Abstract
This article explores the way in which the Spanish and the Swiss legations in Japan acted and reacted to violent change in the international environment. By looking at the period of Japanese wartime aggression in Asia and the Pacific from 1931–1945, it analyzes key moments for both diplomatic missions, when changes abroad or at home led their respective diplomats to take a stance beyond the regular representation of national interests. The article argues that violent conflicts impacted the diplomatic behavior of the legations in Japan heavily. They were shaped by new policies in reaction to the violence, while sometimes also engaging in shaping such policies themselves.
References
Abbenhuis, M.M. 2014. An Age of Neutrals: Great Power Politics, 1815–1914. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139794695Search in Google Scholar
Alvarez, J.L. 1940. “Dos Notas Sobre La Embajada Del Padre Juan Cobo.” Monumenta Nipponica 3:657–664.10.2307/2382608Search in Google Scholar
Berridge, G. 2012. Embassies in Armed Conflict. New York; London: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar
Burkman, T.W. 2008. Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʼi Press.10.1515/9780824863036Search in Google Scholar
Cortada, J.W. 1980. Spain in the Twentieth-Century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1898–1978. Westport: Greenwood Press.Search in Google Scholar
Krebs, G. 1988. “Japanese-Spanish Relations, 1936–1945.” The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan 3:21–52.Search in Google Scholar
League of Nations Official Journal. 1932. Records of the Special Session of the Assembly: Convened in virtue of Article 15 of the Covenant at the Request of the Chinese Government. Geneva. Retrieved from http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/le00352a.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Neff, S.C. 2000. The Rights and Duties of Neutrals: A General History. Manchester, UK; New York, NY: Manchester University Press; Juris Pub.Search in Google Scholar
Oakland Tribune. 1936, September 24. Spain Envoy S.F. Visitor, p. 11.Search in Google Scholar
Rodao, F. 1993. Relaciones Hispano-Japonesas, 1937–1945. (PhD Doctoral Thesis), Universidatd Compultense de Madrid.Search in Google Scholar
Rodao, F. 2002. Franco Y El Imperio Japonés, 1st ed. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés Editores.Search in Google Scholar
Stamm, K.W. 2010a. “Die Vermittlerrolle Der Schweiz Bei Den Friedensverhandlungen Zwischen Den USA Und Jpan 1945.” In Handbuch Schweiz-Japan=Manuel Des Relations Nippo-Suisses : Diplomatie Und Politik, Wirtschaft Und Geschichte, Wissenschaft Und Kultur, edited by P. Ziltener. Zürich: Chronos.Search in Google Scholar
Stamm, K.W. 2010b. “Die Vertretung Fremder Interessen in Japan Durch Die Schweiz.” In Handbuch Schweiz-Japan=Manuel Des Relations Nippo-Suisses : Diplomatie Und Politik, Wirtschaft Und Geschichte, Wissenschaft Und Kultur, edited by P. Ziltener. Zürich: Chronos.Search in Google Scholar
The New York Times. 1936, August 27. Envoy to Tokyo Backs Rebels, p. 2. Retrieved from http://nyti.ms/2cXQVD8Search in Google Scholar
The New York Times. 1937, Arpil 14. Two Spanish Envoys Seek Tokyo Legation – Insurgent Holds the Fort and Teacher Representing Valencia Hangs Shingle in Hotel, p. 6. Retrieved from http://nyti.ms/2cDGyYWSearch in Google Scholar
Viñas, A. 2010. Al Servicio De La Republica. Madrid: Marcial Pons Ediciones de Historia.Search in Google Scholar
Viñas, A. 2014. Salamanca, 1936. Francisco Serrat Bonastre. Memorias Del Primer “Ministro” De Asuntos Exteriores De Franco. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta.Search in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston