Revealing migratory path, important stopovers and non-breeding areas of a boreal songbird in steep decline

References

[1] Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer J R, Smith AC, Smith PA, et al. Decline of the North American avifauna. Science. 2019;366:120-24.10.1126/science.aaw1313Search in Google Scholar

[2] Marra PP, Cohen EB, Loss SR, Rutter JE, Tonra CM. A call for full annual cycle research in animal ecology. Biol Lett. 2015;11:20150552.10.1098/rsbl.2015.0552Search in Google Scholar

[3] Tonra CM, Hallworth MT, Boves TJ, Reese J, Bulluck LP, Johnson M, et al. Concentration of a widespread breeding population in a few critically important non-breeding areas: Migratory connectivity in the Prothonotary Warbler. Condor. 2019;121:duz019.10.1093/condor/duz019Search in Google Scholar

[4] Moore FR, Smith RJ, Sandberg R. Stopover ecology in intercontinental migrants: En route problems and consequences for reproductive performance. In: Greenberg R, Marra, PP, editors. Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 251-61.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Carlisle JD, Skagen SK, Kus, BE, van Riper C, Paxton KL, Kelly JF. Landbird migration in the American West: Recent progress and future research directions. Condor. 2009;111:211-25.10.1525/cond.2009.080096Search in Google Scholar

[6] Mehlman DW, Mabey SE, Ewert DM, Duncan C, Abel B, Cimprich D, et al. Conserving stopover sites for forest-dwelling migratory landbirds. Auk. 2005;122(4):1281-90.10.1093/auk/122.4.1281Search in Google Scholar

[7] Faaborg J, Holmes RT, Anders AD, Bildstein, KL, Dugger KM, Gauthreaux SA Jr, et al. Conserving migratory land birds in the New World: Do we know enough? Ecol Appl. 2010;20:398-418.10.1890/09-0397.1Search in Google Scholar

[8] Bayly NJ, Rosenberg KV, Easton WE, Goméz C, Carlisle J, Ewert DN, Drake A, Goodrich L. Major stopover regions and migratory bottle necks for Nearctic-Neotropical landbirds within the Neotropics: a review. Bird Conserv Int. 2018;28:1-26.10.1017/S0959270917000296Search in Google Scholar

[9] Webster MS, Marra PP, Haig SM, Bensch S, Holmes RT. Links between worlds: unraveling migratory connectivity. Trends Ecology Evol. 2002;17:76-83.10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02380-1Search in Google Scholar

[10] Cohen EB, Hostetler JA, Hallworth MT, Rushing CS, Sillett, TS, Marra, PP. Quantifying the strength of migratory connectivity. Methods Ecol Evol. 2018;9:51324.10.1111/2041-210X.12916Search in Google Scholar

[11] Cooper NW, Hallworth MT, Marra, PP. Light-level geolocation reveals wintering distribution, migration routes, and primary stopover locations of an endangered long-distance migratory songbird. J Avian Biol. 2017;48:209-19.10.1111/jav.01096Search in Google Scholar

[12] Ward MP, Benson TJ, Deppe J, Zenzal TJ, Diehl RH, Celis-Murillo A, et al. Estimating apparent survival of songbirds crossing the Gulf of Mexico during autumn migration. Proc R Soc Ser B. 2018;285:20181747.10.1098/rspb.2018.1747Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Sillett TS, Holmes RT. Variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle. J Anim Ecol. 2002;71:296-308.10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00599.xSearch in Google Scholar

[14] Klaassen RHG, Hake M, Strandberg R, Koks BJ, Trierweiller C, Exo K-M, et al. When and where does mortality occur in migratory birds? Direct evidence from long-term satellite tracking of raptors. J Anim Ecol. 2014;83:176-84.10.1111/1365-2656.12135Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[15] Rockwell, SM, Wunderle, JM, Sillett TS, Bocetti CI, Ewert DN, Currie D, et al. Seasonal survival estimation for a long-distance migratory bird and the influence of winter precipitation. Oecologia. 2017;183:715-26.10.1007/s00442-016-3788-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] Rushing CS, Hostetler JA, Sillett TS, Marra, PP, Rotenberg JA, Ryder TB. Spatial and temporal drivers of avian population dynamics across the annual cycle. Ecol. 2017;98:2837-50.10.1002/ecy.1967Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Nebel S, Mills A, McCracken JD, Taylor PD. Declines of aerial insectivores in North America follow a geographic gradient. Avian Conserv and Ecol. 2010;5:1-14.10.5751/ACE-00391-050201Search in Google Scholar

[18] Michel NL, Smith, AC, Clark, RG, Morrissey CA Hobson KA. Differences in spatial synchrony and interspecific concordance inform guild-level population trends for aerial insectivorous birds. Ecography. 2016;39:774-86.10.1111/ecog.01798Search in Google Scholar

[19] Spiller KJ, Dettmers R. Evidence for multiple drivers of aerial insectivore declines in North America. Condor. 2019;121:1-13.Search in Google Scholar

[20] North American Bird Conservation Initiative Canada (NABCI). The State of Canada’s Birds, 2019. Environment and Climate Change Canada. 2019; https://www.stateofcanadasbirds.org.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Imlay TL, Mills Flemming J, Saldanha S, Wheelwright NT, Leonard ML. Breeding phenology and performance for four swallows over 57 years: relationships with temperature and precipitation. Ecosphere. 2018;9:e02166.10.1002/ecs2.2166Search in Google Scholar

[22] Imlay TL, Leonard ML. A review of the threats to adult survival for swallows (Family: Hirundinidae). Bird Study. 2019;66:251-63.10.1080/00063657.2019.1655527Search in Google Scholar

[23] Imlay TL, Angelier F, Hobson KA, Mastromonaco G, Saldanha S, Leonard ML. Multiple intrinsic markers identify carry-over effects from wintering to breeding sites for three Nearctic– Neotropical migrant swallows. Auk. 2019;136:ukz053.10.1093/auk/ukz053Search in Google Scholar

[24] Gordo O. Why are bird migration dates shifting? A review of weather and climate effects on avian migratory phenology. Clim Res. 2007;35:37–58.10.3354/cr00713Search in Google Scholar

[25] Jones T, Cresswell W. The phenology mismatch hypothesis: are declines of migrant birds linked to uneven global climate change? J Anim Ecol. 2010; 79:98-108.10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01610.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[26] Usui T, Butchart, SHM, Phillimore AB. Temporal shifts and temperature sensitivity of avian spring migratory phenology: a phylogenetic meta-analysis. J Anim Ecol. 2017; 86:250-61.10.1111/1365-2656.12612Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Zurell D, Graham CH, Gallien L, Thullier W, Zimmermann NE. Long-distance migratory birds threatened by multiple independent risks from global change. Nat Clim Chang 2018;8:992-96.10.1038/s41558-018-0312-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Altman B, and Sallabanks R. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi), version 1.0. In: Poole AF, editor. Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca. 2020; https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.olsfly.01. Subscription required.10.2173/bow.olsfly.01Search in Google Scholar

[29] Rosenberg KV, Kennedy JA, Dettmers R, Ford RP, Reynolds D, Alexander JD, et al. Partners in Flight Landbird Conservation Plan: 2016 Revision for Canada and Continental United States. Partners in Flight Science Committee. 2016; https://www.partnersinflight.org/resources/the-plan/.Search in Google Scholar

[30] BirdLife International. Contopus cooperi (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22699787A110734937. 2017; http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22699787A110734937.en.10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22699787A110734937.enSearch in Google Scholar

[31] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Birds of Conservation Concern 2021. United States Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management. Falls Church (VA). 2021; http://www.fws.gov/birds/management/managed-species/birds-of-conservation-concern.php.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Alaska Wildlife Action Plan. Juneau (AK). 2015; http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=species.wapview.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi in Canada. 2018; https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species/999-683.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Sauer JR, Link WA, Fallon JE, Pardieck KL, Ziolkowski DJ Jr. The North American Breeding Bird Survey 1966–2011, Summary Analysis and Species Accounts. North American Fauna 2013;79:1–32.10.3996/nafa.79.0001Search in Google Scholar

[35] Handel CM, Sauer JR. Combined analysis of roadside and off-road breeding bird survey data to assess population change in Alaska. Condor. 2017;119:557-75.10.1650/CONDOR-17-67.1Search in Google Scholar

[36] Hagelin JC, Busby S, Harding-Scurr A, Brinkman AR. Observations on fecal sac consumption and near-ground foraging behavior in the Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi). Wilson J Ornithol. 2015;127:332-36.10.1676/wils-127-02-332-336.1Search in Google Scholar

[37] Fadrique, B, Báez, S, Duque, Á, Malizia, A, Blundo, C, Carilla, J, et al. Widespread but heterogeneous responses of Andean forests to climate change. Nature. 2018;564:207-12.10.1038/s41586-018-0715-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[38] Case MJ, Johnson BG, Bartowitz, KJ, Hudiberg TW. Forests of the future: Climate change impacts and implications for carbon storage in the Pacific Northwest, USA. For Ecol Manag. 2021;482:118886.10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118886Search in Google Scholar

[39] Mayor SJ, Guralnick RP, Tingley MW, Otegui J, Withey JC, Elmendorf, SC, et al. Increasing phenological asynchrony between spring green-up and arrival of migratory birds. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1902.10.1038/s41598-017-02045-zSearch in Google Scholar

[40] La Sorte, FA, Graham, CH. Phenological synchronization of seasonal bird migration with vegetation greenness across dietary guilds. J Anim Ecol. 2021;90:343-55.10.1111/1365-2656.13345Search in Google Scholar

[41] U.S. NABCI Committee. North American Bird Conservation Initiative: Bird Conservation Region Descriptions. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Bird Habitat Conservation. Arlington (VA). 2000; https://digitalmedia.fws.gov/cdm/ref/collection/document/id/1450.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Wright, JM Olive-sided Flycatchers in central Alaska, 1994-1996. Alaska Dept. Fish and Game. Fed. Aid in Wildl. Restoration. Juneau (AK). Final Rep. Proj. SE-3-4. 1997; http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/home/library/pdfs/wildlife/research_pdfs/97_bird_mig_wright.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

[43] Westwood AR, Staicer C, Sölymos P, Haché S, Fontaine T, Bayne E, et al. Estimating the conservation value of protected areas in Maritime Canada for two species at risk: the Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi) and Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis). Avian Conserv Ecol. 2019;14:16.10.5751/ACE-01359-140116Search in Google Scholar

[44] Kessel B. Avian habitat classification for Alaska. Murrelet. 1979;60:86-94.10.2307/3534270Search in Google Scholar

[45] Viereck LA, Dyrness CT, Batten AR, Wenzlick KJ. The Alaska vegetation classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland (OR). Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. 1992; https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr286.pdf.10.2737/PNW-GTR-286Search in Google Scholar

[46] Meehan T, George TL. Short-term effects of moderate- to high-severity wildfire on a disturbance-dependent flycatcher in northwestern California. Auk. 2003;120:1102-13.10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1102:SEOMTH]2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

[47] Robertson BA, Hutto RL. Is selectively harvested forest an ecological trap for olive-sided flycatchers? Condor. 2007;109:109-21.10.1093/condor/109.1.109Search in Google Scholar

[48] Hallworth MT, Sillett TS, Van Wilgenburg SL, Hobson, KA, Marra PP. Migratory connectivity of a Neotropical migratory songbird revealed by archival light-level geolocators. Ecol Appl. 2015;25:336-47.10.1890/14-0195.1Search in Google Scholar

[49] McKinnon EA, Love OA. Ten years tracking the migrations of small landbirds: Lessons learned in the golden age of bio-logging. Auk. 2018;135:835-56.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Blackburn E, Burgess M, Freeman B, Risely A, Izang A, Ivande S, et al. Light stalks increase the precision and accuracy of non-breeding locations calculated from geolocator tags: a field test from a long-distance migrant. Bird Study. 2019;66:353-65.10.1080/00063657.2019.1690421Search in Google Scholar

[51] Rappole JH, Tipton AR. A new harness design for attachment of radio transmitters to small passerines. J Field Ornithol. 1991;62:335-37.Search in Google Scholar

[52] Hallworth MT, Marra, PP. Miniaturized GPS tags identify non-breeding territories of a small breeding migratory songbird. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11069.10.1038/srep11069Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[53] Pyle P. Identification guide to North American birds, Pt. I: Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press. Bolinas; 1997.Search in Google Scholar

[54] Lisovski S, Bauer S, Briedis M, Davidson SC, Dhanjal-Adams K L, Hallworth M T, et al. Light-level geolocator analyses: A user’s guide. J Anim Ecol. 2020;89:221–236.10.1111/1365-2656.13036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[55] Hill RD, Braun MJ. Geolocation by Light Level. In: Sibert JR, Nielsen JL, editors. Electronic tracking in marine fisheries. Reviews: Methods and technology in fish biology and fisheries, vol. 1. Springer. Dordrecht; 2001. p. 315-30.10.1007/978-94-017-1402-0_17Search in Google Scholar

[56] Sumner MD, Wotherspoon SJ, Hindell MA. Bayesian estimation of animal movement from archival and satellite tags. PloS One. 2009;4:e7324.10.1371/journal.pone.0007324Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[57] Wotherspoon SJ, Sumner DA, Lisovski S. R Package SGAT: Solar/Satellite Geolocation for Animal Tracking. GitHub Repository. 2013; https://github.com/SWotherspoon/SGAT.Search in Google Scholar

[58] Fink D, Auer T, Johnston A, Stimas-Mackey M, Robinson O, Ligocki, S. eBird Status and Trends. Version: November 2019. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2019; https://ebird.org/science/status-and-trends.10.2173/ebirdst.2019Search in Google Scholar

[59] Lisovski S, Hahn, S. GeoLight – processing and analysing light-based geolocator data in R. Methods Ecol Evol. 2012; 3:1055-59.10.1111/j.2041-210X.2012.00248.xSearch in Google Scholar

[60] Lisovski S, Wotherspoon S, Sumner M, Bauer S, Emmenegger T. Package ‘Geolight.’ 2015; http://mirror.psu.ac.th/pub/cran/web/packages/GeoLight/GeoLight.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[61] Hagelin JC, Johnson JA, DuBour KA. Olive-sided Flycatcher migration and breeding. In: Matsuoka SM, editor. Boreal Partners in Flight 2019 Summary of Landbird Projects. p. 21-4. 2019; https://prd-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/BPIF_2019_project_summaries.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

[62] Nilsson C, Klaassen RHG, Alerstam T. Differences in speed and duration of bird migration between spring and autumn. Am Nat. 2013;181:837-45.10.1086/670335Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[63] Taylor CM, Norris DR. Population dynamics in migratory networks. Theor Ecol. 2010;3:65-73.10.1007/s12080-009-0054-4Search in Google Scholar

[64] Cohen EB, Rushing CR, Moore FR, Hallworth MT, Hostetler JA, Ramirez MG, et al. The strength of migratory connectivity for birds en route to breeding through the Gulf of Mexico. Ecography. 2018; 42:1-12.Search in Google Scholar

[65] Hesselbarth MHK, Sciaini M, With KA, Wiegand K, Nowosad, J. Landscapemetrics: an open-source R tool to calculate landscape metrics. Ecography. 2019;42:1648-1657.10.1111/ecog.04617Search in Google Scholar

[66] Littell RC, Milliken GA, Stroup WW, Wolfinger RD, Schambenberger O. SAS for Mixed Models. 2^nd ed. SAS Institute Inc. Cary; 2006.Search in Google Scholar

[67] Manly BFJ. Randomization and Monte Carlo methods in biology. Chapman Hall. New York; 1991.10.1007/978-1-4899-2995-2Search in Google Scholar

[68] Burnham, KP, Anderson DR. Model selection and inference: a practical information theoretic approach. 2^nd ed. Springer. New York; 2002.Search in Google Scholar

[69] Cade BS, Noon BR. A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists. Front Ecol Environ. 2003;1:412-20.10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0412:AGITQR]2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

[70] UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and NGS. Protected Planet Report 2018. UNEP-WCMC, IUCN and NGS. Cambridge (UK). 2018; https://livereport.protectedplanet.net/pdf/Protected_Planet_Report_2018.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[71] Dudley N, editor. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 2008. WITH Stolton S, Shadie P, Dudley N. IUCN WCPA Best Practice Guidance on Recognising Protected Areas and Assigning Management Categories and Governance Types, Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 21, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 2013; https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/PAG-021.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[72] UNEP-WCMC. World Database on Protected Areas User Manual 1.5. UNEP-WCMC. Cambridge. 2017; http://wcmc.io/WDPA_Manual.Search in Google Scholar

[73] Hostetler JA, Hallworth MT, Rushing C. SMBC-NZP/MigConnectivity: v0.3.0 (Version v0.3.0). Zenodo. 2018; http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1306198.Search in Google Scholar

[74] La Sorte FA, Fink D, Hochachka WM, DeLong JP, Kelling, S. Spring phenology of ecological productivity contributes to the use of looped migration strategies by birds. Proc R Soc Ser B. 2014;281:20140984.10.1098/rspb.2014.0984Search in Google Scholar

[75] Environment Canada. Recovery Strategy for Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series, Ottawa. 2015; https://www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/default.asp?lang=En&n=10AA870D-1.Search in Google Scholar

[76] Wilson S, Saracco, JF, Krikun R, Flockhart DTT, Godwin CM, Foster KR. Drivers of demographic decline across the annual cycle of a threatened migratory bird. Sci Rep. 2018;8:7316.10.1038/s41598-018-25633-zSearch in Google Scholar

[77] Rodewald AD, Strimas-Mackey, M, Schuster R, Arcese P. Beyond canaries in coal mines: Co-occurrence of Andean mining concessions and migratory birds. Perspect Ecol Conserv. 2019;17:151-56.10.1016/j.pecon.2019.08.002Search in Google Scholar

[78] Finch, T, Butler, SJ, Franko, AMA, Cresswell, W. Low migratory connectivity is common in long-distance migrant birds. J Anim Ecol. 2017;86:662-73.10.1111/1365-2656.12635Search in Google Scholar

[79] Imlay, TL, Hobson KA, Roberto-Charron A, Leonard ML. Wintering areas, migratory connectivity and habitat fidelity of three declining Nearctic-Neotropical migrant swallows. Anim Migr. 2018;5:1-16.10.1515/ami-2018-0001Search in Google Scholar

[80] Warkentin, IG, Hernández D. The conservation implications of site fidelity: A case study involving Nearctic-Neotropical migrant songbirds wintering in a Costa Rican mangrove. Biol Conserv. 1996;77:143-50.10.1016/0006-3207(95)00146-8Search in Google Scholar

[81] Blackburn E, Cresswell W. High winter site fidelity in a long-distance migrant: implications for wintering ecology and survival estimates. J Ornithol. 2016;157:93-108.10.1007/s10336-015-1252-zSearch in Google Scholar

[82] Rushing CS, Ryder TB, Marra PP. Quantifying drivers of population dynamics for a migratory bird throughout the annual cycle. Proc R Soc Ser B. 2016;283:20152846.10.1098/rspb.2015.2846Search in Google Scholar

[83] Hallworth MT, Bayne E, McKinnon E, Love O, Tremblay JA, Drolet B, et al. Habitat loss on the breeding grounds is a major contributor to population declines in a long-distance migratory songbird. Proc R Soc Ser B Biol Sci. 2021;288:20203164.10.1098/rspb.2020.3164Search in Google Scholar

[84] McKinnon EA, Fraser KC, Stutchbury BJM. New discoveries in landbird migration using geolocators, and a flight plan for the future. Auk. 2013;30:211-22.10.1525/auk.2013.12226Search in Google Scholar

[85] Winker K. Autumn stopover on the isthmus of Tehuantepek by woodland Nearctic-Neotropic migrants. Auk. 1995;112:690-700.Search in Google Scholar

[86] Bayly NJ, Gómez C. Comparison of autumn and spring migration strategies of Neotropical migratory landbirds in northeast Belize. J of Field Ornithol. 2011;82:117-31.10.1111/j.1557-9263.2011.00314.xSearch in Google Scholar

[87] Gómez C, Bayly NJ. Migration of Empidonax flycatchers through northeast Belize. Ornitholgia Neotropical. 2011;22:339-45.Search in Google Scholar

[88] National Audubon Society. Important Bird Areas Database, Boundary Digital Data Set. 2021; https://gis.audubon.org/arcgisweb/rest/services/NAS/ImportantBirdAreas_Polygon/MapServer/.Search in Google Scholar

[89] DeLuca WV., Meehan T, Seavy N, Jones A, Pitt J, Deppe JL, Wisley CB. The Colorado River Delta and California’s Central Valley are critical regions for many migrating North American landbirds. Ornithol Appl. 2021;123:1-14.Search in Google Scholar

[90] Norris AR, Frid L, Debyser C, De Groot KL, Thomas J, Lee A, et al.Forecasting the cumulative effects of multiple stressors on breeding habitat for a steeply declining aerial insectivorous songbird, the Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi). Front Ecol Evol. 2021;9:63587210.3389/fevo.2021.635872Search in Google Scholar

[91] Maier C, Abrams JB. Navigating social forestry – A street-level perspective on National Forest management in the US Pacific Northwest. Land use policy. 2018;70:432-41.10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.031Search in Google Scholar

[92] Phalan BT, Northrup JM, Zhiqiang Y, Deal RL, Rousseau JS, Spies TA. Impacts of the Northwest Forest Plan on forest composition and bird populations. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2019;116:3322-27.10.1073/pnas.1813072116Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[93] Spies TA, Long, JW, Charnley S, Hessburg PF, Marcot BG, Reeves GH, et al. Twenty-five years of the Northwest Forest Plan: what have we learned? Front Ecol Environ. 2019;17:511-20.10.1002/fee.2101Search in Google Scholar

[94] Rolek BW, Harrison DJ, Linden DW, Loftin CS, Wood PB. Habitat associations of breeding conifer-associated birds in managed and regenerating forested stands. For Ecol and Manage. 2021;502:119708.10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119708Search in Google Scholar

[95] La Sorte, FA, Fink D, Blancher PJ, Rodewald AD, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Rosenberg, KV, et al. Global change and the distributional dynamics of migratory bird populations wintering in Central America. Glob Chang Biol. 2017;23:5284-96.10.1111/gcb.13794Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[96] Loarie S, Duffy P, Hamilton H, Asner GP, Field CB, Ackerly DD. The velocity of climate change. Nature. 2009;462:1052-55.10.1038/nature08649Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[97] Miller JD, Safford HD, Crimmins M, Thode AE. Quantitative evidence for increasing forest fire severity in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains, California and Nevada, USA. Ecosyst. 2009;12:16-32.10.1007/s10021-008-9201-9Search in Google Scholar

[98] Latta G, Temesgen H, Adams D, Barrett T. Analysis of potential impacts of climate change on forests of the United States Pacific Northwest. For Ecol Manage. 2010;259:720-29.10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.003Search in Google Scholar

[99] Dong L., Leung LR, Qian Y, Zou Y, Song F, Chen X. Meteorological environments associated with California wildfires and their potential roles in wildfire changes during 1984–2017. J Geophys Res Atmos. 2021;126:e2020JD033180.10.1029/2020JD033180Search in Google Scholar

[100] Reilly MJ, Halofsky J, Krawchuck MA, Donato DC, Hessburg PF, Johnston J, et al. Fire Ecology and Management in Pacific Northwest Forests. In: Greenberg CH, Collins B, editors. Fire Ecology and Management: Past, Present, and Future of US Forested Ecosystems. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 39. Springer. Cham; 2021.10.1007/978-3-030-73267-7_10Search in Google Scholar

[101] Stephens JL, Ausprey IJ, Seavy NE, Alexander JD. Fire severity affects mixed broadleaf–conifer forest bird communities: Results for 9 years following fire. Condor. 2015;117:430-46.10.1650/CONDOR-14-58.1Search in Google Scholar

[102] Tallie PJ, Burnett RD, Roberts LJ, Campos BR, Peterson MN, Moorman CE. Interacting and non-linear avian responses to mixed-severity wildfire and time since fire. Ecosphere. 2018;9:e02291.10.1002/ecs2.2291Search in Google Scholar

[103] Furnas, BJ. Rapid and varied responses of songbirds to climate change in California coniferous forests. Biol Conserv. 2020;241:108347.10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108347Search in Google Scholar

[104] Stehelin TE. (2020) Climate change implications for distribution, phenology and conservation of Olive-sided Flycatchers (Contopus cooperi) and Western Wood-Pewees (C. sordidulus) in northwestern North America (Ph.D. Thesis). Edmonton:University of Alberta.Search in Google Scholar

[105] Reyer CPO, Adams S, Albrecht T, Baarsch F, Boit A, Trujillo NC, et al. Climate change impacts in Latin America and the Caribbean and their implications for development. Reg Environ Change. 2017;17:1601-21.10.1007/s10113-015-0854-6Search in Google Scholar

[106] Northrup JM, Rivers JW, Yang Z, Betts MG. Synergistic effects of climate and land-use change influence broad-scale avian population declines. Glob Chang Biol. 2019;25:1561-75.10.1111/gcb.14571Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[107] Gómez, C, Bayly, NJ, Norris, RD, Mackenzie, SA, Rosenberg, KV, Taylor PD. Fuel loads acquired at stopover site influence the pace of intercontinental migration in a boreal songbird. Sci Rep. 2017;8:3405.10.1038/s41598-017-03503-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[108] Schmaljohann H. Proximate mechanisms affecting seasonal differences in migration speed of avian species. Sci Rep. 2018;8:4106.10.1038/s41598-018-22421-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[109] Brown, CR, Brown MB. Weather-mediated natural selection on arrival time in cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota). Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2000;47:339-45.10.1007/s002650050674Search in Google Scholar

[110] Shipley JR, Twining, CW, Taff CC, Vitousek MN, Flack A, Winkler, DW. Birds advancing lay dates with warming springs face greater risk of chick mortality. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 2020;117:25590-94.10.1073/pnas.2009864117Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[111] Briedis M, Hahn S, Adamík P. Cold spell en route delays spring arrival and decreases apparent survival in a long-distance migratory songbird. BMC Biol. 2017;17:11.10.1186/s12898-017-0121-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[112] Cohen JM, Lajeunesse MJ, Rohr JR. A global synthesis of animal phenological responses to climate change. Nat Clim Chang. 2018;8:224-8.10.1038/s41558-018-0067-3Search in Google Scholar

[113] Visser ME, Gienapp P. Evolutionary and demographic consequences of phenological mismatches. Nat Ecol and Evol. 2019; 3:879–885.10.1038/s41559-019-0880-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[114] Saino N, Ambrosini R, Rubolini D, von Hardenberg J, Provenzale A, Hüppop K, et al. Climate warming, ecological mismatch at arrival and population decline in migratory birds. Proc R Soc Ser B. 2011;278: 835-42.10.1098/rspb.2010.1778Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[115] Mizel JD, Schmidt, JH, McIntyre CL, Lindberg, MS. Subarctic-breeding passerines exhibit phenological resilience to extreme spring conditions. Ecosphere. 2017;8:e01680.10.1002/ecs2.1680Search in Google Scholar

[116] Zaifman J, Shan D, Ay A, Jimenez AG. Shifts in bird migration timing in North American long-distance and short-distance migrants are associated with climate change. Internat J Zool. 2017;2017:6025646.10.1155/2017/6025646Search in Google Scholar

[117] Gonzáles AM, Bayly NJ, Hobson, KA. Earlier and slower or later and faster: Spring migration pace linked to departure time in a Neotropical migrant songbird. J Anim Ecol. 2020;89:2840-51.10.1111/1365-2656.13359Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[118] Stanley CQ, MacPherson M, Fraser KC, McKinnon EA, Stutchbury BJM. Repeat tracking of individual songbirds reveals consistent migration timing but flexibility in route. PloS One. 2012;7:e40688.10.1371/journal.pone.0040688Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[119] Horton KG, La Sorte FA, Sheldon D, Lin TY, Winner K, Bernstein G Phenology of nocturnal avian migration has shifted at the continental scale. Nat Clim Chang. 2020;10:63-8.10.1038/s41558-019-0648-9Search in Google Scholar

[120] La Sorte FA, Fink D, Hochachka, WM, Farnsworth A, Rodewald AD, Rosenberg KV, et al. The role of atmospheric conditions in the seasonal dynamics of North American migration flyways. J Biogeog. 2014; 41:1685-96.10.1111/jbi.12328Search in Google Scholar

[121] Both C. Flexibility of timing of avian migration to climate change masked by environmental constraints en route. Curr Biol. 2010; 20:243-8.10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.074Search in Google Scholar PubMed