Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report)

Alain Berthod; Tatyana Maryutina; Boris Spivakov; Oleg Shpigun; Ian A. Sutherland

doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-06-05

Publicly Available Published by De Gruyter January 1, 2009

Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report)

Alain Berthod , Tatyana Maryutina , Boris Spivakov , Oleg Shpigun and Ian A. Sutherland

From the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry

https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-08-06-05

Abstract

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a generic term covering all forms of liquid-liquid chromatography that use a support-free liquid stationary phase held in place by a simple centrifugal or complex centrifugal force field. Biphasic liquid systems are used with one liquid phase being the stationary phase and the other being the mobile phase. Although initiated almost 30 years ago, CCC lacked reliable columns. This is changing now, and the newly designed centrifuges appearing on the market make excellent CCC columns. This review focuses on the advantages of a liquid stationary phase and addresses the chromatographic theory of CCC. The main difference with classical liquid chromatography (LC) is the variable volume of the stationary phase. There are mainly two different ways to obtain a liquid stationary phase using centrifugal forces, the hydrostatic way and the hydrodynamic way. These two kinds of CCC columns are described and compared. The reported applications of CCC in analytical chemistry and comparison with other separation and enrichment methods show that the technique can be successfully used in the analysis of plants and other natural products, for the separation of biochemicals and pharmaceuticals, for the separation of alkaloids from medical herbs, in food analysis, etc. On the basis of the studies of the last two decades, recommendations are also given for the application of CCC in trace inorganic analysis and in radioanalytical chemistry.

Keywords: countercurrent chromatography; IUPAC Analytical Chemistry Division; liquid-liquid chromatography; liquid stationary phase; radioanalytical chemistry; trace inorganic analysis

Project Year: 2001, Project Code: 2001-041-2-500

References

1. doi:10.1351/pac199365040819, L. S. Ettre. Pure Appl. Chem. 65, 819 (1993).Search in Google Scholar

2. A. Berthod (Ed.). Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry: The Support-Free Liquid Stationary Phase, Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 38, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2002).Search in Google Scholar

3. Y. Ito. In Countercurrent Chromatography: The Support-Free Liquid Stationary Phase, A. Berthod (Ed.), Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 38, pp. xix-xx, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2002).Search in Google Scholar

4. Y. Ito, W. D. Conway (Eds.). Chemical Analysis, Vol. 132, John Wiley, New York (1996).Search in Google Scholar

5. W. D. Conway. Countercurrent Chromatography, Apparatus, Theory and Applications, VCH, Weinheim (1990).10.1016/S0003-2670(00)80236-6Search in Google Scholar

6. N. B. Mandava, Y. Ito (Eds.). Countercurrent Chromatography, Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 44, Marcel Dekker, New York (1988).Search in Google Scholar

7. A. P. Foucault (Ed.). Centrifugal Partition Chromatography, Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 68, Marcel Dekker, New York (1995).Search in Google Scholar

8. J. M. Menet, D. Thiebault (Eds.). Countercurrent Chromatography, Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 82, Marcel Dekker, New York (1999).Search in Google Scholar

9. W. D. Conway, R. J. Petroski. Modern Countercurrent Chromatography, ACS Symposium Series No. 593, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1995).10.1021/bk-1995-0593Search in Google Scholar

10. doi:10.1351/pac200173060969, A. Garcia Dominguez, J. C. Diez Masa. Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 969 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

11. A. Berthod, B. Billardello. Advances in Chromatography, Vol. 40, P. Brown, E. Grushka (Eds.), p. 8, Marcel Dekker, New York (2000).Search in Google Scholar

12. A. Berthod. In Centrifugal Partition Chromatography, A. P. Foucault (Ed.), Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 68, p. 167, Marcel Dekker, New York (1995).Search in Google Scholar

13. doi:10.1081/JLC-120021260, I. A. Sutherland, J. de Folter, P. L. Wood. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 26, 1449 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

14. doi:10.1081/JLC-120021256, P. L. Wood, D. Hawes, L. Janaway, I. A. Sutherland. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 26, 1373 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

15. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(94)80023-5, A. Marston, K. Hostettmann. J. Chromatogr., A 658, 315 (1994).Search in Google Scholar

16. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.044, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr., A 1065, 145 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

17. T. A. Maryutina, B. Ya. Spivakov. In Encyclopedia of Chromatography, J. Cazes (Ed.), p. 137, Marcel Dekker, New York (2001).Search in Google Scholar

18. doi:10.1007/BF00466386, Yu. A. Zolotov, B. Ya. Spivakov, T. A. Maryutina, V. L. Bashlov, I. V. Pavlenko. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 335, 938 (1989).Search in Google Scholar

19. S. Muralidharan, H. Freiser. In Metal-Ion Separation and Preconcentration. Progress and Opportunities, A. H. Bond, M. L. Dietz, R. D. Rogers (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series No. 716, chap. 21, p. 347, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1999).10.1021/bk-1999-0716.ch022Search in Google Scholar

20. H. Abe, S. Usuda, H. Takeishi, S. Tachimori. J. Liq. Chromatogr., A 16, 2661 (1993).10.1080/10826079308019601Search in Google Scholar

21. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)91630-9, E. Kitazume, M. Bhatnagar, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr., A 538, 133 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

22. T. A. Maryutina, P. S. Fedotov, B. Ya. Spivakov. In Countercurrent Chromatography, J. M. Menet, D. Thiebaut (Eds.), Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 82, chap. 6, p. 171, Marcel Dekker, New York (1999).Search in Google Scholar

23. doi:10.1080/01483919008049042, W. D. Conway. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 13, 2409 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

24. A. Berthod. Analusis 18, 352 (1990).10.1177/009182969001800311Search in Google Scholar

25. doi:10.1021/ac030208d, A. Berthod, M. J. Ruiz-Angel, S. Carda-Broch. Anal. Chem. 75, 5886 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

26. doi:10.1080/10826070500225234, J. B. Freisen, G. F. Pauli. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 28, 2777 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

27. doi:10.1080/10826070601077252, I. J. Garrard, L. Janaway, D. Fisher. J. Liq Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 30, 151 (2007).Search in Google Scholar

28. doi:10.1007/s00216-005-0016-7, A. Berthod, M. Hassoun, M. J. Ruiz-Angel. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 383, 327 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

29. doi:10.1080/10826079408013526, P. S. Fedotov, T. A. Maryutina, V. M. Pukhovskaya, B. Ya. Spivakov. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 17, 3491 (1994).Search in Google Scholar

30. D. E. Schaufelberger. In High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography, Y. Ito, W. D. Conway (Eds.), p. 45, John Wiley, Chichester (1996).Search in Google Scholar

31. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)85955-5, N. B. Manadava, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr. 247, 315 (1982).Search in Google Scholar

32. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)91620-6, D. E. Schaufelberger. J. Chromatogr. 538, 45 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

33. B. Billardello, A. Berthod. In Countercurrent Chromatographythe Supportfree Liquid Stationary Phase, A. Berthod (Ed.), p. 177, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2002).10.1016/S0166-526X(02)80010-1Search in Google Scholar

34. N. B. Mandava, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr., A 7, 303 (1990).10.1080/01483918408073969Search in Google Scholar

35. doi:10.1080/10826079808001937, L. Qi, Y. Ma, Y. Ito, H. M. Fales. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 21, 83 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

36. doi:10.1081/JLC-100101664, C. S. Yeh, T. Yu, A. Berthod. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 22, 345 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

37. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.018, A. Marston, K. Hostettmann. J. Chromatogr., A 1112, 181 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

38. doi:10.1081/JLC-200064164, B. Gosse, A. A. Amissa, F. A. Adje, F. B. Niamke. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 28, 2225 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

39. A. Marston, I. Slacanin, K. Hostettmann. Phytochem. Anal. 1, 3 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

40. T. Y. Zhang. In High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography, Y. Ito, W. D. Conway (Eds.), p. 225, John Wiley, Chichester (1996).Search in Google Scholar

41. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)94500-X, T. Y. Zhang, L. K. Pannell, Q. L. Pu, D. G. Cai, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr. 442, 455 (1988).Search in Google Scholar

42. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00776-6, F. Yang, T. Zhang, R. Zhang, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr. 829, 137 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

43. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83316-1, H. Oka, F. Oka, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr. 479, 53 (1989).Search in Google Scholar

44. D. E. Schaufelberger. Planta Med. 6, 84 (1989).Search in Google Scholar

45. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)91620-6, D. E. Schaufelberger. J. Chromatogr. 538, 45 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

46. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01954-4, L. J. Chen, D. E. Games, J. Jones. J. Chromatogr., A 988, 95 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

47. doi:10.1081/JLC-120021271, L. J. Chen, D. E. Games, J. Jones, H. Kidwell. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 26, 1623 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

48. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.072, L. J. Chen, H. Song, X. Q. Lan, D. E. Games, L. A. Sutherland. J. Chromatogr., A 1063, 241 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

49. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)01495-9, G. Tian, T. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Ito. J Chromatogr., A 945, 281 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

50. doi:10.1081/JLC-100104367, F. Yang, T. Zhang, G. Xu, E. E. Chou, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. (Special Issue) 24, 1617 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

51. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00827-4, F. Yang, T. Zhang, G. Tian, H. Cao, Q. Liu, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr., A 858, 103 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

52. doi:10.1002/jhrc.1240140503, H. Oka, Y. Ikai, N. Kawamura, M. Yamada, J. Hayakawa, K. I. Harada, K. Nagase, H. Murata, M. Suzuki, Y. Ito. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 306 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

53. doi:10.1080/01483919808068315, Y. W. Lee, Y. Ito, Q. C. Fang, C. E. Cook. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 11, 75 (1988).Search in Google Scholar

54. doi:10.1080/01483918508074127, N. B. Mandava, Y. Ito, J. M. Ruth. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 8, 2221 (1985).Search in Google Scholar

55. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89653-9, Y. W. Lee, C. E. Cook, Q. C. Fang, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr. 477, 434 (1989).Search in Google Scholar

56. doi:10.1080/01483919008049035, H. Oka, Y. Ikai, N. Kawamura, M. Yamada, K. I. Harada, M. Suzuki, F. E. Chou, Y. Lee, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 13, 2309 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

57. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)94326-2, Y. Ito, Y. W. Lee. J. Chromatogr. 391, 290 (1987).Search in Google Scholar

58. doi:10.1080/01483918808076739, T. Okuda, T. Yoshida, T. Hatano. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 12, 2447 (1988).Search in Google Scholar

59. P. Winterhalter. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 214, 1 (1997).Search in Google Scholar

60. P. Winterhalter, H. Knapp, M. Straubinger, S. Fornari, N. Watanabe. Challenges in Isolation and Characterization of Flavor Compounds, C. J. Mussinan, M. J. Morello (Eds.), p. 181, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1998).10.1021/bk-1998-0705.ch016Search in Google Scholar

61. doi:10.1021/ac00024a011, H. Oka, Y. Ikai, N. Kawamura, J. Hayakawa, K. Harada, H. Murata, M. Suzuki, Y. Ito. Anal. Chem. 63, 2861 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

62. H. Oka. In High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography, Y. Ito, W. D. Conway (Eds.), p. 73, John Wiley, Chichester (1996).Search in Google Scholar

63. H. Oka, Y. Ito. In Encyclopedia of Chromatography, J. Cazes (Ed.), p. 208, Marcel Dekker, New York (2001).Search in Google Scholar

64. H. Oka, Y. Ito. Abstracts of Papers of the 4th International Conference on Countercurrent Chromatography 41 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

65. doi:10.1021/ac00202a004, Y. W. Lee, R. D. Voyksner, T. W. Pack, C. E. Cook. Anal. Chem. 62, 244 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

66. doi:10.1080/10826079808001936, Z. Kong, K. L. Rinehart, R. M. Milberg, W. D. Conway. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 21, 65 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

67. doi:10.1002/rcm.366, H. Kidwell, J. J. Jones, D. E. Games. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15, 181 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

68. doi:10.1081/JLC-200063651, L. J. Chen, Y. Song, D. E. Games, I. A. Sutherland. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 28, 1993 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

69. P. Winterhalter. Abstracts of Papers of the 4th International Conference on Countercurrent Chromatography 40 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

70. doi:10.1081/JLC-100101732, A. Rasooly, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 22, 1285 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

71. doi:10.1080/10826079808001938, A. Rasooly, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 21, 93 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

72. doi:10.1081/JLC-120020099, S. Matsuda, K. Matsudo, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 26, 1135 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

73. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00448-9, Y. Shibusawa, A. Yanagida, Y. Ito, K. Ichihashi, H. Shindo. J. Chromatogr., A 886, 65 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

74. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.086, A. Yanagidaa, A. Shojia, Y. Shibusawaa, H. Shindoa, M. Tagashirab, M. Ikedab, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr., A 1112, 195 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

75. doi:10.1081/JLC-200063640, M. Kurumatani, R. Fujita, M. Tagashira, T. Shoji, T. Kanda, M. Ikeda, A. Shoji, A. Yanagida, Y. Shibusawa, H. Shindo, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 28, 1971 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

76. doi:10.1021/jf072415a, J. B. Friesen, G. F. Pauli. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 19 (2008).Search in Google Scholar

77. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(95)00911-6, K. Shinomiya, N. Inokuchi, J. N. Gnabre, M. Muto, Y. Kabasawa, H. M. Fales, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr., A 724, 179 (1996).Search in Google Scholar

78. A. Berthod, K. Talabardon. Quim. Anal. 16 (Suppl. 2), 197 (1997).Search in Google Scholar

79. A. Berthod. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, R. A. Meyers (Ed.), p. 1312, John Wiley, New York (1998).Search in Google Scholar

80. doi:10.1021/ac00096a014, Y. Liu, V. Lopez-Avila, M. Alcarez. Anal. Chem. 66, 4483 (1994).Search in Google Scholar

81. T. A. Maryutina, B. Ya. Spivakov, P. Tschopel. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 356, 430 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

82. V. M. Pukhovskaya, T. A. Maryutina, O. N. Grebneva, N. M. Kuz'min, B. Ya. Spivakov. Spectrochim. Acta 48B, 1365 (1993).10.1016/0584-8547(93)80124-DSearch in Google Scholar

83. V. M. Pukhovskaya, O. N. Grebneva, T. A. Maryutina, N. M. Kuz'min, B. Ya. Spivakov. Spectrochim. Acta 50E, 5 (1995).10.1016/0584-8547(95)00125-SSearch in Google Scholar

84. B. Ya. Spivakov, T. A. Maryutina, V. L. Bashlov, V. M. Pukhovskaya, Yu. A. Zolotov. Proceedings of 5th Japan-USSR Symposium on Analytical Chemistry, Sendai and Kiryu, Japan, p. 241 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

85. B. Ya. Spivakov, T. A. Maryutina, Yu. A. Zolotov. Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, Japan, p. 451, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1992).Search in Google Scholar

86. S. Usuda, H. Abe, S. Tachimori, W. Murayama. Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, Japan, p. 717, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1992).Search in Google Scholar

87. B. Ya. Spivakov, T. A. Maryutina, P. S. Fedotov, S. N. Ignatova. In Metal-Ion Separation and Preconcentration. Progress and Opportunities, ACS Symposium Series No. 716, A. H. Bond, M. L. Dietz, R. D. Rogers (Eds.), chap. 21, p. 333, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1999).10.1021/bk-1999-0716.ch021Search in Google Scholar

88. doi:10.1081/JLC-120013995, P. S. Fedotov. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 25, 2065 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

89. T. A. Maryutina, B. Ya. Spivakov, L. K. Shpigun, I. V. Pavlenko, Yu. A. Zolotov. Zh. Anal. Khim. 45, 665 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

90. doi:10.1080/01483919808068328, T. Araki, T. Okazawa, Y. Kubo, H. Ando, H. Asai. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 11, 267 (1988).Search in Google Scholar

91. doi:10.1080/01483918808076741, T. Araki, T. Okazawa, Y. Kubo, H. Asai, H. Ando. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 11, 2473 (1988).Search in Google Scholar

92. doi:10.1080/01483919008049563, T. Araki, H. Asai, H. Ando, N. Tanaka, K. Kimata, K. Hosoya, H. Narita. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 13, 3673 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

93. doi:10.1080/10826079408013461, H. Abe, S. Usuda, H. Takeishi, S. Tachimori. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 17, 1821 (1994).Search in Google Scholar

94. S. Usuda, H. Abe, S. Tachimori, W. Muraama. Proceedings of the International Solvent Extraction Conference, Japan, p. 717, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1992).Search in Google Scholar

95. doi:10.1080/10826079308019601, H. Abe, S. Usuda, H. Takeishi, S. Tachimori. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 16, 2661 (1993).Search in Google Scholar

96. Q. K. Shang, D. Q. Li, J. X. Qi. J. Solid State Chem. (2003).Search in Google Scholar

97. doi:10.1021/ac961192c, G. Ma. H. Freiser, S. Muralidharan. Anal. Chem. 69, 2835 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

98. doi:10.1081/JLC-100101734, H. Hoshi, S. Nakamura, K. Akiba. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 22, 1319 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

99. doi:10.1080/01483919008049036, Y. Ito, H. Oka, E. Kitazume, M. Bhatnagar, Y. W. Lee. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 13, 2329 (1990).Search in Google Scholar

100. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)91630-9, E. Kitazume, M. Bhatnagar, Y. Ito. J. Chromatogr. 538, 133 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

101. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00384-8, Y. R. Jin, L. Z. Zhang, S. J. Han, L. X. Zhang, J. M. Zhang, G. Q. Zhou, H. B. Dong. J. Chromatogr., A 888, 137 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

102. doi:10.1080/10826079508009321, K. Akiba, H. Hashimoto, S. Nakamura, Y. Saito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. 18, 2723 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

103. doi:10.2116/analsci.13.525, S. Namura, H. Hashimoto, K. Akiba, Y. Saito. Anal. Sci. 13, 525 (1997).Search in Google Scholar

104. doi:10.1080/10826079708005559, K. Akiba, H. Hashimoto, S. Nakamura, Y. Saito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 20, 1995 (1997).Search in Google Scholar

105. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00782-6, S. Nakamura, H. Hashimoto, K. Akiba. J. Chromatogr., A 789, 381 (1997).Search in Google Scholar

106. doi:10.1081/JLC-100102059, K. Akiba, H. Hashimoto, A. Tsuyoshi, S. Nakamura. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 22, 2795 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

107. doi:10.1111/j.1751-908X.1986.tb00799.x, S. Abbey, F. S. Gladney. Geostandards Newslett. 10, 1 (1986).Search in Google Scholar

108. doi:10.1016/0039-9140(93)80137-G, E. Bauer-Wolf, W. Wegscheider, S. Posch, G. Knapp. Talanta 40, 9 (1993).Search in Google Scholar

109. doi:10.1111/j.1751-908X.1991.tb00106.x, I. W. Croudace, S. Marshall. Geostandards Newslett. 15, 139 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

110. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(92)90050-F, P. S. Watkins, S. Novan. Chem. Geol. 95, 131 (1992).Search in Google Scholar

111. doi:10.1007/s002160100822, S. N. Ignatova, T. A. Maryutina, B. Ya. Spivakov, V. K. Karandashev. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 370, 1109 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

112. M. K. Chmutova, T. A. Maryutina, B. Ya. Spivakov, B. F. Myasoedov. Radiokhimia 6, 56 (1992).Search in Google Scholar

113. M. K. Chmutova. Proceedings of 3rd Finnish-Russian Symposium on Radiochemistry, Helsinki, p. 44 (1994).Search in Google Scholar

114. M. K. Chmutova, L. A. Ivanova, G. V. Bodrin, Yu. M. Polikarpov, B. F. Myasoedov. Radiokhimia 38, 520 (1996).Search in Google Scholar

115. J. F. Wu, Y. R. Jin, Q. H. Xu, S. L. Wang, L. X. Zhang. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 34, 1311 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

116. doi:10.1023/A:1013233928843, H. Hoshi, A. Tsuyoshi, K. Akiba. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 249, 547 (2001).Search in Google Scholar

117. Y. R. Jin, L. X. Zhang, L. Z. Zhang, S. J. Han. In Countercurrent Chromatography - the Support-free Liquid Stationary Phase, Vol. 38, A. Berthod (Ed.), p. 261, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2002).Search in Google Scholar

118. doi:10.1081/JLC-120021269, Y. R. Jin, G. Q. Zhou, X. H. Wang, B. Xia, L. Li, J. F. Wu, D. M. Li, L. X. Zhang. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 26, 1593 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

119. K. Akiba, H. Hoshi, A. Tsuyoshi. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 246, 147 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

120. doi:10.1039/an9871200191, B. S. Mohite, S. M. Khopkar. Analyst 112, 191 (1987).Search in Google Scholar

121. E. Kitazume. In High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography, Y. Ito, W. D. Conway (Eds.), p. 415, John Wiley, Chichester (1996).Search in Google Scholar

122. doi:10.1016/0039-9140(85)80144-2, B. S. Mohite, S. M. Khopkar. Talanta 32, 565 (1985).Search in Google Scholar

123. doi:10.1080/07366299108918041, Y. Surakitbanharn, S. Muralidharan, H. Freiser. Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 19, 45 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

124. doi:10.1021/ac00022a018, Y. Surakitbanharn, S. Muralidharan, H. Freiser. Anal. Chem. 63, 2642 (1991).Search in Google Scholar

125. doi:10.1081/AL-120017701, T. Wang, Y. Nagaosa. Anal. Lett. 36, 441 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

126. doi:10.1081/JLC-200063686, T. Wang, M. Xue, Y. Nagaosa. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 28, 2085 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

127. doi:10.1021/ac00065a010, E. Kitazume, N. Sato, Y. Saito, Y. Ito. Anal. Chem. 65, 2225 (1993).Search in Google Scholar

128. doi:10.1080/10826079808001953, E. Kitazume, N. Sato, Y. Ito. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 21, 251 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

129. doi:10.1021/ac990074x, E. Kitazume, T. Higashiyama, N. Sato, M. Kanetomo, T. Tajima, S. Kobayashi, Y. Ito. Anal. Chem. 71, 5515 (1999).Search in Google Scholar

130. E. Kitazume, Y. Takatsuka, N. Sato, Y. Ito. Abstracts of 2nd International Conference on CCC, 15-20 April, p. 44, Beijing (2002).Search in Google Scholar

131. P. S. Fedotov, T. A. Maryutina, A. A. Pichugin, B. Ya. Spivakov. Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 38, 1878 (1993).Search in Google Scholar

132. doi:10.1080/10826079808001952, K. Talabardon, M. Gagean, J. Mermet, A. Berthod. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 21, 231 (1998).Search in Google Scholar

133. T. A. Maryutina, B. Ya. Spivakov, P. Tschopel. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 356, 430 (1995).Search in Google Scholar

134. doi:10.1081/JLC-100101496, P. Fedotov, D. Thiebaut. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 23, 897 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

135. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.10.022, P. S. Fedotov, C. Bauer, P. Popp, R. Wennrich. J. Chromatogr., A 1023, 305 (2004).Search in Google Scholar

136. doi:10.1039/b111263e, P. S. Fedotov, A. G. Zavarzina, B. Ya. Spivakov, R. Wennrich, J. Mattusch, P. C. De, K. Titze, V. V. Demin. J. Environ. Monit. 4, 318 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

137. doi:10.1039/b413611j, P. S. Fedotov, R. Wennrich, H.-J. Stark, B. Ya. Spivakov. J. Environ. Monit. 7, 22 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

138. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.034, P. S. Fedotov, W. J. Fitz, R. Wennrich, P. Morgenstern, W. W. Wenzel. Anal. Chim. Acta 538, 93 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

139. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.096, M. Schreiber, M. Otto, P. S. Fedotov, R. Wennrich. Chemosphere 61, 107 (2005).Search in Google Scholar

140. doi:10.2116/analsci.16.535, P. S. Fedotov, B. Ya. Spivakov, V. M. Shkinev. Anal. Sci. 16, 535 (2000).Search in Google Scholar

141. doi:10.1023/A:1024034332170, O. N. Katasonova, P. S. Fedotov, B. Ya. Spivakov, M. N. Filippov. J. Anal. Chem. 58, 473 (2003).Search in Google Scholar

142. doi:10.1039/b207574c, A. V. Filgueiras, I. Lavilla, C. Bendicho. J. Environ. Monit. 4, 823 (2002).Search in Google Scholar

143. E. V. Thurman, M. S. Mills. Solid-phase Extraction. Principles and Practics, Wiley-Interscience, New York (1998).Search in Google Scholar

144. doi:10.2116/analsci.22.503, B. Ya. Spivakov, G. I. Malofeeva, O. M. Petrukhin. Anal. Sci. 22, 503 (2006).Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2009-01-01

Published in Print: 2009-01-01

Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report)

Abstract

References

Journal and Issue

Articles in the same Issue