Mitochondria and Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes: Biochemistry and Evolution

William F. Martin; Aloysius G. M. Tielens; Marek Mentel

Published by De Gruyter 2021

Mitochondria and Anaerobic Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes

Biochemistry and Evolution

William F. Martin , Aloysius G. M. Tielens and Marek Mentel

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110612417

Overview
Contents

About this book

Mitochondria are sometimes called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, because mitochondria are the site of ATP synthesis in the cell. ATP is the universal energy currency, it provides the power that runs all other life processes. Humans need oxygen to survive because of ATP synthesis in mitochondria. The sugars from our diet are converted to carbon dioxide in mitochondria in a process that requires oxygen. Just like a fire needs oxygen to burn, our mitochondria need oxygen to make ATP. From textbooks and popular literature one can easily get the impression that all mitochondria require oxygen. But that is not the case. There are many groups of organismsm known that make ATP in mitochondria without the help of oxygen. They have preserved biochemical relicts from the early evolution of eukaryotic cells, which took place during times in Earth history when there was hardly any oxygen avaiable, certainly not enough to breathe. How the anaerobic forms of mitochondria work, in which organisms they occur, and how the eukaryotic anaerobes that possess them fit into the larger picture of rising atmospheric oxygen during Earth history are the topic of this book.

comprehensive overview about the anaerobic forms of mitochondria
embedding in the evolutionary context

Author information

William F. Martin, Düsseldorf, Aloysius G. M. Tielens, Rotterdam, Marek Mentel, Bratislava

Topics

Frontmatter Publicly Available Download PDF	I
Preface Publicly Available Download PDF	VII
Contents Publicly Available Download PDF	IX
List of figures Publicly Available Download PDF	XIII
List of abbreviations Publicly Available Download PDF	XV
Part I: Basics
Introduction Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	3
1 Anaerobes and eukaryote origin Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	7
2 Eukaryotes in low oxygen environments Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	13
3 A modern context of atmospheric evolution Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	18
4 Energy metabolism and redox balance Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	23
5 Fermentation, glycolysis, and compartmentation Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	26
6 Respiration is not always aerobic Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	36
7 Using oxygen can be optional Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	42
8 The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	48
9 O₂ dependent fermentations in trypanosomes Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	52
10 Anaerobic mitochondria Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	58
11 Mitochondria with and without oxygen Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	61
12 Hydrogenosomes and H₂-producing mitochondria Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	64
13 Mitosomes and microaerophilia Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	68
14 Other organelles of mitochondrial origin Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	73
15 Genomes are not alive Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	78
Part II: Well-studied examples
Introduction Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	83
16 Anaerobic use of the mitochondrial electron-transport chain Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	85
17 Naegleria gruberi, a strict aerobe with an “anaerobic genome” Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	89
18 Malate dismutation in the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	92
19 The roundworms Ascaris suum and Ascaris lumbricoides Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	97
20 Animals in tidal zones, anaerobic sediments and sulfide Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	101
21 Anaerobic respiration in eukaryotes, rare but there Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	115
22 Enzymes of anaerobic energy metabolism in algae Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	124
23 Wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	127
24 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a jack of all trades Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	131
25 Organisms with hydrogenosomes Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	136
26 Nyctotherus ovalis and H₂-producing mitochondria Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	151
27 Energy metabolism in organisms with mitosomes Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	160
28 Energy parasites Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	168
Part III: Evolution
Introduction Publicly Available Download PDF	175
29 Why did mitochondria become synonymous with O₂? Publicly Available Download PDF	176
30 Ubiquitous mitochondria among anaerobes Publicly Available Download PDF	180
31 Differential loss from a facultative anaerobic ancestral state Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	186
32 Oxygen availability in early eukaryote evolution: the Pasteurian Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	190
33 Evolution with mitochondrial energy metabolism Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	201
34 Envoi Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	208
Bibliography Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	211
Index Requires Authentication Unlicensed Licensed Download PDF	249

(Deutsch)

Language: English
Publisher: De Gruyter
Audience: researchers, specialists and graduate students in biology, biochemistry and molecular biology
Pages
- Front matter: 17
- Main content: 252
Illustrations
- Coloured Illustrations: 34
Keywords: Metabolism; Eukaryotes; Mitochondria; Evolution

eBook

Published: December 7, 2020
ISBN: 9783110612417

Hardcover

Published: December 7, 2020
ISBN: 9783110666779