crescas, Asher (14th-15th c.)

Asher, Asherite

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. New Testament

Asherah (Deity)

Asheroth see Asherah (Deity)

Ashes

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Christianity
III. Literature

Ashhur

Ashima (Deity)

Ashkelon

Ashkenaz

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism

Ashkenaz, Reception of the Bible in

Ashkenazi, Eliezer ben Elijah (16th c.)

Ashkenazi, Jacob ben Isaac (16th c.)

Ashkenazim

Ashman, Aharon (1896–1981)

Ashmedai see Asmodeus

Ashnah

Ashpenaz

Ashtar (Deity)

Ashtaroth (Deity) see Astarte (Deity), Ashtoreth

Ashtaroth (Place)

Ashteroth-Karnaim

Ashton, Frederick (1904–1988)

Ashtoreth see Asherah (Deity); Astarte (Deity), Ashtoreth

Ashur (City) see Asshur (City)

Ashur (Deity)

Ashur (Person) see Asshur (Person)

Ashurbanipal

Ashurites

Ashvath

Asia see Southeast Asia, Reception of the Bible in; South Asia, Reception of the Bible in; East Asia, Reception of the Bible in; Asia Minor

Asia Minor

01. Asia Minor in the Bible
02. Archaeology
03. History
04. Society
05. Religion
06. Culture and Arts
07. Asia Minor and the Bible

Asian Diaspora, Reception of the Bible in

a. Introduction
b. Exegesis and Theological Reception
c. Islam
d. Literature
e. Visual Arts
f. Music
g. Film

Asiarchs

Asibias see Hashabiah (Person)

Asiel

Askewianus, Codex see Pistis Sophia

Asmodeus

Asnah

Asp

Aspatha

Asphar

Asriel, Asrielite

Ass

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. New Testament

Assar, Tel see Tel-Assar (Place)

Assayer see Interest and Usury in the Greco-Roman Period

Assembly see Synagogue; Church; Divine Assembly; Great Assembly

Asshur (City)

Asshur (Deity) see Ashur (Deity)

Asshur (Person)

Asshurim

Assir

Associations, Voluntary

Assonance see Style

Assos

Assumption of Moses see Moses, Testament of

Assumption of the Virgin see Virgin, Assumption of the

Assyria

01. Assyria in the Bible
02. Geography and Climate
03. Archaeology
04. Texts
05. History
06. Society, Religion and Culture
07. Assyria and the Bible
08. Literature
09. Visual Arts

Assyrian (Language) see Akkadian (Language)

Assyrian Church, Reception of the Bible in

Assyrian Empire see Empire; Assyria. 06. Society, Religion and Culture; Assyria. 05. History

Assyriology and Biblical Studies

Astarte (Deity), Ashtoreth

Astonishment see Amazement, Awe; Fear of God

Astronomy, Astrology

I. Ancient Near East
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
III. Judaism
IV. Greco-Roman Antiquity
V. New Testament
VI. Christianity
VII. Islam

Astruc, Abba Mari ben Moses ben Joseph of Lunel (c. 1300) see Abba Mari ben Moses of Lunel (c. 1300)

Astruc, Jean (1684–1766)

Astyages

Asur

Asylum

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Christianity
III. Judaism
IV. Islam
V. Literature

Asyncritus

Atad

Atarah

Atargatis

Ataroth

Ataroth-Addar

Atbash see Masoretic Text

Aten (Deity)

Ater

Athach

Athaiah

Athaliah

01. Queen of Judah
02.
03.

Athaliah (Queen of Judah)

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Literature
IV. Visual Arts
V. Music

Athanasian Creed

Athanasius of Alexandria

Atharim

Atheism

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Greco-Roman Antiquity
IV. New Testament
V. Christianity
VI. Islam
VII. Film

Athena

Athenagoras

Athenobius

Athenodorus see Clement of Alexandria

Athens

Athlai

Athlete of God/Christ

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and Judaism
II. New Testament and Christianity
III. Visual Arts

Athletics see Agon

Atiratu see Asherah (Deity)

Atlit

Atonement

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. New Testament
IV. Greco-Roman Antiquity
V. Christianity
VI. Islam
VII. Literature
VIII. Music

Atra-hasis

Atroth-Beth-Joab

Atroth-Shophan

Attah Horeta la-Da'at see Simhat Torah

Attah Zokher see Zikhronot

Attai

Attalia

01. in Lydia
02. in Pamphylia

Attalus

Attharates

Attharias

Attica

Attis

Atum (Deity)

Auditions, Auditory Experiences

I. Ancient Near East
II. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
III. Judaism
IV. New Testament
V. Christianity
VI. Islam
VII. Music

Auerbach, Elias (1882–1971)

Auerbach, Erich (1892–1957)

Augsburg Confession

Augury see Magi, Magic

Augustine of Hippo (354–430)

I. Christianity
II. Visual Arts
III. Music

Augustus

I. Introduction
II. Literature
III. Visual Arts

Auranus

Aurelius, Marcus see Marcus Aurelius

Aureoli, Petrus (c. 1280–1322)

Aurogallus (Goldhahn), Matthäus (c. 1490–1543)

Australia see Oceania, Reception of the Bible in

Author, implicit see Narrative Criticism, Narratology

Authoritative Teaching (NHC VI,3)

Authorities

Authority of Scripture see Scriptural Authority

Authorized Versions of the Bible see Versions of the Bible. 13. English Versions

Authorship

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Greco-Roman Antiquity and New Testament
III. Islam
IV. Literature

Autobiography

I. Ancient Near East and Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Greco-Roman Antiquity and New Testament
III. Literature

Autos sacramentales

Avaran

Avarice see Mortal Sin

Avdat

Ave Maria

I. New Testament and Christianity
II. Music

Avelei Zion see Zion, Mourners of

Aven

Avenger

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism

Avesta

Avinu Sheba-Shamayim see Divine Names and Epithets

Avith

Avodah see Yom Kippur

Avot, Khirbet

Avrabanel see Abarbanel, Isaac ben Judah (1437–1508)

Avva, Avvites

Avvim

Avvites see Avva, Avvites

Awan

Awe see Amazement, Awe

Awl

Awning

Axe

Axle see Wheel

Axum

Aya (Deity)

Ayin

Ayish see Aldebaran

Ayyah

Ayyubid Dynasty

Azael

Azal see Azel

Azaliah

Azaniah

Azarel

Azariah

01.
02.
03. King of Judah
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12. and 13.
14. and 15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

Azariah de' Rossi (1511/12–1577)

Azariah, Prayer of see Daniel, Additions to

Azarias

Azaru

Azaz

Azazel

I. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament
II. Judaism
III. Islam

Azaziah

Azbuk

Azekah

Azel

Azeret see Weeks, Festival of; Booths, Feast of; Passover, Feasts of

Azetas

Azgad

Azharot

Aziel see Jaaziel (Person)

Azione sacra see Oratorio

Aziza

Azmaveth (Person)

Azmaveth (Place)

Azmon

Aznoth-Tabor

Azor, Tel

Azotus

Azrael see Angel of Death

Azraq

Azriel

Azrikam

Azubah

Azzan

Azzur

A (Aleph) - Ainsworth, Henry l Aion (Deity) - Apostasy l Apostle - Azzur

Baal (Deity) - Beriah l Berio, Luciano - Byzantine Epoch

Cabbon - Christian Science l Christianity, Christendom - Cyrus