Abstract
Fluorosis is a major scourge in many countries caused by prolonged consumption of drinking water with high fluoride content found in groundwater resources. Hydroxyapatite (Hap) and its composite forms are excellent biomaterials that recently gained attention as efficient adsorbents, owing to its physical and chemical nature as it can substitute both cationic and anionic complexes present in an aqueous solution in its atomic arrangement. Its biological nature, biocompatibility and biodegradability along with its chemical characteristics such as crystallinity, stability, ion adsorption capability and highly specific catalytic activity make it suitable for a variety of applications especially in water treatment for fluoride removal. This review describes various techniques for synthesis of a wide variety of biogenic, synthetic, composite and modified forms of Hap for application in water defluoridation. Hap derived from natural sources or synthesized using conventional methods, hydrothermal, sol-gel or advanced sonication-cum-precipitation technique varied in terms of its crystallinity, structure, size, etc., which affect the fluoride removal capacity. The advantage and disadvantages of various synthesis methods, process parameters and product characteristics have been compiled, which may help to identify a suitable synthesis method for a desired Hap product for potential application and future perspectives in water treatment.
About the authors
Suja George is an associate professor at Chemical Engineering Department and associate dean (International Affairs) at NIT Jaipur, India. She earned her PhD degree from Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India, in 2009. Her current research interest includes water and wastewater treatment, process modeling simulation and control, microbial fuel cell and synthesis of nanomaterials. She has published 21 research articles in SCI journals, 50 papers in national and international conferences and guided 15 Master’s theses. She has four sponsored research projects in the area of water treatment, utilization of waste into value-added products. She has guided five PhD scholars.
Dhiraj Mehta is currently a PhD scholar working under Dr Suja George in the Chemical Engineering Department, MNIT, Jaipur. He has completed his Master’s degree from Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab. He is currently working on the utilization of marble waste into value-added product hydroxyapatite. He has published seven research articles in international journals and four at an international conference.
Virendra Kumar Saharan is an assistant professor at Chemical Engineering Department, NIT Jaipur, India. He earned his PhD (Tech) degree from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India, in 2013. His current research interest includes process intensification, sonochemistry, photocatalysis, nanoparticle synthesis and nanoemulsions. He has published 28 research articles in SCI journals, authored a book chapter and presented 5 papers at international conferences. He has also been working in two sponsored research projects funded by Indian Government-based agencies.
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