Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Mouton March 24, 2020

Mock Impoliteness and Co-Construction of Hudui Rituals in Chinese Online Interaction

  • Linsen Zhao

    Linsen Zhao is a lecturer in the School of English and Education of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. He received his Ph.D. in pragmatics in Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. His research efforts have focused on im/politeness, interpersonal pragmatics, and interpersonal conflict mediation.

    EMAIL logo

Abstract

This paper examines an under-researched phenomenon of mock impoliteness in Chinese online interaction, namely, the practice of hudui (lit. reciprocal jocular abuse) as a solidarity enhancing device among acquaintances. Drawing on data from Qzone interaction among Chinese university students, this study focuses on ritual features, sequential patterns and interpersonal functions of hudui through the lens of Kádár’s (2013, 2017) interpersonal ritual theory. The results show that hudui is co-constructed by the online participants with the symmetric pattern of mutual abuse, which distinguishes it from previous studies of jocular abuse (i.e., the asymmetric pattern of abuser– recipient). They also reveal that hudui accomplishes various kinds of relational work, including fostering intimacy, enhancing mutual affection-based face and creating amusement.

About the author

Linsen Zhao

Linsen Zhao is a lecturer in the School of English and Education of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. He received his Ph.D. in pragmatics in Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. His research efforts have focused on im/politeness, interpersonal pragmatics, and interpersonal conflict mediation.

References

Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden words: Taboo and the censoring of language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511617881Search in Google Scholar

Andersson, L., & Pearson, C. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review 24(3), 452-471.10.2307/259136Search in Google Scholar

Arundale, R. (2010). Constituting face in conversation: Face, facework and interactional achievement. Journal of Pragmatics 42(8), 2078-2105.10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.021Search in Google Scholar

Bernal, M. (2008). Do insults always insult? Genuine impoliteness versus non-genuine impoliteness in colloquial Spanish. Pragmatics 18(4), 775-802.10.1075/prag.18.4.10berSearch in Google Scholar

Bou-Franch, P., & Blitvich, P. G. (2014). Conflict management in massive polylogues: A case study from YouTube. Journal of Pragmatics 73, 19-36.10.1016/j.pragma.2014.05.001Search in Google Scholar

Brenneis, D., & Lein, L. (1977). ‘You fruithead’: A sociolinguistic approach to children’s dispute settlement. In S. Ervin-Tripp, & C. Mitchell-Kernan (Eds.), Child Discourse (pp. 49-65). New York: Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-241950-8.50009-5Search in Google Scholar

Brown, L. (2013). “Mind your own esteemed business”: Sarcastic honorifics use and impoliteness in Korean TV dramas. Journal of Politeness Research 9(2), 159-186.10.1515/pr-2013-0008Search in Google Scholar

Chen, X. R. (2019). “You’re a nuisance!”: “Patch-up” jocular abuse in Chinese fiction. Journal of Pragmatics 139, 52-63.10.1016/j.pragma.2018.10.015Search in Google Scholar

Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics 25(3), 349-367.10.1016/0378-2166(95)00014-3Search in Google Scholar

Culpeper, J. (2011). Impoliteness: Using language to cause offence Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511975752Search in Google Scholar

Culpeper, J., Bousfield, D., & Wichmann, A. (2003). Impoliteness revisited: With special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics 35, 1545-1579.10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00118-2Search in Google Scholar

Drew, P. (1987). Po-faced receipts of teases. Linguistics 25(1), 219-253.10.1515/ling.1987.25.1.219Search in Google Scholar

Farina, M. (2015). Facebook first post telling. Journal of Pragmatics 90, 1-11.10.1016/j.pragma.2015.10.005Search in Google Scholar

Fukushima, S. (2009). Evaluation of politeness: Do the Japanese evaluate attentiveness more positively than the British? Pragmatics 19(4), 501-518.10.1075/prag.19.4.01fukSearch in Google Scholar

Fukushima, S. (2011). A cross-generational and cross-cultural study on demonstration of attentiveness. Pragmatics 21(4), 549-571.10.1075/prag.21.4.03fukSearch in Google Scholar

Fukushima, S. (2013). Evaluation of (im)politeness: A comparative study among Japanese students, Japanese parents and American students on evaluation of attentiveness. Pragmatics 23(2), 275-299.10.1075/prag.23.2.04fukSearch in Google Scholar

Goddard, C. (2009). Not taking yourself too seriously in Australian English: Semantic explications, cultural scripts, corpus evidence. Intercultural Pragmatics 6(1), 29-53.10.1515/IPRG.2009.002Search in Google Scholar

Graham, M. L. (2007). Disagreeing to agree: Conflict, (im)politeness and identity in a computer-mediated community. Journal of Pragmatics 39(4), 742-759.10.1016/j.pragma.2006.11.017Search in Google Scholar

Haugh, M. (2009). Face and interaction. In F. Bargiela-Chiappini, & M. Haugh (Eds.), Face, communication and social interaction (pp. 1-30). London: Equinox.Search in Google Scholar

Haugh, M. (2010). Jocular mockery, (dis)affiliation, and face. Journal of Pragmatics 42(8), 2106-2119.10.1016/j.pragma.2009.12.018Search in Google Scholar

Haugh, M. (2014). Jocular Mockery as interactional practice in everyday Anglo-Australian conversation. Australian Journal of Linguistics 34(1), 76-99.10.1080/07268602.2014.875456Search in Google Scholar

Haugh, M. (2016). “Just kidding”: Teasing and claims to non-serious intent. Journal of Pragmatics 95, 120-136.10.1016/j.pragma.2015.12.004Search in Google Scholar

Haugh, M., & Bousfield, D. (2012). Mock impoliteness, jocular mockery and jocular abuse in Australian and British English. Journal of Pragmatics 44(4), 1099-1114.10.1016/j.pragma.2012.02.003Search in Google Scholar

Hay, J. (1994). Jocular abuse patterns in mixed-group interaction. Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics 6, 26-55.Search in Google Scholar

Hay, J. (2000). Functions of humor in the conversations of men and women. Journal of Pragmatics 32, 709-742.10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00069-7Search in Google Scholar

Hay, J. (2002). Male cheerleaders and wanton women: Humour among New Zealand friends. Te Reo (Journal of the Linguistic Society of New Zealand) 45, 3-36.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, A. H., Yen, D. C., & Zhang, X. N. (2008). Exploring the potential effects of emoticons. Information & Management 45(7), 466-473.10.1016/j.im.2008.07.001Search in Google Scholar

ILCASS (Institute of Linguistics of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). (2016). Modern Chinese Dictionary Beijing: The Commercial Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kádár, D. Z. (2013). Relational rituals and communication: Ritual interaction in groups London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230393059Search in Google Scholar

Kádár, D. Z. (2017). Politeness, impoliteness and ritual: Maintaining the moral order in interpersonal interaction Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781107280465Search in Google Scholar

Kádár, D. Z., & De La Cruz, M. (2016). Rituals of outspokenness and verbal conflict. Pragmatics & Society 7(2), 265-290.10.1075/ps.7.2.05kadSearch in Google Scholar

Kádár, D. Z., & Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding politeness Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139382717Search in Google Scholar

Kleinke, S., & Bös, B. (2015). Intergroup rudeness and the matapragmatics of its negotiation in online discussion fora. Pragmatics 25(1), 47-71.10.1075/prag.25.1.03kleSearch in Google Scholar

Labov, W. (1972). Rules for ritual insults. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in social interaction (pp. 120-169). New York: The Free Press.Search in Google Scholar

Ladegaard, H. J. (2012). Rudeness as a discursive strategy in leadership discourse: Culture, power and gender in a Hong Kong workplace. Journal of Pragmatics 44(12), 1661-1679.10.1016/j.pragma.2012.07.003Search in Google Scholar

Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese patterns of behavior Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.10.1515/9780824846404Search in Google Scholar

Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics New York: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Orthaber, S. (2019). Aggressive humor as a means of voicing customer dissatisfaction and creating in-group identity. Journal of Pragmatics 152, 160-171.10.1016/j.pragma.2018.11.002Search in Google Scholar

Ran, Y. P., & Zhao, L. S. (2018). Building mutual affection-based face in conflict mediation: A Chinese relationship management model. Journal of Pragmatics 129, 185-198.10.1016/j.pragma.2018.01.013Search in Google Scholar

Schnurr, S. (2009). Constructing leader identities through teasing at work. Journal of Pragmatics 41(6), 1125-1138.10.1016/j.pragma.2008.10.002Search in Google Scholar

Schnurr, S., & Chan, A. (2011). When laughter is not enough: Responding to teasing and self-denigrating humor at work. Journal of Pragmatics 43(1), 20-35.10.1016/j.pragma.2010.09.001Search in Google Scholar

Shum, W., & Lee, C. (2013). (Im)politeness and disagreement in two Hong Kong Internet discussion forums. Journal of Pragmatics 50(1), 52-83.10.1016/j.pragma.2013.01.010Search in Google Scholar

Sinkeviciute, V. (2013). Decoding encoded (im) politeness: “Cause on my teasing you can depend.” In M, Dynel (Ed.), Developments in linguistic humor theory (pp. 263-288). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/thr.1.13sinSearch in Google Scholar

Sinkeviciute, V. (2014). “When a joke’s a joke and when it’s too much”: Mateship as a key to interpreting jocular FTAs in Australian English. Journal of Pragmatics 60, 121-139.10.1016/j.pragma.2013.11.004Search in Google Scholar

Song, X. Y. (2017). 万能的网络神词——“怼” [All-purpose internet catchword—“dui”]. Journal of Educational Institute of Jilin Province 33(10), 168-170.Search in Google Scholar

Terkourafi, M., & Kádár, D. Z. (2017). Convention and ritual (im)politeness. In J. Culpeper, M. Haugh, & D. Z. Kádár (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of linguistic (im)politeness (pp. 171-195). London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/978-1-137-37508-7_8Search in Google Scholar

Wu, X. Y. (2015). 玩笑式调侃与玩笑式侮辱初探 [On jocular mockery and jocular insult in everyday Chinese conversation]. Journal of Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University 4(131), 78-85.Search in Google Scholar

Xie, C. Q. (2015). 网络交际中不礼貌话语的建构模式及其语用机制 Impoliteness in Computer-Mediated Discourse: Construction Models and Pragmatic Mechanisms Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, S. (2009). 说文解字 (徐铉校) Analytical Dictionary of Chinese Character, proofread by Xu Xuan Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.Search in Google Scholar

Yus, F. (2011). Cyberpragmatics: Internet-mediated communication in context Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/pbns.213Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, M. H., & Wang, C. (2018). 新兴热词“怼” [Some comments on hot word “dui”]. Journal of Eastern Liaoning University 1(20), 96-101.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, L. S. (2017). A pragmatic study of qingmian-oriented mediation of interpersonal conflicts. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Guangdong University of Foreign Studies.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, L. S., & Ran, Y. P. (2019). Impoliteness revisited: Evidence from Qingmian threats in Chinese interpersonal conflicts. Journal of Politeness Research 15(2), 257-291.10.1515/pr-2017-0027Search in Google Scholar

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank for their support the Department of Education of Guangdong Province and Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China, for the project (2018WZDXM006) on the frontier research and theoretical innovations in interpersonal pragmatics and the Youth Fund Project (Project No.: 19QN34) of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. He also wishes to thank Professor Chen Jianping and Professor Xiong Tao for hosting this special column and to express thanks for the support from the Chinese Ministry of Education Research Project of Humanities and Social Science (Project No.: 16JJD740006) conducted by the Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies. He would also like to acknowledge the contribution of anonymous reviewers for their insightful feedback on the drafts of this article and the editors of the Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics for their diligent work.

Published Online: 2020-03-24
Published in Print: 2020-03-26

© 2020 FLTRP, Walter de Gruyter, Cultural and Education Section British Embassy

Downloaded on 29.11.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/CJAL-2020-0004/html
Scroll to top button