Entrepreneurship Research Journal
Ed. by Mishra, Chandra / Zachary, Ramona
4 Issues per year
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Aims and Scope
Launching with an Inaugural Issue in 2011, Professor Ramona Zachary at Baruch College and Professor Chandra Mishra at Florida Atlantic University introduce a new forum for scholarly discussion on entrepreneurs and their activities, contexts, processes, strategies, and outcomes entitled Entrepreneurship Research Journal (ERJ).
Positioned as the premier new research journal within the field of entrepreneurship, ERJ seeks to encourage a scholarly exchange between researchers from any field of study who focus on entrepreneurs, and will include both theoretical and empirical articles, with priority being given to high quality theoretical and empirical papers that have managerial or public policy orientation as well as ramifications for entrepreneurship research overall.
Below are listed fifteen research topics organized into four main areas that the ERJ editors consider the main potential research opportunities in the emerging entrepreneurship field.
Research Modeling, Design, and Methods
a. entrepreneurship theories and conceptualizations
b. entrepreneurship research methods
The Individuals-Opportunities-Resources Nexus
c. nascent entrepreneurs
d. opportunity recognition, drivers of value creation, and emergence
e. innovation and technology entrepreneurs
f. entrepreneurial risk and reward
g. entrepreneurial cognition and behavior
Inclusive of Near Environments
h. family entrepreneurship, networks, teams and alliances
i. venture capital and angel investor groups
j. entrepreneurial communities, hubs, clusters and public policy
k. social entrepreneurship
Distinct Entrepreneurial Stage or Setting
l. entrepreneurial growth and strategy
m. boards, governance and leadership
n. corporate entrepreneurship
o. international and emerging market entrepreneurship
Research Modeling, Design, and Methods
Integral to our field of study is the further development of our research conceptualizations, theories, models, and methods. The ERJ encourages entrepreneurship theories and conceptualizations that are both broad in perspective yet encompass the necessary details to delineate the overall systems, the specifics within, and their dynamic interacts.
We simply cannot reach tomorrow without well-developed research modeling, empirical hypotheses which are linked to reality, and creative research methods that overcome the data limitations. We must be able to view our entrepreneurship in both comprehensive and in detail and interdependencies therein. We must seek to understand the details and contexts of entrepreneurship as seen permeated throughout our economy, society and world, with the entrepreneurial objective of creating value which sustain capitalism and wealth creation. Starting with the Individuals-Opportunities-Resources Nexus, we suggest that the center of this nexus contains the crux of entrepreneurship which is value creation and its immediate structures. We further suggest that this core is surrounded by adaptive structures of investors, businesses, and families. Moving outward are co-evolutionary forces that interplay with the near environments of social networks, alliances and communities. All of these factors contribute to that emergence, growth and sustaining of entrepreneurship within context and over time.
The Individuals-Opportunities-Resources Nexus
The nascent entrepreneurs including their entrepreneurial families will remain at the crux of our future research. We must also challenge ourselves as researchers to examine in more detail the elements or drivers of entrepreneurial value creation, including opportunity recognition and emergence, innovation and technology, entrepreneurial risk and reward as well as more recent topics of entrepreneurial cognition and behavior.
For example, the emotional terrain within entrepreneurial ventures and processes has been essentially ignored in our field as well as our research. At the same time, this emotional domain has been integrated into the field of organizational behavior and its research for the last twenty years or so. This would seem to be a natural extension of research from another field of study which would achieve greater insights within our own research. Possibly our earlier entrepreneurship attribute research may have mistakenly overlooked this emotional element as well. Perhaps the interactions between and among personality traits and emotions may lead a particular individual towards entrepreneurial ventures or not.
Without question, innovation and technology remains important drivers of entrepreneurial ventures. Baumol (2010) has recently revisited innovative entrepreneurship theory using formal microeconomic structure and giving new “innovative” thought to one of the most critical forces in produce economic change and growth in our economy and world. Not only is innovation and technology important components of our future entrepreneurship research, but its variety and rapidity are transforming our economy and society before our eyes.
Inclusion of Near Environments
Probably not any other area of entrepreneurship research needs more attention than family entrepreneurship, networks, and teams; venture capital and angel investor groups; entrepreneurial communities, hubs, clusters and public policy; and social entrepreneurship. Relative to the entrepreneurial venture, the synergy among the business, family, investors, and community permeates throughout our economy and country as we seek to achieve and sustain economic growth.
Only a few researchers have noted the connections between entrepreneurship and the family (Gartner, 2001; Rogoff and Heck, 2003; Upton and Heck, 1997). Moreover, previous entrepreneurship research literature and, in some cases, family business research have given little attention to the interrelatedness of families and businesses (e.g., Danes et al., 2010; Davidsson and Wiklund, 2001; Dimov, 2007; Rothausen, 2009; Van Auken and Werbel, 2006). In particular, entrepreneurship research rarely acknowledges the underlying effects of the owning family, as well as the founder, on the business. Some recent attention has been given to family ownership and its relationship to the ongoing performance of extant businesses (Anderson and Reeb, 2003; Weber et al., 2003). Yet, in this recent surge of interest in family business, the family itself often does not receive much notice. Further, the effects of the business on the family have been entirely omitted by most entrepreneurship researchers (Aldrich and Cliff, 2003; Cramton, 1993; Rogoff and Heck, 2003; Upton and Heck, 1997).
Most often, the family enhances and facilitates the development of a new business, including opportunity recognition and resource mobilization (Aldrich and Cliff, 2003; Danes et al., 2010; Steier, 2003). A few researchers, typically focused on the business, have taken a new and deeper look at the family in its relation to emerging businesses (e.g., Aldrich and Cliff, 2003). Moreover, Aldrich and Cliff (2003) have identified and examined the socio-historical changes in the family such as household counts, size and composition. The roles and relationships within the family can impinge on the family’s motivations to create new businesses. However, it is more often the case that previous literature in areas of emergence and recognition of opportunities, along with the decisions that create the new venture, does not focus on the family, either conceptually or empirically.
Recent research also has started placing entrepreneurship within a social context; that is, in part, the family and community. Researchers have begun to place equal focus on both and mutual sustainability between overlapping of the family system and the business system within communities. Entrepreneurship research must also look beyond the family level to the surrounding community and allied networks and explore further topics such as sustainability. Our fragile environments, our limited resources, and unmet needs ignite entrepreneurial fires but we must develop a research agenda that addresses the costs and benefits of such activities over time.
Another emerging area is venture capital and the role of investors in entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurs may or may not need outside capital but they do need an investor orientation. Investor orientation is simply an understanding of risk and reward involved in an entrepreneurial activity. At times the risk is predictive, for example in a franchise venture, but most often the risk is more difficult to predict. But understanding of entrepreneurial risk and reward and devising strategies to actively manage these risks will improve the entrepreneur’s chance of success.
History provides evidence that communities as well as families contribute to the start-up, growth, and maturity of ventures as well as have always been crucial and vibrant environments within which businesses operate and are sustained. Entrepreneurs must understand the communities within which they exist, both in terms of how they impact their community and how the community impacts them.
Social entrepreneurship is a rapidly expanding field of study that has been adopted by virtually every major business school in the United States and is spreading globally. We need to know more about how to harness the power of capitalism and entrepreneurship to solve social and/or environmental problems. Our future research agenda must include social entrepreneurship and general sustainability of our families and communities.
Distinct Entrepreneurial Stages or Settings
As we further delineate the traditional entrepreneurship research by looking deeper into the individual-opportunities as well as explore entrepreneurship in relation to its near environments, we must continue anew distinct entrepreneurial stages or settings. Entrepreneurial growth and strategy, the development of boards, governance and leadership, corporate entrepreneurship, and international and emerging market entrepreneurship are all areas of possible future research.
Between the start-up and a possible and eventual IPO, much business development occurs. Growth and strategy remain key areas of research for the future. Moreover, governance lies at the crux of all business entities, both entrepreneurial and the family firm. We must explore the nature of boards, governance and leadership within the start-up firm and as the firm grows, as well as the pivotal role governance and boards can play in the life of a family firm. This trilogy of boards, governance and leadership, can make the crucial difference between survival or not. Whether individual start firms, enter a family firm, or work for a large corporation, it is important to understand how best to operate the business through leadership, governance, and boards. Research must address how does an individual develop governance in line with business growth and change over time as well as offers insights about working with boards in entrepreneurial and family firms as well as within large corporations. What effects do boards have on the life of the entrepreneurial venture as it grows and changes over time?
- Language:
- English
- Type of Publication:
- Journal
- Readership:
-
An international journal committed to publishing the very best scholarly research, Entrepreneurship Research Journal (ERJ) encourages a scholarly exchange between experts from all fields which demonstrate the vital role that entrepreneurship plays in determining the quality of lives, societies, and economies. The scope of the journal is unique in that it seeks to disseminate both theoretical and empirical evidence research that will facilitate the development of entrepreneurship as a field of study today, and in the future. A scholarly forum for new ideas that have the impact on broadening the traditional business model, the journal recognizes experts and their contributions from all fields including economics, business, psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, engineering, physical and life sciences.
As scholars in our field, we invite your direct involvement in the Entrepreneurship Research Journal (ERJ) by submitting your best research and ultimately shaping the highest quality journal issues. We are seeking the best of best entrepreneurship research, both conceptual/theoretical and empirical in foci, in our field and other related fields.
There are at least two ways for you to participate in building our new journal.
First, we encourage to you submit cutting-edge work, both conceptual and empirical. Please email us directly via this ERJ website and please encourage others to seek information. We would also like you to encourage submissions from your immediate/direct colleagues and other scholars that you know and/or have worked with. Again, please share our website link at http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/erj and encourage scholars to visit our ERJ website. Remember, we seek research in all traditional subject matter areas related to entrepreneurship.
Second, we encourage less traditional and more risky areas of cutting-edge research. Please let us as Editors and/or Editorial Board members know of possible such topics or foci and who is working in these areas.
Remember, we are looking for best research to move our field ahead. We invite your ideas and suggestions about how to "get the word out" about our new ERJ as well as build its stature in our field.
Please let us know your thoughts,
Chandra and Ramona
=========================================
Chandra S. Mishra, Ph.D.
Kiril Sokoloff Endowed Chair for Entrepreneurship and Special Assistant to the President for Entrepreneurial Incentives Co-Editor, Entrepreneurship Research Journal University of the Virgin Islands
2 John Brewers Bay
St. Thomas, VI 00802
E-mail: floridavc@gmail.com
==========================================
Ramona Kay Zachary, Ph.D.
Peter S. Jonas Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship
Co-Editor, Entrepreneurship Research Journal (ERJ) at http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/erj
Academic Director of the Lawrence N. Field Programs in Entrepreneurship
http://zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu/centers/field/
Baruch College
Zicklin School of Business
Management Department, Box B9-240
One Bernard Baruch Way
New York, NY 10010
Phone: (646) 312-3649 (message)
Fax: (646) 312-3621
E-mail: Ramona.Zachary@baruch.cuny.edu
=====================================Publication History
Four issues/year
Content available since 2011 (Volume 1, Issue 1)
ISSN: 2157-5665
Submission of Manuscripts
Call for Papers:
Special Issue: A New Business Model: The Emotional Dimension of Organizations
The Special Issue of the Entrepreneurship Research Journal (ERJ) will focus on new conceptual, theoretical and empirical approaches for modeling businesses worldwide particularly relative to the inclusion of the emotional dimension. Theories and conceptualizations of emotions within business organizations will be revisited and explored empirically among entrepreneurs and family businesses. Emphases on nascent and emerging businesses as well as growing or contracting businesses are encouraged relative to how emotions play a part in these business stages. This Call also encourages submissions on related business topics which are often laced with emotions such as: human and family social capital, intangible resources, commitment and engagement, governance, and conflict management as well as community and family cultural dimensions. Family business research is sought as well as the research contributions from multiple fields of study including economics, sociology, psychology and many others.
The reality of the business is that emotions are everywhere there are human beings. While there is certainly a psychological dimension, there is also a very real social dimension with emotions. Even though emotions are expressed by the individual, they are transmittable among individuals who form in social groups such as families, businesses, and family businesses. Quite literally, emotional dynamics play out within the socio-psychological realms throughout the business, from the Board Room to owners, other stakeholders and a Family Council and back. Emotional dynamics by itself is even a broader area of study because emotions can be analyzed from so many different perspectives including socio-psychological perspectives, economic and financial perspectives, entrepreneurship perspective etc. Despite the growing interest on emotions in organizations, developments in the specific business setting are still emerging. At the intersection of organizational psychology, organizational behavior, behavioral finance and the study of management in family businesses and entrepreneurship, there are many interesting research questions to pursue. A few of these which could provide the basis of a submission to this Call are:
*How does existing knowledge of emotions in the field of psychology and human behavior studies enhance our understanding of the business?
*What are the emotional competencies of business managers and leaders and which might enhance/hinder business success?
*What is the emotional interplay between the social and psychological dimensions of the business and its stakeholders?
*What social structures and processes in the business exist and how do they vary in different stages of development?
*How might emotions be related to both the psychological and shares ownership of the business?
*How do emotions influence the ownership/succession process over time and how can they be transferred to ensure business survival/longevity?
*How do emotions play a part in the formulation of business strategy?
*How are business performance, financial decisions and valuation affected by the emotional dynamics in the business?
*How are emotions perceived and influenced by stakeholders including family members and outsiders?
*How can emotional constructs from the organizational behavior, psychology and finance literatures be applied to the study of businesses?
*How can emotions and their dynamics be measured in the business?
The Guest Editor of this ERJ Special Issue is Rania Labaki, University of Bordeaux IV and INSEEC, France in conjunction with the ERJ Co-Editors, Chandra Mishra, University of the Virgin Islands, USA and Ramona Zachary, Baruch College, USA, and a Special Issue Executive Committee consisting of Sharon Danes, University of Minnesota, USA; Anat Rafaeli, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology; and Shaker Zahra, University of Minnesota, USA. Submitted papers from authors worldwide will have the opportunity to go through a review process and, if successful, will be subsequently published in the Entrepreneurship Research Journal as a Special Issue for July 2013, Volume 3, Issue 3.
Inquiries about the Special Issue may be directed to Rania Labaki at: labaki@u-bordeaux4.fr.The International Family Enterprise Research Academy (IFERA) is also pleased to support this worldwide 2012 ERJ SI Call for Research Papers post the 12th Annual IFERA World Conference Family Business Research Conference themed "Emotional Dynamics in the Family Business: Theory – Practice – Policy" held in Bordeaux France in June, 2012. Go to
http://ifera.org for further details as preferred.A MS Word file containing the paper may be uploaded/submitted to
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/dgerj by November 30, 2012 with a cover letter identifying the submission as a response to this Call. Clarifying e-mail messages may be sent to the Guest Editor or Co-Editors via this same web address. Authors will be notified by January 2013 via the website. There is no paper submission fee.***
Special Issue: Entrepreneurship Education across the Campus
Guest Editors
, Frank Hoy, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA, Jerome Katz, Saint Louis University, MO, USA, Heidi Neck, Babson College, MA, USA, and Joseph Roberts, Webster University, MO, USA.A generation ago, it was rare to find universities that offered a single course with the word entrepreneurship in the title. Today, entrepreneurship education has gained global acceptance. Entrepreneurship courses have become standard in business degree programs. In some cases, such courses are electives, but are often required. Many schools have introduced minors, concentrations, and majors. Although there are some examples of courses and programs being based in departments and colleges other than business, they are predominantly affiliated with business schools. There is a growing recognition that venture creators emerge from any and all disciplines. Additionally, educators and employers have begun calling on universities to produce graduates with "entrepreneurial mindsets," though there is not yet universal agreement on how such a mindset is defined. How are efforts to extend entrepreneurship education to non-business students and non-business disciplines evolving? What initiatives are proving to be effective? How is effectiveness measured? The Special Issue of ERJ on entrepreneurship education seeks answers to those questions and others. We are soliciting theory-based conceptual and empirical studies that address topics that include but are not restricted to:
- Comparative educational models that apply to the study of entrepreneurship
- Strategies for assessing entrepreneurship education program implementation and outcomes
- Identification of stakeholders and satisfaction measures
- Interrelationships of entrepreneurship education with innovation, commercialization, and other related subjects
- Cross-disciplinary pedagogical techniques
- Novel approaches to introducing entrepreneurship education throughout an institution
- Models for infusing entrepreneurship/entrepreneurial thinking in non-business disciplines using entrepreneurship modules
- Models for entrepreneurial portfolio for entrepreneurship curriculum output
- Effective models for measuring impact of extra-curricular activities on entrepreneurial competencies
- Cross-campus discipline specific entrepreneurial competencies
- Models for cross-campus faculty in entrepreneurship education
- Identifying and quantifying outcomes beyond firm creation
- Integrating external resources, entrepreneurs and experts in the classroom
Submitted papers from authors worldwide will have the opportunity to go through a review process and, if successful, will be subsequently published in the Entrepreneurship Research Journal as a Special Issue for October 2013, Volume 3, Issue 4. Inquiries about the Special Issue may be directed to Frank Hoy at: fhoy@wpi.edu.
By March 1, 2013, authors may upload/submit a MS Word file containing the paper
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/dgerj along with a cover letter identifying the submission as a response to this Call. Clarifying e-mail messages may be sent to the Guest Editor via this same web address. Authors will be notified by May 2013 via the website. There is no paper submission fee.
***
Special Issue: Marketing and Entrepreneurship
The fields of Marketing and Entrepreneurship are much more closely aligned than conceptualized currently by either discipline. For one, innovation is often spurred by the recognition of market opportunities and new entrepreneurial ventures formed to capitalize on such innovations gain considerably from marketing knowledge and processes. Second, successful entrepreneurship often requires a market focus and marketing orientation. Third, the successful commercialization of innovations needs supporting institutions, such as appropriate distribution and promotion networks. Finally, while entrepreneurship involves risk-taking, marketing balances the entrepreneurial zeal through carefully designed strategies that mitigate some of the risks.
This special issue calls for theoretical, conceptual and empirical papers that would help us better understand the nexus between marketing and entrepreneurship. In particular, papers that address interdisciplinary issues, bridge theoretical and conceptual gaps, and shed additional empirical insights on the close relationships between the two domains are particularly welcome. Articles addressing problems and new phenomena in entrepreneurial marketing, roles and impacts of marketing in new venture success and entrepreneurial marketing in emerging markets are also sought.
The Guest Editor of this Special Issue is Gopalkrishnan R. Iyer, Durham University (UK). The Guest Editor will work in conjunction with the ERJ Co-Editors and a Special Issue Executive Committee consisting of Rajiv Dant, University of Oklahoma; Dhruv Grewal, Babson College; Arun Sharma, University of Miami, and Alladi Venkatesh, University of California – Irvine. Inquiries about the special issue may be directed to:
g.r.iyer@durham.ac.uk.By June 1, 2013, authors may upload/submit a MS Word file containing the paper to
http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/dgerj along with a cover letter identifying the submission as a response to this Call. Clarifying e-mail messages may be sent to the Guest Editor via this same web address. Authors will be notified by September 2013 via the website. There is no paper submission fee. Submitted papers from authors worldwide will have the opportunity to go through a peer review process and, if successful, will be subsequently published in the Entrepreneurship Research Journal as a Special Issue for April 2014, Volume 4, Issue 1.Instructions for Authors
Final Manuscript Preparation Guidelines
Please find here details on copyediting, typesetting, and layout requirements pertaining to final manuscript submission to this journal. All manuscripts must have correct formatting to be considered ready for publication.
COPYEDITING
The EdiKit system has been designed to improve the scholarly publication process for authors. Among the many improvements we offer over traditional journals, the most significant is that we have dramatically shortened the period between the initial submission and the final publication of a peer-reviewed article. Much of this time savings is due to the innovative use of electronic publication. These innovations, however, require certain changes in the way authors need to prepare accepted manuscripts for electronic publication.
De Gruyter does not copyedit manuscripts for this journal until further notice. However, De Gruyter does offer support to authors during the process. Authors are their own copyeditors and typesetters. This means that authors need to pay greater attention to the editing and look of their manuscripts than is typically required by print journals. If you have reasons to doubt your proficiency with respect to spelling, grammar, etc. (e.g., because English is not your native language), then you may wish to employ—at your expense—the services of a professional copyeditor.
Please get in touch with the copyeditors directly to discuss details.
- Alexandra Griswold
xan3210@cs.com
Areas of expertise: public policy, political science, education, economics, social sciences, humanities, ethics - Cyndy Brown
browncyndy@yahoo.com
Areas of expertise: political science, social sciences, humanities, ethics - Donna Reeder
Reeder Literary Services
Areas of expertise: political science, economics, mathematical economics, natural sciences, social sciences, technology, law, humanities, liberal arts, literary studies, health and medicine - Dorothy Schepps
dschepps2@gmail.com
Areas of expertise: political science, emergency management, homeland security, community/land use planning, law, economics, cyber terrorism, and cyber security - Jane Cotnoir
jane.cotnoir@gmail.com
Areas of expertise: Local government management, international crime and terrorism, emergency/disaster management, humanities, social science - Patience Kramer
patience.kramer@att.net
Areas of expertise: Health and Medicine (CAM and drug policy and analysis), Economics and Business (with a focus on marketing) - Steve Peter
speter@mac.com
Areas of expertise: LaTeX, Linguistics, economics, mathematics
FORMATTING REQUIREMENTS
CONTENT and STRUCTURE
ALL MANUSCRIPTS
- Copyedit your manuscript.
- Do not include a title page or abstract. (Begin the document with the introduction. The title page and abstract will be added to your paper by the EdiKit system.)
- Do not include page numbers, headers, or footers. (The EdiKit system will add the appropriate header with page numbers).
- Do not identify author names in the actual text of your manuscript; all such information is discarded when we receive your submission. To add or edit co-authors, you must use the “revise submission” form.
- Make sure all author and co-author information is complete. Click on “Preview submission” to make sure that all your co-authors' names and affiliations appear correctly.
- Do not include acknowledgments in your manuscript. Instead, enter acknowledgments in the coverpage footnote section on the “revise submission” form, so that they may be incorporated into the title page produced for publication.
- Write your article in English (unless the journal expressly permits non-English submissions).
- Submit your manuscript, including tables, figures, appendices, etc., as a single file (Word, RTF, or PDF files are accepted).
- Use the following document structure (keep in mind that there is no title page):
- Introduction (titling this section is optional)
- Subsequent sections which include all tables, figures, and footnotes referenced in the text
- Appendices (if any)
- References - Include a proper bibliography following the guidelines in the References section below.
BOOK REVIEWS
- Book reviews must start with the citation of the book at the top of the first page.
LaTeX TEMPLATE
For authors working with LaTeX files, please use the De Gruyter related LaTeX-template. Please download it here. For authors using word processing software such as Word or Word Perfect, please continue to follow the formatting requirements below.
PAGE LAYOUT and SPACING
- Page size must be 8.5 x 11-inches (“letter” size). Do not use A4.
- All margins (left, right, top and bottom) must be 1.5 inches (3.8 cm), including your tables and figures.
- Single space your text.
- Use a single column layout with both left and right margins justified. (Footnotes and references must be both left- and right- justified as well.)
- Indent all paragraphs except those following a section heading.
- An indent should be at least 10 em-spaces.
- Equations, long quotations, theorems, propositions, special remarks, tables, figures, etc. should be set off from the surrounding text by additional space above and below. Otherwise, do not insert an extra space between paragraphs of text.
- Do not “widow” or “orphan” text; make sure that headings are on the same page as the text that follows them, and do not begin a page with the last line of a paragraph. This also applies to titles or notes attached to tables.
- There should be no pages where more than a quarter of the page is empty space, unless it is absolutely impossible to do so.
- All text should be fully justified, left and right (i.e., flush with the left and right margins).
FONTS
TYPE and SIZE
We cannot accept Type3 fonts. The following is a brief guide to fonts with respect to layout.
- Font:
- Main Body—12 pt. Times or the closest comparable font available
- Equations—12 pt. Times or the closest comparable font available
- Footnotes—10 pt. Times or the closest comparable font available
- Tables, graphs & figures—Text accompanying graphs, figures and tables should be no smaller than 8 pt.
FONT FACES
Use Times or the closest comparable font available, except, possibly, where special symbols are needed. If you desire a second font, for instance for headings, use a sans serif font (e.g., Arial or Computer Modern Sans Serif).
COLORED TEXT
- Set the font color to black for the majority of the text. De Gruyter encourages authors to take advantage of the ability to use color in the production of figures, maps, images, and graphs. However, you need to appreciate that this will cause some of your readers problems when they print the document on a black and white printer. For this reason, you are advised to avoid the use of colors in situations where their translation to black and white would render the material illegible or incomprehensible.
- Please ensure that there are no colored mark-ups or comments in the final version, unless they are meant to be part of the final text. (You may need to “accept all changes” in track changes or set your document to “normal” in final markup.)
EMPHASIZED TEXT, TITLES, and FOREIGN TERMS
- To indicate text you wish to emphasize, use italics rather than underlining. The use of color to emphasize text is discouraged.
- Foreign terms should be set in italics rather than underlined.
- Titles of books, movies, etc., should be set in italics rather than underlined.
HEADINGS
Headings (e.g., title of sections) should be distinguished from the main body text by their fonts or by using small caps.
- Use the same font face for all headings and indicate the hierarchy by reducing the font size.
- Put space above and below headings. Spacing must be consistent around all headings.
- Be consistent in whether or not you use headline case, or you capitalize the first word and leave the rest in lower-case.
FOOTNOTES
- Footnotes must appear at the bottom of the page on which they are referenced rather than at the end of the paper.
- Footnotes must be in 10 pt. Times or closest comparable font available.
- They must be single spaced, and there must be a footnote separator rule (line).
- Please make sure there is no excess blank space above or below the footnote line divider.
- Footnote numbers or symbols in the text must follow, rather than precede, punctuation.
- Excessively long footnotes are better handled in an appendix.
- All footnotes should be fully justified, left and right (i.e., flush with the left and right margins).
TABLES, FIGURES & GRAPHS
- If figures are included, use high-resolution figures, preferably encoded as encapsulated * PostScript (eps).
- To the extent possible, tables and figures should appear in the document near where they are referenced in the text.
- Large tables or figures should be put on pages by themselves.
- Make sure to use at least 8 pt. font size in tables, figures and graphs.
- Everything must be easily readable when viewed on a computer screen at 100% and when physically printed.
- In no case should tables or figures be in a separate document or file. All tables and figures must fit within 1.5" margins on all sides (top, bottom, left and right) in both portrait and landscape view.
MATHEMATICS and EQUATIONS
- Roman letters used in mathematical expressions as variables must be italicized. Roman letters used as part of multi-letter function names should not be italicized. Subscripts and superscripts must be a smaller font size than the main text.
- Use 12 pt. Times or the closest comparable font available
- Type short mathematical expressions inline.
- Longer expressions must appear as display math, as must expressions using many different levels (e.g., such as fractions).
- Important definitions or concepts can also be set off as display math.
- Number your equations sequentially.
- Insert a blank line before and after each equation.
- Whether equation numbers are on the right or left is the choice of the author(s). However, make sure to be consistent in this.
- Avoid symbols and notation in unusual fonts. This will not only enhance the clarity of the manuscript, but it will also help ensure that it displays correctly on the reader's screen and prints correctly.
- When proofing your document, pay particular attention to the rendering of the mathematics, especially symbols and notation drawn from other-than-standard fonts.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES WITHIN TEXT
- Within the text of your manuscript, use the author-date method of citation. For instance, “As noted by Smith (1776).”
- When there are two authors, use both last names. For instance, “Edlin and Reichelstein (1996) claim … ”
- If there are three or more authors give the last name of the first author and append et al. For instance, a 1987 work by Abel, Baker, and Charley, would be cited as “Abel et al. (1987).”
- If two or more cited works share the same authors and dates, use “a,” “b,” and so on to distinguish among them. For instance, “Jones (1994b) provides a more general analysis of the model introduced in Example 3 of Jones (1994a).”
- After the first cite in the text using the author-date method, subsequent cites can use just the last names if that would be unambiguous. For example, Edlin and Reichelstein (1996) can be followed by just Edlin and Reichelstein provided no other Edlin and Reichelstein article is referenced; if one is, then the date must always be attached.
- When citations appear within parentheses, use commas—rather than parentheses or brackets—to separate the date from the surrounding text. For instance, “ … (see Smith, 1776, for an early discussion of this).”
REFERENCE SECTION
It is the author's obligation to provide complete references with the necessary information. Our editors do not check this.
- After the last sentence of your submission (text or appendix), please insert a line break—not a page break—and begin your references on the same page.
- Do not split an individual reference between two pages. If the entirety of the reference does not fit on the page it starts on, then move the entire reference to start on the following page.
- References must be in alphabetical order and have margins that are both left- and right- justified. You may choose not to right-justify the margin of individual references if the spacing looks too awkward.
- Use hanging indents for citations (i.e., the first line of the citation should be flush with the left margin and all other lines should be indented from the left margin by a set amount). Citations should be single-spaced with extra space between citations.
- Within the references section, the citations can be formatted as you like, provided (i) the formatting is consistent and (ii) each citation begins with the last name of the first author. That is, the following would all be acceptable:
Smith, Adam (1776) The Wealth of Nations, …
Smith, A., The Wealth of Nations, … , 1776.
Smith, Adam: The Wealth of Nations, 1776, …
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Editors:
Chandra S. Mishra, Florida Atlantic University
Ramona K. Zachary, Baruch College, The City University of New York
Advisory Board:
Howard E. Aldrich, University of North Carolina
William J. Baumol, New York University
Guido Corbetta, Bocconi University
Editorial Board:
Gary J. Castrogiovanni, Florida Atlantic University
Massimo G. Colombo, Politecnico di Milano
Frank Hoy, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Gopalkrishnan Iyer, Florida Atlantic University
William E. Jackson III, University of Alabama
Martha A. Martinez, DePaul University
J. William Petty, Baylor University
Panikkos Z. Poutziouris, Cyprus International Institute of Management
Edward G. Rogoff, Baruch College, The City University of New York
Roy Thurik, Erasmus University Rotterdam
Howard Van Auken, Iowa State University
Editors:
Chandra S. Mishra, University of the Virgin Islands
Chandra holds Kiril Sokoloff Endowed Chair for Entrepreneurship and is Special Assistant to the President at the University of the Virgin Islands. Prior to this, Chandra held Office Depot Eminent Scholar Chair in Small Business Research and was Professor in the Department of Management Programs in the College of Business at Florida Atlantic University. Since 2001 till 2010 he served as the Editor of the Journal of Small Business Management (JSBM). Chandra received his Ph.D. in business from the University of Texas at Dallas. His publications have appeared in Financial Management, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Journal of International Business Studies, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, and other academic and professional journals. Chandra teaches investment banking and entrepreneurship courses such as venture capital; mergers and acquisitions; financing new ventures; commercialization strategies; venture creation; the innovation and technology business case.
Ramona K. Zachary, Baruch College, The City University of New York
Ramona K. Zachary is the Academic Director of the Lawrence N. Field Programs and the Peter S. Jonas Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship in the Department of Management of the Zicklin School of Business at Baruch College, The City University of New York located in New York City. Before joining Baruch College, Dr. Zachary was Professor and the J. Thomas Clark Fellow of Entrepreneurship and Personal Enterprise at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
Professor Zachary teaches and conducts research related to family businesses and the owning family's internal social and economic dynamics, the effects of the family on the family business viability over time, the economic impact of family businesses on communities, minority business ownership, and gender issues within family firms as well as entrepreneurship issues and research. She has published numerous articles on family business, home-based businesses, family labor force, family management and decision making theory and public and private policies related to businesses and families. She has edited two books entitled, Home-Based Employment and Family Life and The Entrepreneurial Family.
Most recently, Dr. Zachary is serving as a Co-Editor of the new Entrepreneurship Research Journal with De Gruyter. She received her Ph.D. from Purdue University and is associated with several professional organizations including the International Family Enterprise Research Academy and is currently serving on its Board and as the Director of its Research and Publications Subcommittee.
Advisory Board:
Howard E. Aldrich, University of North Carolina
Howard E. Aldrich is Kenan Professor of Sociology at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, where he won the Carlyle Sitterson Award for Outstanding Teaching in 2002. He is chair of the Department of Sociology and Adjunct Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, in the Kenan Flagler Business School and a Faculty Research Associate in the Strategy Area of the Duke University Fuqua School of Business. In 2000, he received two honors: the Swedish Foundation of Small Business Research named him the Entrepreneurship Researcher of the Year and the Organization and Management Division of the Academy of Management presented him with an award for a Distinguished Career of Scholarly Achievement. His 1999 book, Organizations Evolving, won the Academy of Management George Terry Award as the best management book published in 1998-99, and was co-winner of the Max Weber Award from the American Sociological Association’s Section on Organizations, Occupations, and Work. His 1979 book, Organizations and Environments, was reprinted in 2007 as a "classic" by Stanford University press. His books have been translated into Japanese and Farsi.
His research focuses on the conditions under which new ventures are founded, with special attention to the composition of startup teams. Over the past decade, he has been a co-investigator in two large panel studies of nascent entrepreneurs: The Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics I and II. Using these nationally representative multi-wave data sets, he has collaborated with Martin Ruef and Nancy Carter to investigate the extent to which new venture teams are homophilous by gender, race, and occupational composition. Using the PSED I with Phillip Kim, he's investigated the relative influence of human capital, social capital, and financial capital on participation in new venture creation. In another project with Steve Bradley, Dean Shepherd, and Johan Wiklund, published in the Strategic Management Journal, he has investigated the impact of organizational founding conditions on the extent to which new firms can survive radical environmental changes. That study showed that independent new firms have higher initial mortality rates but survive environmental turbulence better than new subsidiaries of other firms. Beginning in the 1980s, he pioneered the cross national study of social networks and new venture creation, focusing particularly on gender differences in networking strategies.
William J. Baumol, New York University
William J. Baumol is the Harold Price Professor of Entrepreneurship and Academic Director of the Berkley Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Stern School of Business at New York University; and senior economist and professor emeritus at Princeton University.
Professor Baumol's primary areas of research include economic growth, entrepreneurship and innovation, industrial organization, antitrust economics and regulation, and economics of the arts. He is author of more than 40 books and more than 500 articles in professional journals and newspapers. His most recent books include The Microtheory of Innovative Entrepreneurship, 2010; The Invention of Enterprise: Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times, 2010; Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity (with Robert E. Litan and Carl J. Schramm), 2007; The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism, 2002; and Global Trade and Conflicting National Interests (with Ralph E. Gomory), 2000.
Professor Baumol is the former president of the American Economic Association, the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, the Eastern Economic Association and the Atlantic Economic Society. His honors and awards include twelve honorary degrees and membership in the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei (Italy), and the British Academy. In May of 2009, two Chinese universities, Wuhan University and Zhejiang Gongshang University, named Centers for Entrepreneurial Research in Professor Baumol's honor.
Professor Baumol was born on February 26, 1922 in New York City. He received his Bachelor of Social Science from the College of the City of New York in 1942 and his Doctor of Philosophy from the University of London in 1949. He has been teaching at NYU for more than 36 years and taught at Princeton University for 43 years, where he is now Professor Emeritus and Senior Research Economist.
Guido Corbetta, Bocconi University
Guido Corbetta is AIdAF-Alberto Falck professor of strategic management in family business at Bocconi University in Milan, Italy. AIdAF-Alberto Falck chair is the first one sponsored in the history of Bocconi University. Dr. Corbetta has been Dean of Bocconi Graduate School from 2005 to 2010 and the founder and managing director of the Center for research on Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurs at Bocconi University (2004-2009). He has been research fellow and visiting professor at IESE and EAE in Barcelona, AESE in Lisbon, Loyola University in Chicago. He is member of the Editorial Board of Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice and Family Business Review; he is a Fellow of IFERA (International Family Enterprise Research Academy) and has been member and President of the International Committee, Enterpreneurship Division, Academy of Management from 2004-2008.
Raised in a family where parents and uncles owned businesses ranging from distribution to fasteners, Guido Corbetta graduated from Bocconi University (B.A. and PhD) and studied abroad in Japan, Jouy-en-Josas in France, Chicago. Guido and his wife Rossella live in Milano, Italy, with their four children.
In addition to the ERJ Editorial Board, we utilize 800+ scholars who also serve as reviewers.