The demand for green technologies is continually increasing due to the growing consciousness of alimentary, environmental and toxicity risks. Supercritical technologies have beneficed from that interest and have therefore received increased attention as propitious media for elaboration of materials in general and formation of particles in particular, especially for pharmaceutical applications. This work presents the recrystallization of several drugs from liquid organic solutions, using CO2 as the precipitating agent. Three drugs were specially studied: theophylline, tolbutamide and griseofulvin. To select the suitable process among the several potentialities offered by SCF and to further understand and interpret the crystallization behaviour, selected phase behaviour of binary and ternary systems involving solute-solvent-CO2 were investigated and are presented hereby as background. Drugs were further precipitated by compressed CO2 as antisolvent, and experimental data focused mostly on results obtained in the discontinuous stirred version of the process. There was special emphasis on the influence of stirring and CO2 introduction rates upon the crystals characteristics and the production yields. The main difference between the investigated drug-solvent systems was their sensitivity to the stirring. As a first step, macro- and micro-mixing times were estimated; it was shown that mixing times due to circulation and to molecular diffusion were in the same range, with no significant breakthrough as a function of the solvent. Since the large size of particles produced by batch might be detrimental for therapeutic applications and/or administration routes, several precipitations were performed in the semi-continuous mode. Conditions were varied in order to play with phase behaviour, i.e. by setting the pressure below or above the critical locus of the solvent-CO2 system. Morphology of particles suggested that precipitation was confined within the solvent droplets, originating smaller precipitates than particles produced at monophasic conditions. The results obtained for three systems show that size of precipitates can be manipulated by a proper selection of thermodynamics and time or space scales, although the later has to be more accurately investigated to view the two versions of the antisolvent processes as complementary.

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Crystallization of Drugs using Supercritical CO2 as Antisolvent: From Phase Equilibria to Products
1Université de Bordeaux, subra@enscpb.fr
2Université Paris 13, roy@limhp.univ-paris13.fr
3Université Paris 13, vega@limhp.univ-paris13.fr
4Université Paris 13, jestin@limhp.univ-paris13.fr
Citation Information: International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering. Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages –, ISSN (Online) 1542-6580, DOI: 10.2202/1542-6580.1435, September 2007
Publication History:
- Published Online:
- 2007-09-12
Keywords: supercritical; antisolvent; crystallization; phase behaviour; stirring; continuous operation


















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