Abstract
Industrial high-precision 3D Printing (HP3DP) via two-photon absorption (TPA) provides freedom in design for the fabrication of novel products that are not feasible with conventional techniques. Up to now, 2PP-fabrication has only been used for structures on the micrometer scale due to limited traveling ranges of the translation stages and the field-of-view (FoV) of microscope objectives (diameters below 0.5 mm). For industrial applications, not only high throughput but also scalability in size is essential. For this purpose, this contribution gives insights into different manufacturing strategies composed of varying exposure modes, fabrication modes, and structuring modes, which enable the generation of large-scale optical elements without relying on stitching. With strategies like stage-only mode or synchronized movement of galvoscanners and translation stages, optical elements with several millimeters in diameter and freeform shape can be fabricated with optical surface quality.
Funding source: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie
Award Identifier / Grant number: TOU-1512-004
Funding statement: Part of the work was funded by Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie, Funder Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006360, Grant Number: TOU-1512-004.
References
[1] S. Maruo, O. Nakamura and S. Kawata, Opt. Lett. 22, 132 (1997).10.1364/OL.22.000132Search in Google Scholar
[2] J. Serbin, A. Egbert, A. Ostendorf, B. N. Chichkov, R. Houbertz, et al. Opt. Lett. 28, 301 (2003).10.1364/OL.28.000301Search in Google Scholar
[3] R. Houbertz, H. Wolter, V. Schmidt, L. Kuna, V. Satzinger, et al. MRS Proc. 1054, 1054-FF01-04 (2007).10.1557/PROC-1054-FF01-04Search in Google Scholar
[4] J. K. Gansel, M. Thiel, M. S. Rill, M. Decker, K. Bade, et al., Science 325, 1513–1515 (2009).10.1126/science.1177031Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[5] A. I. Aristov, M. Manousidaki, A. Danilov, K. Terzaki, C. Fotakis, et al. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–8 (2016).10.1038/s41598-016-0001-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[6] T. Gissibl, S. Thiele, A. Herkommer and H. Giessen, Nat. Photonics 10, 554–560 (2016).10.1038/nphoton.2016.121Search in Google Scholar
[7] S. M. Eaton, C. De Marco, R. Martinez-Vazquez, R. Ramponi, S. Turri, et al. J. Biophotonics 5, 687–702 (2012).10.1002/jbio.201200048Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] T. Stichel, B. Hecht, R. Houbertz and G. Sextl, J. Laser Micro Nanoeng. 5, 209–212 (2010).10.2961/jlmn.2010.03.0005Search in Google Scholar
[9] F. Böhrnsen, M. Krier, S. Grohmann, N. Hauptmann, M. Frant, et al. Biomed. Mater. 14, 035001 (2019).10.1088/1748-605X/ab0362Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[10] M. Farsari, M. Vamvakaki and B. N. Chichkov, J. Opt. 12, 124001 (2010).10.1088/2040-8978/12/12/124001Search in Google Scholar
[11] D. Wu, S. Z. Wu, J. Xu, L. G. Niu, K. Midorikawa, et al. Laser Photonics Rev. 8, 458–467 (2014).10.1002/lpor.201400005Search in Google Scholar
[12] L. Jonušauskas, S. Rekštytė, R. Buividas, S. Butkus, R. Gadonas, et al. Opt. Eng. 56, 1 (2017).Search in Google Scholar
[13] S. Dehaeck, B. Scheid and P. Lambert, Addit. Manuf. 21, 589–597 (2018).Search in Google Scholar
[14] J. Li, P. Fejes, D. Lorenser, B. C. Quirk, P. B. Noble, et al. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–9 (2018).10.1038/s41598-018-33214-3Search in Google Scholar
[15] N. Chidambaram, R. Kirchner, R. Fallica, L. Yu, M. Altana, et al. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2, 1700018 (2017).10.1002/admt.201700018Search in Google Scholar
[16] P. I. Dietrich, M. Blaicher, I. Reuter, M. Billah, T. Hoose, et al. Nat. Photonics 12, 241–247 (2018).10.1038/s41566-018-0133-4Search in Google Scholar
[17] R. Houbertz, G. Domann, C. Cronauer, A. Schmitt, H. Martin, et al. Thin Solid Films 442, 194–200 (2003).10.1016/S0040-6090(03)00982-9Search in Google Scholar
[18] J. Serbin, R. Houbertz, C. Fallnich and B. N. Chichkov, Laser Micromach. Optoelectron. Device Fabr. 4941, 73 (2003).10.1117/12.468235Search in Google Scholar
[19] T. Stichel, R. Houbertz and B. Hecht, in: ‘11th International Symposium on Laser Precision Microfabrication’, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
[20] T. Bückmann, N. Stenger, M. Kadic, J. Kaschke, A. Frölich, et al. Adv. Mater. 24, 2710–2714 (2012).10.1002/adma.201200584Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[21] T. Stichel, B. Hecht, S. Steenhusen, R. Houbertz and G. Sextl, Opt. Lett. 41, 4269 (2016).10.1364/OL.41.004269Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] T. Stichel, Die Herstellung von Scaffolds aus funktionellen Hybridpolymeren für die regenerative Medizin mittels Zwei-Photonen-Polymerisation (University Library Würzburg, Würzburg, 2014). http://publica.fraunhofer.de/dokumente/N-426462.html.Search in Google Scholar
[23] X. Zhou, Y. Hou and J. Lin, AIP Adv. 5, 030701 (2015).10.1063/1.4916886Search in Google Scholar
[24] K. S. Lee, R. H. Kim, D. Y. Yang and S. H. Park, Prog. Polym. Sci. 33, 631–681 (2008).10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.01.001Search in Google Scholar
[25] H. Sun and S. Kawata, J. Light. Technol. 21, 624–633 (2003).10.1109/JLT.2003.809564Search in Google Scholar
[26] M. Malinauskas, H. Gilbergs, A. Ukauskas, V. Purlys, D. Paipulas, et al. J. Opt. 12, 035204 (2010).10.1088/2040-8978/12/3/035204Search in Google Scholar
[27] L. Jonušauskas, D. Gailevičius, L. Mikoliunaite, D. Sakalauskas, S. Šakirzanovas, et al. Materials (Basel) 10, 1–18 (2017).Search in Google Scholar
[28] B. Stender, W. Mantei, R. Houbertz and B. Hall, Laser Tech. J. 14, 20–23 (2017).10.1002/latj.201700009Search in Google Scholar
[29] S. Steenhusen, Untersuchungen zur sub-100 nm Strukturierung von Hybridpolymeren mittels Zwei-Photonen Absorption und Anwendungen (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany, 2018). http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-519861.html.Search in Google Scholar
[30] M. Born and E. Wolf, ‘Principles of Optics’, 6th edition (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980).Search in Google Scholar
[31] S. Sinzinger and J. Jahns, ‘Microoptics’, (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2003).10.1002/3527603409Search in Google Scholar
©2019 THOSS Media & De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston
