Abstract
Dielectric-barrier discharge treatment was used to modify fully bleached softwood kraft and unbleached softwood thermomechanical pulp handsheets. The effect of dielectric-barrier discharge treatment on the physical strength properties and dimensional stability of handsheets were analyzed. Increased dielectric-barrier discharge treatment power resulted in significant increases in the wet tensile index of handsheets. Increases in the surface acid content of pulp fibers do not appear to contribute to changes in paper properties, nor do changes to relative bonded area within handsheets. Enhanced wet strength via dielectric-barrier discharge treatment corresponds to increased dimensional stability. This appears to be due to fiber cross-linking in the case of bleached kraft pulp, since the wet-strain decreases as wet tensile and wet Young's modulus increase. In the case of unbleached thermomechanical pulp, the wet-strain shows no decrease, yet the wet Young's modulus increases as the wet tensile index increases.
References
Ampulski, R.S. (1985) Influence of fiber surface charge on tensile strength. Tappi Papermakers Conf. Proc., Tappi Press. pp. 9–16.Search in Google Scholar
Barzyk, D., Page, D.H., Ragauskas, A.J. (1997) Acidic group topo-chemistry and fiber-to-fiber specific bond strength. J. Pulp Paper Sci.23:J59-J61.Search in Google Scholar
Brown, P.F., Swanson, J.W. (1971) Wetting properties of cellulose treated in a corona discharge. Tappi J.54:2012–2018.Search in Google Scholar
Caulfield, D.F., Weatherwax, R.C. (1976) Cross-link wet-stiffening of paper: The mechanism. Tappi J.59:114–118.Search in Google Scholar
Cramm, R.H., Bibee, D.V. (1982) The theory and practice of corona treatment for improving adhesion. Tappi J.65:75–78.Search in Google Scholar
Denes, F., Simionescu, C.I. (1980) Use of plasma chemistry in the synthesis and modification of natural macromolecular compounds. Cellulose Chem. Tech.14:285–316.Search in Google Scholar
Egli, W., Kraus, M. (2003) Shortest paths in kinetic chemical applications. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.5:3916–3920.10.1039/b301216fSearch in Google Scholar
Espy, H. (1995) The mechanism of wet strength development in paper: A review. Tappi J.74:90–99.Search in Google Scholar
Felix, J., Gatenholm, P., Schreiber, H.P. (1994) Plasma modification of cellulose fibers: Effects on some polymer composite properties. J. Appl. Poly. Sci.51:285–295.10.1002/app.1994.070510211Search in Google Scholar
Goring, D.A.I. (1967) Surface modification of cellulose in a corona discharge. Pulp Paper Mag. Canada:T372-T376.Search in Google Scholar
Horn, R.A. (1972) How fiber morphology affects pulp characteristics and properties of paper. Chemistry26(8):39–44.Search in Google Scholar
Ingmanson, W.L., Thode, E.F. (1959) Factors contributing to the strength of a sheet of paper II. Tappi J.42:83–93.Search in Google Scholar
Jardeby, J., Nihlstrand, A., Chihani, T., Sandberg, S. SCA Research AB (Sweden). Manufacture of tissue paper with increased wet strength by treating tissue paper with wet strength increasing agents and electric corona to cause chemical reaction and/or physical interaction between the reactive sites of the agents and the cellulosic fibers. World Patent 2000036216, June 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Kaminaga, J., Ryukichi, M.T., Toshiaki, Y., Atsuko, H., Kentaro, Y. Toppan Printing Co. Ltd. (Japan). Functional paper and its production. Japanese Patent 2000119993, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Kemppi, A. (1996) Studies on the adhesion between paper and low-density polyethylene's influence on the natural components in paper. Paperi Puu78:610–617.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, C.Y., Goring, D.A.I. (1971) Corona induced bonding of synthetic polymers to wood. Pulp Paper Mag. Canada82:93–96.Search in Google Scholar
Kogelschatz, U. (2003) Filamentary and diffuse barrier discharges: Their history, discharge physics, and industrial applications. Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc.23:1–46.Search in Google Scholar
Laine, J., Lindstrom, T., Nordmark, G., Risinger, G. (2002) Studies on topo-chemical modification of cellulosic fibers. Part 2. The effect of carboxymethyl cellulose attachment on fiber swelling and paper strength. Nordic Pulp Paper Research J.17:57–60.Search in Google Scholar
Lindstrom, T., Carlsson, G. (1982) Effect of chemical environment on fiber swelling. Svensk Papperstid. 85:R14-R20.Search in Google Scholar
Makkipitti, S., Bergholm, H. J.W. Suominen Oy (Finland). Method for improving and regulating the adhesion strength between fibers of cellulose or a cellulose-synthetic fiber blend in a method for producing non-woven fabric products. European Patent 9801366, December 1999.Search in Google Scholar
Naidis, G.V. (1997) Modeling of plasma chemical processes in pulsed corona discharges. J. Appl. Phys.30:1214–1218.Search in Google Scholar
Page, D.H. (1969) A theory for the tensile strength of paper. Tappi J.52:674–681.Search in Google Scholar
Page, D.H. (1985) The mechanism of strength development of dried pulps by beating. Svensk Papperstid. 3:R30-R35.Search in Google Scholar
Park, J.-S., Ruckenstein, E. (2001) Viscoelastic properties of plasticized methylcellulose and chemically crosslinked methylcellulose. Carbohydrate Polym.46:373–381.10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00336-2Search in Google Scholar
Sakata, I., Morita, M, Furuichi, H., Kawaguchi, Y. (1991) Improvement of ply-bond strength of paperboard by corona treatment. J. Applied Poly. Sci.42:2099–2104.10.1002/app.1991.070420738Search in Google Scholar
Scallan, A.M., Grignon, J. (1979) The effect of cations on pulp and paper properties. Svensk Papperstid. 2:40–47.Search in Google Scholar
Scott, W.E. (1996) Dry strength additives. In: Principles of Wet End Chemistry. Tappi Press, Atlanta. pp. 49–59.Search in Google Scholar
Seth, R.S. (1986) Fiber quality factors in papermaking – II. The importance of fiber coarseness. Materials Research Symposium Proc.197:143–161.Search in Google Scholar
Seth, R.S. (1999) Beating and refining response of some reinforcement pulps. Tappi J.82:147–115.Search in Google Scholar
Seth R.S., Page, D.H., Barbe, M.C., Jordan, B.D. (1984) The mechanism of strength and extensibility of wet webs. Svensk Papperstid. 87:R36-R43.Search in Google Scholar
Suranyi G., Gray, D.G., Goring, D.A.I. (1980) The effect of corona discharge on wettability of aged corrugating medium. Tappi J.63:153–154.Search in Google Scholar
Tappi standard (2001) T 425. Om-01, Opacity of paper (15/d geometry, illuminant A/2°, 89% reflectance backing and paper backing.Search in Google Scholar
Tappi standard (2001) T 494. Om-01, Tensile properties of paper and paperboard.Search in Google Scholar
Tappi standard (2003) T 402. Sp-03, Standard conditioning and testing atmospheres for paper, board, pulp handsheets, and related products.Search in Google Scholar
Vander Wielen, L.C., Ragauskas, A.J. (2003) Dielectric discharge: A concatenated approach to fiber modification. 12th Int. Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry Proc. Madison, WI, 1:373–376.Search in Google Scholar
Wågberg, L., Odberg, L., Glad-Nordmark, G. (1989) Charge determination of porous substrates by polyelectrolyte absorption. Nordic Pulp Paper Research J.2:71–76.10.3183/npprj-1989-04-02-p071-076Search in Google Scholar
©2004 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York
