Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter September 4, 2018

Application of hydroxyapatite and its modified forms as adsorbents for water defluoridation: an insight into process synthesis

  • Suja George

    Suja George is an associate professor at Chemical Engineering Department and associate dean (International Affairs) at NIT Jaipur, India. She earned her PhD degree from Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India, in 2009. Her current research interest includes water and wastewater treatment, process modeling simulation and control, microbial fuel cell and synthesis of nanomaterials. She has published 21 research articles in SCI journals, 50 papers in national and international conferences and guided 15 Master’s theses. She has four sponsored research projects in the area of water treatment, utilization of waste into value-added products. She has guided five PhD scholars.

    EMAIL logo
    , Dhiraj Mehta

    Dhiraj Mehta is currently a PhD scholar working under Dr Suja George in the Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT, Jaipur. He has completed his Master’s degree from Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab. He is currently working on the utilization of marble waste into value-added product hydroxyapatite. He has published seven research articles in international journals and four at an international conference.

    and Virendra Kumar Saharan

    Virendra Kumar Saharan is an assistant professor at Chemical Engineering Department, NIT Jaipur, India. He earned his PhD (Tech) degree from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India, in 2013. His current research interest includes process intensification, sonochemistry, photocatalysis, nanoparticle synthesis and nanoemulsions. He has published 28 research articles in SCI journals, authored a book chapter and presented 5 papers at international conferences. He has also been working in two sponsored research projects funded by Indian Government-based agencies.

Abstract

Fluorosis is a major scourge in many countries caused by prolonged consumption of drinking water with high fluoride content found in groundwater resources. Hydroxyapatite (Hap) and its composite forms are excellent biomaterials that recently gained attention as efficient adsorbents, owing to its physical and chemical nature as it can substitute both cationic and anionic complexes present in an aqueous solution in its atomic arrangement. Its biological nature, biocompatibility and biodegradability along with its chemical characteristics such as crystallinity, stability, ion adsorption capability and highly specific catalytic activity make it suitable for a variety of applications especially in water treatment for fluoride removal. This review describes various techniques for synthesis of a wide variety of biogenic, synthetic, composite and modified forms of Hap for application in water defluoridation. Hap derived from natural sources or synthesized using conventional methods, hydrothermal, sol-gel or advanced sonication-cum-precipitation technique varied in terms of its crystallinity, structure, size, etc., which affect the fluoride removal capacity. The advantage and disadvantages of various synthesis methods, process parameters and product characteristics have been compiled, which may help to identify a suitable synthesis method for a desired Hap product for potential application and future perspectives in water treatment.

About the authors

Suja George

Suja George is an associate professor at Chemical Engineering Department and associate dean (International Affairs) at NIT Jaipur, India. She earned her PhD degree from Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India, in 2009. Her current research interest includes water and wastewater treatment, process modeling simulation and control, microbial fuel cell and synthesis of nanomaterials. She has published 21 research articles in SCI journals, 50 papers in national and international conferences and guided 15 Master’s theses. She has four sponsored research projects in the area of water treatment, utilization of waste into value-added products. She has guided five PhD scholars.

Dhiraj Mehta

Dhiraj Mehta is currently a PhD scholar working under Dr Suja George in the Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT, Jaipur. He has completed his Master’s degree from Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab. He is currently working on the utilization of marble waste into value-added product hydroxyapatite. He has published seven research articles in international journals and four at an international conference.

Virendra Kumar Saharan

Virendra Kumar Saharan is an assistant professor at Chemical Engineering Department, NIT Jaipur, India. He earned his PhD (Tech) degree from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India, in 2013. His current research interest includes process intensification, sonochemistry, photocatalysis, nanoparticle synthesis and nanoemulsions. He has published 28 research articles in SCI journals, authored a book chapter and presented 5 papers at international conferences. He has also been working in two sponsored research projects funded by Indian Government-based agencies.

References

Alberius-Henning P, Adolfsson E, Grins J, Fitch A. Triclinic oxy-hydroxyapatite. J Mater Sci 2001; 36: 663–668.10.1023/A:1004876622105Search in Google Scholar

Aminian A, Solati-Hashjin M, Samadikuchaksaraei A, Bakhshi F, Gorjipour F, Farzadi A, Moztarzadeh F, Schmucker M. Synthesis of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite by a hydrothermal method with two different phosphorous sources. Ceram Int 2011; 37: 1219–1229.10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.11.044Search in Google Scholar

Anee Kuriakose T, Kalkura SN, Palanichamy M, Arivuoli D, Dierks K, Bocelli G, Betzel C. Synthesis of stoichiometric nano crystalline hydroxyapatite by ethanol-based sol-gel technique at low temperature. J Cryst Growth 2004; 263: 517–523.10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.11.057Search in Google Scholar

Arce H, Montero ML, Sáenz A, Castaño VM. Effect of pH and temperature on the formation of hydroxyapatite at low temperatures by decomposition of a Ca-EDTA complex. Polyhedron 2004; 23: 1897–1901.10.1016/j.poly.2004.04.021Search in Google Scholar

Badillo-Almaraz VE, Armando Flores J, Arriola H, López FA, Ruiz-Ramirez L. Elimination of fluoride ions in water for human consumption using hydroxyapatite as an adsorbent. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2007; 271: 741–744.10.1007/s10967-007-0335-6Search in Google Scholar

Barakat NAM, Khil MS, Omran AM, Sheikh FA, Kim HY. Extraction of pure natural hydroxyapatite from the bovine bones bio waste by three different methods. J Mater Process Technol 2009; 209: 3408–3415.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.07.040Search in Google Scholar

Bhanvase BA, Kutbuddin Y, Borse RN, Selokar NR, Pinjari DV, Gogate PR, Sonawane SH, Pandit AB. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of calcium zinc phosphate pigment and its application in nanocontainer for active anticorrosion coatings. Chem Eng J 2013; 231: 345–354.10.1016/j.cej.2013.07.030Search in Google Scholar

Bhargava DS, Killedar SD. Batch studies of water defluoridation using fishbone charcoal. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1991; 63: 848–858.Search in Google Scholar

Boonyang U, Chaopanich P, Wongchaisuwat A, Senthongkaew P, Siripaisarnpipat S. Effect of phosphate precursor on the production of hydroxyapatite from crocodile eggshells. J Biomim Biomater Tissue Eng 2010; 5: 31–37.10.4028/www.scientific.net/JBBTE.5.31Search in Google Scholar

Brendel T, Engel A, Rüssel C. Hydroxyapatite coatings by a polymeric route. J Mater Sci Mater Med 1992; 3: 175–179.10.1007/BF00713445Search in Google Scholar

Brunson LR, Sabatini DA. An evaluation of fish bone char as an appropriate arsenic and fluoride removal technology for emerging regions. Environ Eng Sci 2009; 26: 1777–1784.10.1089/ees.2009.0222Search in Google Scholar

Cao LY, Zhang CB, Huang JF. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in ultrasonic precipitation. Ceram Int 2005; 31: 1041–1044.10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.11.002Search in Google Scholar

Cao H, Zhang L, Zheng H, Wang Z. Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals for biomedical applications. J Phys Chem C 2010; 114: 18352–18357.10.1021/jp106078bSearch in Google Scholar

Catros S, Guillemot F, Lebraud E, Chanseau C, Perez S, Bareille R, Amédée J, Fricain JC. Physico-chemical and biological properties of a nano-hydroxyapatite powder synthesized at room temperature. IRBM 2010; 31: 226–233.10.1016/j.irbm.2010.04.002Search in Google Scholar

Chaudhuri B, Mondal B, Modak DK, Pramanik K, Chaudhuri BK. Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from egg shell and K2HPO4 solution. Mater Lett 2013; 97: 148–150.10.1016/j.matlet.2013.01.082Search in Google Scholar

Chen F, Wang ZC, Lin CJ. Preparation and characterization of nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles and hydroxyapatite/chitosan nano-composite for use in biomedical materials. Mater Lett 2002; 57: 858–861.10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00885-6Search in Google Scholar

Chen DZ, Tang CY, Chan KC, Tsui CP, Yu PHF, Leung MCP, Uskokovic PS. Dynamic mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity of PHBHV/HA nanocomposite. Compos Sci Technol 2007; 67: 1617–1626.10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.034Search in Google Scholar

Chen J, Wang Y, Chen X, Ren L, Lai C, He W, Zhang Q. A simple sol-gel technique for synthesis of nanostructured hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and biphasic powders. Mater Lett 2011a; 65: 1923–1926.10.1016/j.matlet.2011.03.076Search in Google Scholar

Chen L, Mccrate JM, Lee JC-M, Li H. The role of surface charge on the uptake and biocompatibility of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with osteoblast cells. Nanotechnology 2011b; 22: 105708.10.1088/0957-4484/22/10/105708Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Chen L, Zhang KS, He JY, Xu WH, Huang XJ, Liu JH. Enhanced fluoride removal from water by sulfate-doped hydroxyapatite hierarchical hollow microspheres. Chem Eng J 2016; 285: 616–624.10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.036Search in Google Scholar

Chen Z, Liu Y, Mao L, Gong L, Sun W, Feng L. Effect of cation doping on the structure of hydroxyapatite and the mechanism of defluoridation. Ceram Int 2018; 44: 6002–6009.10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.12.191Search in Google Scholar

Conca JL, Wright J. An apatite II permeable reactive barrier to remediate ground water containing Zn, Pb and Cd. Appl Geochemistry 2006; 21: 1288–1300.10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.06.008Search in Google Scholar

Delgadillo-Velasco L, Hernández-Montoya V, Cervantes FJ, Montes-Morán MA, Lira-Berlanga D. Bone char with antibacterial properties for fluoride removal: preparation, characterization and water treatment. J Environ Manage 2017; 201: 277–285.10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.038Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Deydier E, Guilet R, Sarda S, Sharrock P. Physical and chemical characterisation of crude meat and bone meal combustion residue: “waste or raw material?” J Hazard Mater 2005; 121: 141–148.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.02.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Earl JS, Wood DJ, Milne SJ. Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite. J Phys Conf Ser 2006; 26: 268–271.10.1088/1742-6596/26/1/064Search in Google Scholar

Eshtiagh-Hosseini H, Housaindokht MR, Chahkandi M. Effects of parameters of sol-gel process on the phase evolution of sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite. Mater Chem Phys 2007; 106: 310–316.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.06.002Search in Google Scholar

Fan X, Parker DJ, Smith MD. Adsorption kinetics of fluoride on low cost materials. Water Res 2003; 37: 4929–4937.10.1016/j.watres.2003.08.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Fathi MH, Hanifi A, Mortazavi V. Preparation and bioactivity evaluation of bone-like hydroxyapatite nanopowder. J Mater Process Technol 2008; 202: 536–542.10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.004Search in Google Scholar

Fawell J, Bailey K, Chilton J, Dahi E, Fewtrell L, Magara Y. Fluoride in drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2006; www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/fluoride_drinking_water_full.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Feng L, Xu W, Liu T, Liu J. Heat regeneration of hydroxyapatite/attapulgite composite beads for defluoridation of drinking water. J Hazard Mater 2012; 221–222: 228–235.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ferraz MP, Monteiro FJ, Manuel CM. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles: a review of preparation methodologies. J Appl Biomater 2004; 2: 74–80.Search in Google Scholar

Gao S, Cui J, Wei Z. Study on the fluoride adsorption of various apatite materials in aqueous solution. J Fluor Chem 2009a; 130: 1035–1041.10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.09.004Search in Google Scholar

Gao S, Sun R, Wei Z, Zhao H, Li H, Hu F. Size-dependent defluoridation properties of synthetic hydroxyapatite. J Fluor Chem 2009b; 130: 550–556.10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.03.007Search in Google Scholar

George S, Pandit P, Gupta AB. Residual aluminium in water defluoridated using activated alumina adsorption – modeling and simulation studies. Water Res 2010; 44: 3055–3064.10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.028Search in Google Scholar

Gergely G, Wéber F, Lukács I, Tóth AL, Horváth ZE, Mihály J, Balázsi C. Preparation and characterization of hydroxyapatite from eggshell. Ceram Int 2010; 36: 803–806.10.1016/j.ceramint.2009.09.020Search in Google Scholar

Ghahremani D, Mobasherpour I, Salahi E, Ebrahimi M, Manafi S, Keramatpour L. Potential of nano crystalline calcium hydroxyapatite for Tin(II) removal from aqueous solutions: equilibria and kinetic processes. Arab J Chem 2017; 10: S461–S471.10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.10.006Search in Google Scholar

Ghorai S, Pant KK. Equilibrium, kinetics and breakthrough studies for adsorption of fluoride on activated alumina. Sep Purif Technol 2005; 42: 265–271.10.1016/j.seppur.2004.09.001Search in Google Scholar

Giardina MA, Fanovich MA. Synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite from Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 assisted by ultrasonic irradiation. Ceram Int 2010; 36: 1961–1969.10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.05.008Search in Google Scholar

Goloshchapov DL, Kashkarov VM, Rumyantseva NA, Seredin PV, Lenshin AS, Agapov BL, Domashevskaya EP. Synthesis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite by precipitation using hen’s eggshell. Ceram Int 2013; 39: 4539–4549.10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.11.050Search in Google Scholar

Gonzalez-Davila M, Santana-Casiano JM, Millero FJ. The adsorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) to chitin in seawater. J Colloid Interface Sci 1990; 137: 102–110.10.1016/0021-9797(90)90046-QSearch in Google Scholar

Gopi D, Indira J, Kavitha L, Sekar M, Mudali UK. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by a novel ultrasonic assisted with mixed hollow sphere template method. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2012; 93: 131–134.10.1016/j.saa.2012.02.033Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gu YW, Khor KA, Cheang P. Bone-like apatite layer formation on hydroxyapatite prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Biomaterials 2004; 25: 4127–4134.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.030Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Habraken WJEM, Wolke JGC, Jansen JA. Ceramic composites as matrices and scaffolds for drug delivery in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59: 234–248.10.1016/j.addr.2007.03.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Han Y, Li S, Wang X, Chen X. Synthesis and sintering of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powders by citric acid sol-gel combustion method. Mater Res Bull 2004; 39: 25–32.10.1016/j.materresbull.2003.09.022Search in Google Scholar

Hashimoto Y, Taki T, Sato T. Sorption of dissolved lead from shooting range soils using hydroxyapatite amendments synthesized from industrial byproducts as affected by varying pH conditions. J Environ Manage 2009; 90: 1782–1789.10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.004Search in Google Scholar

Herliansyah MK, Hamdi M, Ide-Ektessabi A, Wildan MW, Toque JA. The influence of sintering temperature on the properties of compacted bovine hydroxyapatite. Mater Sci Eng C 2009; 29: 1674–1680.10.1016/j.msec.2009.01.007Search in Google Scholar

Higuchi WI, Valvani SC, Hefferren JJ. The kinetics and mechanisms of reactions of human tooth enamel in buffered solutions of high fluoride concentrations. Arch Oral Biol 1974; 19: 737–746.10.1016/0003-9969(74)90160-5Search in Google Scholar

Hsieh MF, Perng LH, Chin TS, Perng HG. Phase purity of sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite ceramic. Biomaterials 2001; 22: 2601–2607.10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00448-8Search in Google Scholar

Hu J, Agrawal DK, Fang Y, Roy R. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite using phosphate-rich glasses in the system CaO-P2O5-H2O and acoustic waves. J Mater Sci 1993; 28: 5297–5300.10.1007/BF00570080Search in Google Scholar

Huang YC, Hsiao PC, Chai HJ. Hydroxyapatite extracted from fish scale: effects on MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Ceram Int 2011; 37: 1825–1831.10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.01.018Search in Google Scholar

Hwang K, Lim Y. Chemical and structural changes of hydroxyapatite films by using a sol-gel method. Surf Coatings Technol 1999; 115: 172–175.10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00174-7Search in Google Scholar

Ioiţescu A, Vlase G, Vlase T, Ilia G, Doca N. Synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite obtained from different organic precursors by sol-gel method. J Therm Anal Calorim 2009; 96: 937–942.10.1007/s10973-009-0044-1Search in Google Scholar

Isiklan N, Sanli O. Separation characteristics of acetic acid-water mixtures by pervaporation using poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes modified with malic acid. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 2005; 44: 1019–1027.10.1016/j.cep.2005.01.005Search in Google Scholar

Itokazu M, Yang W, Aoki T, Ohara A, Kato N. Synthesis of antibiotic-loaded interporous hydroxyapatite blocks by vacuum method and in vitro drug release testing. Biomaterials 1998; 19: 817–819.10.1016/S0142-9612(97)00237-8Search in Google Scholar

Jarag KJ, Pinjari DV, Pandit AB, Shankarling GS. Synthesis of chalcone (3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one): advantage of sonochemical method over conventional method. Ultrason Sonochem 2011; 18: 617–623.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.09.010Search in Google Scholar

Jiang D, Li D, Xie J, Zhu J, Chen M, Lü X, Dang S. Shape-controlled synthesis of F-substituted hydroxyapatite microcrystals in the presence of Na2EDTA and citric acid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2010; 350: 30–38.10.1016/j.jcis.2010.06.034Search in Google Scholar

Jiménez-Reyes M, Solache-Ríos M. Sorption behavior of fluoride ions from aqueous solutions by hydroxyapatite. J Hazard Mater 2010; 180: 297–302.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.04.030Search in Google Scholar

Jinawath S, Polchai D, Yoshimura M. Low-temperature, hydrothermal transformation of aragonite to hydroxyapatite. Mater Sci Eng C 2002; 22: 35–39.10.1016/S0928-4931(02)00110-8Search in Google Scholar

Jokić B, Mitrić M, Radmilović V, Drmanić S, Petrović R, Janaćković D. Synthesis and characterization of monetite and hydroxyapatite whiskers obtained by a hydrothermal method. Ceram Int 2011; 37: 167–173.10.1016/j.ceramint.2010.08.032Search in Google Scholar

Jungbauer A, Hahn R, Deinhofer K, Luo P. Performance and characterization of a nanophased porous hydroxyapatite for protein chromatography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 87: 364–375.10.1002/bit.20121Search in Google Scholar

Kim W, Saito F. Sonochemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite from H3PO4 solution with Ca(OH)2. Ultrason Sonochem 2001; 8: 85–88.10.1016/S1350-4177(00)00034-1Search in Google Scholar

Kim SR, Riu DH, Lee YJ, Kim YH. Synthesis and characterization of silicon substituted hydroxyapatite. Key Eng Mater 2002; 218–220: 85–88.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.218-220.85Search in Google Scholar

Kokubo T, Takadama H. How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity? Biomaterials 2006; 27: 2907–2915.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.017Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Kumar GS, Girija EK. Flower-like hydroxyapatite nanostructure obtained from eggshell: a candidate for biomedical applications. Ceram Int 2013; 39: 8293–8299.10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.03.099Search in Google Scholar

Kumar GS, Thamizhavel A, Girija EK. Microwave conversion of eggshells into flower-like hydroxyapatite nanostructure for biomedical applications. Mater Lett 2012; 76: 198–200.10.1016/j.matlet.2012.02.106Search in Google Scholar

Lak A, Mazloumi M, Mohajerani M, Kajbafvala A, Zanganeh S, Arami H, Sadrnezhaad SK. Self-assembly of dandelion-like hydroxyapatite nanostructures via hydrothermal method. J Am Ceram Soc 2008; 91: 3292–3297.10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02600.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lee JH, Lee KS, Chang JS, Cho WS, Kim YH, Kim SR, Kim YT. Biocompatibility of Si-substituted hydroxyapatite. Key Eng Mater 2004; 254–256: 135–138.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.254-256.135Search in Google Scholar

Lemos AF, Rocha JHG, Quaresma SSF, Kannan S, Oktar FN, Agathopoulos S, Ferreira JMF. Hydroxyapatite nano-powders produced hydrothermally from nacreous material. J Eur Ceram Soc 2006; 26: 3639–3646.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2005.12.011Search in Google Scholar

Li J, Yin Y, Yao F, Zhang L, Yao K. Effect of nano- and micro-hydroxyapatite/chitosan-gelatin network film on human gastric cancer cells. Mater Lett 2008a; 62: 3220–3223.10.1016/j.matlet.2008.02.072Search in Google Scholar

Li Y, Tjandra W, Tam KC. Synthesis and characterization of nanoporous hydroxyapatite using cationic surfactants as templates. Mater Res Bull 2008b; 43: 2318–2326.10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.08.008Search in Google Scholar

Liang W, Rahaman MN, Day DE, Marion NW, Riley GC, Mao JJ. Bioactive borate glass scaffold for bone tissue engineering. J Non Cryst Solids 2008; 354: 1690–1696.10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.10.003Search in Google Scholar

Liang W, Zhan L, Piao L, Rssel C. Fluoride removal performance of glass derived hydroxyapatite. Mater Res Bull 2011; 46: 205–209.10.1016/j.materresbull.2010.11.015Search in Google Scholar

Lin K, Pan J, Chen Y, Cheng R, Xu X. Study the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution on hydroxyapatite nanopowders. J Hazard Mater 2009; 161: 231–240.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.076Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Liu DM, Troczynski T, Tseng WJ. Water-based sol-gel synthesis of hydroxyapatite: process development. Biomaterials 2001; 22: 1721–1730.10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00332-XSearch in Google Scholar

Liu DM, Yang Q, Troczynski T, Tseng WJ. Structural evolution of sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 2002; 23: 1679–1687.10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00295-2Search in Google Scholar

Liu J, Ye X, Wang H, Zhu M, Wang B, Yan H. The influence of pH and temperature on the morphology of hydroxyapatite synthesized by hydrothermal method. Ceram Int 2003; 29: 629–633.10.1016/S0272-8842(02)00210-9Search in Google Scholar

Liu Y, Hou D, Wang G. A simple wet chemical synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite nanorods. Mater Chem Phys 2004; 86: 69–73.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.02.009Search in Google Scholar

Liu WT, Zhang Y, Li GY, Miao YQ, Wu XH. Structure and composition of teleost scales from snakehead Channa argus (Cantor) (Perciformes: Channidae). J Fish Biol 2008; 72: 1055–1067.10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01790.xSearch in Google Scholar

Liu Q, Huang S, Matinlinna JP, Chen Z, Pan H. Insight into biological apatite: physiochemical properties and preparation approaches. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 929748.10.1155/2013/929748Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Maity JP, Hsu C, Lin T, Lee W, Bhattacharya P, Bundschuh J, Chen C. Removal of fluoride from water through bacterial-surfactin mediated novel hydroxyapatite nanoparticle and its efficiency assessment: adsorption isotherm, adsorption kinetic and adsorption thermodynamics. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 2018; 9: 18–28.10.1016/j.enmm.2017.11.001Search in Google Scholar

Maliyekkal SM, Shukla S, Philip L, Nambi IM. Enhanced fluoride removal from drinking water by magnesia-amended activated alumina granules. Chem Eng J 2008; 140: 183–192.10.1016/j.cej.2007.09.049Search in Google Scholar

Malmberg P, Nygren H. Methods for the analysis of the composition of bone tissue, with a focus on imaging mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Proteomics 2008; 8: 3755–3762.10.1002/pmic.200800198Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Medellin-Castillo NA, Leyva-Ramos R, Ocampo-Perez R, Garcia de la Cruz RF, Aragon-Piña A, Martinez-Rosales JM, Guerrero-Coronado RM, Fuentes-Rubio L. Adsorption of fluoride from water solution on bone char. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007; 46: 9205–9212.10.1021/ie070023nSearch in Google Scholar

Mehta D, Mondal P, George S. Utilization of marble waste powder as a novel adsorbent for removal of fluoride ions from aqueous solution. J Environ Chem Eng 2016; 4: 932–942.10.1016/j.jece.2015.12.040Search in Google Scholar

Mehta D, Mondal P, Saharan VK, George S. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods for application in water defluoridation and optimization of process variables: advantage of ultrasonication with precipitation method over conventional method. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 37: 56–70.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.12.035Search in Google Scholar

Mehta D, Mondal P, Saharan VK, George S. In-vitro synthesis of marble apatite as a novel adsorbent for removal of fluoride ions from ground water: an ultrasonic approach. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 40: 664–674.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.08.015Search in Google Scholar

Metz JR, de Vrieze E, Lock EJ, Schulten IE, Flik G. Elasmoid scales of fishes as model in biomedical bone research. J Appl Ichthyol 2012; 28: 382–387.10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01990.xSearch in Google Scholar

Mizutani Y, Hattori M, Okuyama M, Kasuga T, Nogami M. Large-sized hydroxyapatite whiskers derived from calcium tripolyphosphate gel. J Eur Ceram Soc 2005; 25: 3181–3185.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2004.07.028Search in Google Scholar

Mlilo TB, Brunson LR, Sabatini, DA. Arsenic and fluoride removal using simple materials. J. Environ. Eng. 2010; 136: 391–398.10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000154Search in Google Scholar

Mobasherpour I, Salahi E, Pazouki M. Comparative of the removal of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ by nano crystallite hydroxyapatite from aqueous solutions: adsorption isotherm study. Arab J Chem 2012; 5: 439–446.10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.12.022Search in Google Scholar

Moholkar VS, Sable SP, Pandit AB. Mapping the cavitation intensity in an ultrasonic bath using the acoustic emission. AIChE J 2000; 46: 684–694.10.1002/aic.690460404Search in Google Scholar

Mondal P, George S. Removal of fluoride from drinking water using novel adsorbent magnesia-hydroxyapatite. Water Air Soil Pollut 2015; 226: 1–15.10.1007/s11270-015-2515-2Search in Google Scholar

Mondal P, Mehta D, George S. Defluoridation studies with synthesized magnesium-incorporated hydroxyapatite and parameter optimization using response surface methodology. Desalin. Water Treat 2016; 3994: 1–20.Search in Google Scholar

Mondal P, Mehta D, Saharan VK, George S. Continuous column studies for water defluoridation using synthesized magnesium-incorporated hydroxyapatite pellets: experimental and modeling studies. Environ Process 2018; 5: 261–285.10.1007/s40710-018-0287-6Search in Google Scholar

Montero ML, Saenz A, Castano VM. Synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite from silica suspensions through chemical compensation. J Exp Nanosci 2009; 4: 193–202.10.1080/17458080902774663Search in Google Scholar

Mourabet M, El Rhilassi A, El Boujaady H, Bennani-Ziatni M, El Hamri R, Taitai A. Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by adsorption on hydroxyapatite (HAp) using response surface methodology. J Saudi Chem Soc 2015; 19: 603–615.10.1016/j.jscs.2012.03.003Search in Google Scholar

Murugan R, Kumar TSS, Rao KP. Fluorinated bovine hydroxyapatite: preparation and characterization. Mater Lett 2002; 57: 429–433.10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00805-4Search in Google Scholar

Muthu Prabhu S, Meenakshi S. Synthesis of surface coated hydroxyapatite powders for fluoride removal from aqueous solution. Powder Technol 2014; 268: 306–315.10.1016/j.powtec.2014.08.041Search in Google Scholar

Muthu Prabhu S, Elanchezhiyan SS, Lee G, Khan A, Meenakshi S. Assembly of nano-sized hydroxyapatite onto graphene oxide sheets via in-situ fabrication method and its prospective application for defluoridation studies. Chem Eng J 2016; 300: 334–342.10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.111Search in Google Scholar

Mwaniki DL. Fluoride sorption characteristics of different grades of bone charcoal, based on batch tests. J Dent Res 1992; 71: 1310–1315.10.1177/00220345920710060801Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Nayak AK. Hydroxyapatite synthesis methodologies: an overview. Int J ChemTech Res 2010; 2: 903–907.Search in Google Scholar

Nayar S, Guha A. Waste utilization for the controlled synthesis of nanosized hydroxyapatite. Mater Sci Eng C 2009; 29: 1326–1329.10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.002Search in Google Scholar

Neira IS, Guitian F, Taniguchi T, Watanabe T, Yoshimura M. Hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite whiskers with sharp faceted hexagonal morphology. J Mater Sci 2008; 43: 2171–2178.10.1007/s10853-007-2032-9Search in Google Scholar

Nie Y, Hu C, Kong C. Enhanced fluoride adsorption using Al (III) modified calcium hydroxyapatite. J Hazard Mater 2012; 233–234: 194–199.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.020Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Nikolaev AL, Gopin, AV, Severin AV, Rudin VN, Mironov MA, Dezhkunov NV. Ultrasonic synthesis of hydroxyapatite in non-cavitation and cavitation modes. Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 44: 390–397.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.047Search in Google Scholar PubMed

O’Hare P, Meenan BJ, Burke GA, Byrne G, Dowling D, Hunt JA. Biological responses to hydroxyapatite surfaces deposited via a co-incident microblasting technique. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 515–522.10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.067Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Omelon SJ, Grynpas MD. Relationships between polyphosphate chemistry, biochemistry and apatite biomineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108: 4694–4715.10.1021/cr0782527Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Orlovskii VP, Komlev VS, Barinov SM. Hydroxyapatite and hydroxyapatite-based ceramics. Inorg Mater 2002; 38: 973–984.10.1023/A:1020585800572Search in Google Scholar

Ozawa M, Suzuki S. Microstructural development of natural hydroxyapatite originated from fish-bone waste through heat treatment. J Argent Chem Soc 2002; 17: 2000–2002.10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00268.xSearch in Google Scholar

Padmanabhan SK, Balakrishnan A, Chu MC, Lee YJ, Kim TN, Cho SJ. Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of hydroxyapatite nanorods. Particuology 2009; 7: 466–470.10.1016/j.partic.2009.06.008Search in Google Scholar

Pandi K, Viswanathan N. Synthesis of alginate bioencapsulated nano-hydroxyapatite composite for selective fluoride sorption. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112: 662–667.10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.06.029Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Pandi K, Viswanathan N. Synthesis and applications of eco-magnetic nano-hydroxyapatite chitosan composite for enhanced fluoride sorption. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134: 732–739.10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Pandi K, Viswanathan N. In situ fabrication of magnetic iron oxide over nano-hydroxyapatite gelatin eco-polymeric composite for defluoridation studies. J Chem Eng Data 2016; 61: 571–578.10.1021/acs.jced.5b00727Search in Google Scholar

Patel N, Follon EL, Gibson IR, Best SM, Bonfield W. Comparison of sintering and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite and silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite. Key Eng Mater 2003; 240–242: 919–922.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.240-242.919Search in Google Scholar

Percival M. Bone health & osteoporosis. Appl Nutr Sci Rep 1999; 5: 1–6.Search in Google Scholar

Poinern GEJ, Ghosh MK, Ng YJ, Issa TB, Anand S, Singh P. Defluoridation behavior of nanostructured hydroxyapatite synthesized through an ultrasonic and microwave combined technique. J Hazard Mater 2011; 185: 29–37.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.087Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Poinern GEJ, Brundavanam RK, Thi Le X, Nicholls PK, Cake MA, Fawcett D. The synthesis, characterisation and in vivo study of a bioceramic for potential tissue regeneration applications. Sci Rep 2014; 4: 6235.10.1038/srep06235Search in Google Scholar

Prasad K, Pinjari DV, Pandit AB, Mhaske ST. Phase transformation of nanostructured titanium dioxide from anatase-to-rutile via combined ultrasound assisted sol-gel technique. Ultrason Sonochem 2010; 17: 409–415.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.09.003Search in Google Scholar

Rabiei A, Blalock T, Thomas B, Cuomo J, Yang Y, Ong J. Microstructure, mechanical properties, and biological response to functionally graded HA coatings. Mater Sci Eng C 2007; 27: 529–533.10.1016/j.msec.2006.05.036Search in Google Scholar

Ramanan SR, Venkatesh R. A study of hydroxyapatite fibers prepared via sol-gel route. Mater Lett 2004; 58: 3320–3323.10.1016/j.matlet.2004.06.030Search in Google Scholar

Rey C, Combes C, Drouet C, Glimcher M. Bone mineral: update on chemical composition and structure. Osteoporos Int 2010; 20: 1013–1021.10.1007/s00198-009-0860-ySearch in Google Scholar

Rhee SH, Tanaka J. Effect of chondroitin sulfate on the crystal growth of hydroxyapatite. J Am Ceram Soc 2000; 83: 2100–2102.10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01522.xSearch in Google Scholar

Rivera EM, Araiza M, Brostow W, Castano VM, Hernandez R, Rodrıguez JR. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite from eggshells. Mater Lett 1999; 41: 128–134.10.1016/S0167-577X(99)00118-4Search in Google Scholar

Rojas-Mayorga CK, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Aguayo-Villarreal IA, Hernández-Montoya V, Moreno-Virgen MR, Tovar-Gómez R, Montes-Morán MA. Optimization of pyrolysis conditions and adsorption properties of bone char for fluoride removal from water. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 2013; 104: 10–18.10.1016/j.jaap.2013.09.018Search in Google Scholar

Rojas-Mayorga CK, Silvestre-Albero J, Aguayo-Villarreal IA, Mendoza-Castillo DI, Bonilla-Petriciolet A. A new synthesis route for bone chars using CO2 atmosphere and their application as fluoride adsorbents. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2015; 209: 38–44.10.1016/j.micromeso.2014.09.002Search in Google Scholar

Rouhani P, Taghavinia N, Rouhani S. Rapid growth of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrason Sonochem 2010; 17: 853–856.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.01.010Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ruban Kumar A, Kalainathan S. Sol-gel synthesis of nanostructured hydroxyapatite powder in presence of polyethylene glycol. Phys B Condens Matter 2010; 405: 2799–2802.10.1016/j.physb.2010.03.067Search in Google Scholar

Sadat-Shojai M, Khorasani MT, Dinpanah-Khoshdargi E, Jamshidi A. Synthesis methods for nanosized hydroxyapatite with diverse structures. Acta Biomater 2013; 9: 7591–7621.10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sairam Sundaram C, Viswanathan N, Meenakshi S. Uptake of fluoride by nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan, a bioinorganic composite. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99: 8226–8230.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sairam Sundaram C, Viswanathan N, Meenakshi S. Defluoridation of water using magnesia/chitosan composite. J Hazard Mater 2009a; 163: 618–624.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.009Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sairam Sundaram C, Viswanathan N, Meenakshi S. Fluoride sorption by nano-hydroxyapatite/chitin composite. J Hazard Mater 2009b; 172: 147–151.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.152Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Samant A, Nayak B, Misra PK. Kinetics and mechanistic interpretation of fluoride removal by nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite derived from Limacine artica shells. J Environ Chem Eng 2017; 5: 5429–5438.10.1016/j.jece.2017.09.058Search in Google Scholar

Santos MH, De Oliveira M, Souza LPDF, Mansur HS, Vasconcelos WL. Synthesis control and characterization of hydroxyapatite prepared by wet precipitation process. Mater Res 2004; 7: 625–630.10.1590/S1516-14392004000400017Search in Google Scholar

Seol YJ, Kim JY, Park EK, Kim SY, Cho DW. Fabrication of a hydroxyapatite scaffold for bone tissue regeneration using microstereolithography and molding technology. Microelectron Eng 2009; 86: 1443–1446.10.1016/j.mee.2009.01.053Search in Google Scholar

Singh A. Hydroxyapatite, a biomaterial: its chemical synthesis, characterization and study of biocompatibility prepared from shell of garden snail, Helix aspersa. Bull Mater Sci 2012; 35: 1031–1038.10.1007/s12034-012-0384-5Search in Google Scholar

SL Shanthi PM, Ashok M, Balasubramanian T, Riyasdeen A, Akbarsha MA. Synthesis and characterization of nano-hydroxyapatite at ambient temperature using cationic surfactant. Mater Lett 2009; 63: 2123–2125.10.1016/j.matlet.2009.07.008Search in Google Scholar

Sobczak A, Kida A, Kowalski Z, Wzorek Z. Evaluation of the biomedical properties of hydroxyapatite obtained from bone waste. Polish J Chem Technol 2009a; 11: 37–43.10.2478/v10026-009-0010-5Search in Google Scholar

Sobczak A, Kowalski Z, Wzorek Z. Preparation of hydroxyapatite from animal bones. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2009b; 11: 23–28.10.2478/v10026-009-0010-5Search in Google Scholar

Sternitzke V, Kaegi R, Audinot JN, Lewin E, Hering JG, Johnson CA. Uptake of fluoride from aqueous solution on nano-sized hydroxyapatite: examination of a fluoridated surface layer. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46: 802–809.10.1021/es202750tSearch in Google Scholar

Strietzel FP, Reichart PA, Graf HL. Lateral alveolar ridge augmentation using a synthetic nano-crystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitution material (Ostim®). Preliminary clinical and histological results. Clin Oral Implants Res 2007; 18: 743–751.10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01416.xSearch in Google Scholar

Suchanek WL, Shuk P, Byrappa K, Riman RE, TenHuisen KS, Janas VF. Mechanochemical-hydrothermal synthesis of carbonated apatite powders at room temperature. Biomaterials 2002; 23: 699–710.10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00158-2Search in Google Scholar

Sujana MG, Anand S. Iron and aluminium based mixed hydroxides: a novel sorbent for fluoride removal from aqueous solutions. Appl Surf Sci 2010; 256: 6956–6962.10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.05.006Search in Google Scholar

Sung Y-M, Shin Y-K, Ryu J-J. Preparation of hydroxyapatite/zirconia bioceramic nanocomposites for orthopaedic and dental prosthesis applications. Nanotechnology 2007; 18: 65602.10.1088/0957-4484/18/6/065602Search in Google Scholar

Suslick KS. Sonochemistry. Kirk-othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology, 4th ed., Vol. 26, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998: 516–541.Search in Google Scholar

Tang XL, Xiao XF, Liu RF. Structural characterization of silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Mater Lett 2005; 59: 3841–3846.10.1016/j.matlet.2005.06.060Search in Google Scholar

Tang Y, Guan X, Su T, Gao N, Wang J. Fluoride adsorption onto activated alumina: modeling the effects of pH and some competing ions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009; 337: 33–38.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.11.027Search in Google Scholar

Tas AC. Synthesis of biomimetic Ca-hydroxyapatite powders at 37°C in synthetic body fluids. Biomaterials 2000; 21: 1429–1438.10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00019-3Search in Google Scholar

Tomar G, Thareja A, Sarkar S. Enhanced fluoride removal by hydroxyapatite-modified activated alumina. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2015; 12: 2809–2818.10.1007/s13762-014-0653-5Search in Google Scholar

Tovar-Gómez R, Moreno-Virgen MR, Dena-Aguilar JA, Hernández-Montoya V, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Montes-Morán MA. Modeling of fixed-bed adsorption of fluoride on bone char using a hybrid neural network approach. Chem Eng J 2013; 228: 1098–1109.10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.080Search in Google Scholar

Tsiourvas D, Tsetsekou A, Kammenou MI, Boukos N. Controlling the formation of hydroxyapatite nanorods with dendrimers. J Am Ceram Soc 2011; 94: 2023–2029.10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04342.xSearch in Google Scholar

Vijayalakshmi Natarajan U, Rajeswari S. Influence of calcium precursors on the morphology and crystallinity of sol-gel-derived hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. J. Cryst. Growth 2008; 310: 4601–4611.10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2008.07.118Search in Google Scholar

Villaescusa I, Fiol N, Martínez M, Miralles N, Poch J, Serarols J. Removal of copper and nickel ions from aqueous solutions by grape stalks wastes. Water Res 2004; 38: 992–1002.10.1016/j.watres.2003.10.040Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Viswanathan N, Meenakshi S. Enriched fluoride sorption using alumina/chitosan composite. J Hazard Mater 2010; 178: 226–232.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.067Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wagutu AW, Machunda RL, Jande YAC. Preparation and characterization of biogenic chitosan-hydroxyapatite composite: application in defluoridation. MRS Adv 2018; 3: 2089–2098.10.1557/adv.2018.206Search in Google Scholar

Walsh PJ, Buchanan FJ, Dring M, Maggs C, Bell S, Walker GM. Low-pressure synthesis and characterisation of hydroxyapatite derived from mineralise red algae. Chem Eng J 2008; 137: 173–179.10.1016/j.cej.2007.10.016Search in Google Scholar

Wang J, Shaw LL. Morphology-enhanced low-temperature sintering of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. Adv Mater 2007; 19: 2364–2369.10.1002/adma.200602333Search in Google Scholar

Wang A, Yin H, Liu D, Wu H, Ren M, Jiang T, Cheng X, Xu Y. Size-controlled synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods in the presence of organic modifiers. Mater Lett 2007; 61: 2084–2088.10.1016/j.matlet.2006.08.019Search in Google Scholar

Wang P, Li C, Gong H, Jiang X, Wang H, Li K. Effects of synthesis conditions on the morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles produced by wet chemical process. Powder Technol 2010; 203: 315–321.10.1016/j.powtec.2010.05.023Search in Google Scholar

Wang Y, Chen N, Wei W, Cui J, Wei Z. Enhanced adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution onto nanosized hydroxyapatite by low-molecular-weight organic acids. Desalination 2011; 276: 161–168.10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.033Search in Google Scholar

Wenk HR, Heidelbach F. Crystal alignment of carbonated apatite in bone and calcified tendon: results from quantitative texture analysis. Bone 1999; 24: 361–369.10.1016/S8756-3282(98)00192-6Search in Google Scholar

Wu Y, Bose S. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite: micelle templated synthesis and characterization. Langmuir 2005; 21: 3232–3234.10.1021/la046754zSearch in Google Scholar

Wu SC, Hsu HC, Wu YN, Ho WF. Hydroxyapatite synthesized from oyster shell powders by ball milling and heat treatment. Mater Charact 2011; 62: 1180–1187.10.1016/j.matchar.2011.09.009Search in Google Scholar

Yan L, Li Y, Deng ZX, Zhuang J, Sun X. Surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanorods. Int J Inorg Mater 2001; 3: 633–637.10.1016/S1466-6049(01)00164-7Search in Google Scholar

Yao J, Tjandra W, Chen YZ, Tam KC, Ma J, Soh B. Hydroxyapatite nanostructure material derived using cationic surfactant as a template. J Mater Chem 2003; 13: 3053.10.1039/b308801dSearch in Google Scholar

Ye Q, Ohsaki K, Li K, Li DJ, Zhu CS, Ogawa T, Tenshin S, Takano-Yamamoto T. Histological reaction to hydroxyapatite in the middle ear of rats. Auris Nasus Larynx 2001; 28: 131–136.10.1016/S0385-8146(00)00079-1Search in Google Scholar

Yoganand CP, Selvarajan V, Goudouri OM, Paraskevopoulos KM, Wu J, Xue D. Preparation of bovine hydroxyapatite by transferred arc plasma. Curr Appl Phys 2011; 11: 702–709.10.1016/j.cap.2010.11.035Search in Google Scholar

Yu X, Tong S, Ge M, Zuo J. Removal of fluoride from drinking water by cellulose@hydroxyapatite nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92: 269–275.10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.045Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zanotto A, Saladino ML, Martino DC, Caponetti E. Influence of temperature on calcium hydroxyapatite nanopowders. Adv Nanoparticles 2012; 1: 21–28.10.4236/anp.2012.13004Search in Google Scholar

Zhang HG, Zhu Q. Surfactant-assisted preparation of fluoride-substituted hydroxyapatite nanorods. Mater Lett 2005; 59: 3054–3058.10.1016/j.matlet.2005.05.019Search in Google Scholar

Zhang H, Darvell BW. Formation of hydroxyapatite whiskers by hydrothermal homogeneous precipitation using acetamide. J Am Ceram Soc 2011; 94: 2007–2013.10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04338.xSearch in Google Scholar

Zhang H, Yan Y, Wang Y, Li S. Thermal stability of hydroxyapatite whiskers prepared by homogenous precipitation. Adv Eng Mater 2002; 4: 916–919.10.1002/adem.200290003Search in Google Scholar

Zhang Y, Liu Y, Ji X, Banks CE, Song J. Flower-like agglomerates of hydroxyapatite crystals formed on an egg-shell membrane. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 82: 490–496.10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.10.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhang D, Luo H, Zheng L, Wang K, Li H, Wang Y, Feng H. Utilization of waste phosphogypsum to prepare hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and its application towards removal of fluoride from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 2012; 241–242: 418–426.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.066Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhao H, He W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Yan S, Zhou W, Wang G. Biomineralization of large hydroxyapatite particles using ovalbumin as biosurfactant. Mater Lett 2008; 62: 3603–3605.10.1016/j.matlet.2008.04.007Search in Google Scholar

Zhao B, Zhang Y, Dou X, Wu X, Yang M. Granulation of Fe-Al-Ce trimetal hydroxide as a fluoride adsorbent using the extrusion method. Chem Eng J 2012; 185–186: 211–218.10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.085Search in Google Scholar

Zhou ZH, Zhou, P. Le, Yang SP, Yu, X. Bin, Yang LZ. Controllable synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals via a dendrimer-assisted hydrothermal process. Mater Res Bull 2007; 42: 1611–1618.10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.11.041Search in Google Scholar

Zhu R, Yu R, Yao J, Wang D, Ke J. Morphology control of hydroxyapatite through hydrothermal process. J Alloys Compd 2008; 457: 555–559.10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.03.081Search in Google Scholar

Zuniiga-Muro NM, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Mendoza-Castillo DI, Reynel-avila HE, Tapia-Picazo JC. Fluoride adsorption properties of cerium-containing bone char. J Fluor Chem 2017; 197: 63–73.10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.03.004Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2017-10-28
Accepted: 2018-07-24
Published Online: 2018-09-04
Published in Print: 2020-04-28

©2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 29.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/revce-2017-0101/html
Scroll to top button