Abstract
A novel lignin-based slow release fertilizer with low environmental impact has been developed. More precisely, a granulated simple superphosphate fertilizer, consisting of calcium phosphate monobasic [Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O] and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) was coated with modified kraft lignins and the diffusion of phosphorus was observed as a function of time. The lignin was hydroxymethylated with formaldehyde and subsequently cross-linked with phenol-formaldehyde resin resulting in HML-PF as coating. Moreover, coating films were prepared from a mixture of acetylated lignin (Lac) and acetylated cellulose (Cellac). Both coatings show similar permeability to calcium phosphate and controlled effectively the P-release, particularly at the initial stages of the experiment. The P-release was linear in the decay phase but there is no lag time in the process. A significant P amount was not released from the particles coated with HML-PF, i.e. 80–50% remained irreversible bound, depending on the coating formulation. The maximum fractional P-release varied among the different coatings tested. Phosphorus is partly retained inside the slightly soluble calcium sulfate matrix.
Acknowledgements
Financial support provided by the National Agency of Research and Innovation of Uruguay (ANII) is greatly appreciated. The authors would like to acknowledge the collaboration of the companies that provided materials for this research, and particularly to ISUSA for granting an internship to Mr. Ignacio Di Pascua. Additionally, the authors would like to kindly recognize the contributions made by Assoc. Prof. Francisco Cassella (Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de la República, Uruguay) and Prof. Dr. Stéphan Barbe (Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln, Germany).
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
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Article note:
Selected paper from the 19th ISWFPC – International Symposium on Wood, Fibre and Pulping Chemistry, held August 30–September 1st, in Porto Seguro, Brazil.
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