Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection and to evaluate risk factors associated with this infection among cattle in the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil. Samples of cervicovaginal mucus from 290 females and smegma from 59 males [beef, 31; mixed aptitude (beef and dairy), 10; and dairy, 18] from 31 farms were collected. Modified Diamond’s medium and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for the laboratory diagnosis of T. foetus infection. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed to test for potential risk factors in addition to prevalence mapping. No sample was positive for T. foetus in culture, and the prevalence of T. foetus infection using PCR was 3.7% (13/349) [confidence interval (CI) 95%, 2.1%–6.4%]. In total, 19.3% (6/31) of the farms had at least one animal positive for T. foetus. The contact of females with males from other farms [Odds ratio, 5.9; 95% CI, 1.5–22.4; p = 0.009] was identified as a risk factor for T. foetus infection. This study demonstrates that T. foetus infection is prevalent among dairy cows in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Sexual resting, removal of positive females, and avoiding contact of females with males from other farms are recommended to reduce the risk of infection.
References
Bernasconi C., Bodmer M., Doherr M.G., Janett F., Thomann A., Spycher C., et al. 2014. Tritrichomonas foetus: Prevalence study in naturally mating bulls in Switzerland. Veterinary Parasitology, 200, 289–294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.02910.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.029Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Carvalho D.V., Rodrigues A.F.S.F. 2006. Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmuller,1928) (Protista, Trichomonadidae) e a implicação na pecuária do Brasil. CES Revista, 6, 113–132. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Felleisen R.S.J., Lambelet N., Bachmann P., Nicolet J., Müller N., Gottstein B. 1998. Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus by PCR and DNA Enzyme Immunoassay Based on rRNA Gene Unit Sequences. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36, 513–51910.1128/JCM.36.2.513-519.1998Search in Google Scholar PubMed
González-Carmona L.C., Sánchez-Ladino M.J., Castañeda-Salazar R., Pulido-Villamarín A.D.P., Guáqueta-Munar H., Aranda-Silva M., et al. 2012. Determination of presence of Tritrichomonas foetus in uterine lavages from cows with reproductive problems. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, 21, 201–20510.1590/S1984-29612012000300005Search in Google Scholar
Hancock A.S., Younis P.J., Beggs D.S., Mansell P.D., Pyman M.F. 2015. Infectious reproductive disease pathogens in dairy herd bulls. Australian Veterinary Journal, 93, 349–353. 10.1111/avj.12369Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hosmer D.W., Lemeshow S. (Eds)1989. Applied logistic regression. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, pp. 241Search in Google Scholar
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática – SIDRA. Pesquisa Censo Agropecuário 2006. Rio de janeiro. Available from: <http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?c=1267&z=t&o=24>. Accessed: 10 Sep. 2016. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Rio de Janeiro. Available from: <https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/territorio#/N6/IN%20N9%2025015>. Accessed: 18 Mar. 2017. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Jesus V.L.T., Pereira M.J.S., Folhadella D.S., Alves P.A.M., Goulart I.L. 2003. Características da infecção por Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmuller, 1928) em rebanhos leiteiros de Rio das Flores, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 27, 26–32. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Leal D.R., Fernandes G.O., Gouveia F.F., Miranda K.L., Neves J.P. 2012. Prevalência da campilobacteriose e da tricomonose genitais bovinas no Distrito Federal e em seu entorno. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal, 36, 256–259. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Mai H.M., Irons P.C., Kabir J., Thompson P.N. 2013. Prevalence of bovine genital campylobacteriosis and trichomonosis of bulls in northern Nigeria. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 55, 56. 10.1186/1751-0147-55-56Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mardones F.O., Perez A.M., Martinez A. and Carpenter T.E. 2008. Risk factors associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef herds in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology, 153, 231–237. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.038Search in Google Scholar
Mello M.R. 1954. Dados sobre a incidência de Tricomonose Bovina em alguns Estados do Brasil. Boletim de Inseminação Artificial, 6, 16–23. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Mendoza-Ibarra J.A., Ortega-Mora L.M., Pedraza-Díaz S., Rojo-Montejo S., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria J.A., García-Peña F.J., et al. 2013. Differences in the prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef cattle farmed under extensive conditions in northern Spain. The Veterinary Journal, 196, 547–549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.02610.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.026Search in Google Scholar
Mendoza-Ibarra J.A., Pedraza-Díaz S., García-Peña F.J., Rojo- Montejo S., Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria J.A., San Miguel-Ibáñez E., et al. 2012. High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Asturiana de la Montaña beef cattle kept in extensive conditions in Northern Spain. The Veterinary Journal, 193, 146–151. 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.020Search in Google Scholar
Molina L., Perea J., Meglia G., Angón E., García A. 2013. Spatial and temporal epidemiology of bovine trichomoniasis and bovine genital campylobacteriosis in La Pampa province (Argentina). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 110, 388–394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.01910.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.019Search in Google Scholar
Mukhufhi N., Irons P.C., Michel A., Peta F. 2003. Evaluation of a PCR test for the diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls: effects of sample collection method, storage and transport medium on the test. Theriogenology, 60, 1269–1278. 10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00138-9Search in Google Scholar
OIE. 2012. Trichomonosis. In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals 2014. Office International des epizooties. Vol. 1, cap. 2.4.16. Available from: <http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.04.16_TRICHOMONOSIS.pdf>. Accessed: 11 Apr. 2017Search in Google Scholar
Oliveira J.M.B., Silva G.M., Batista Filho A.F.B., Borges J.M., Oliveira P.R.F., Brandespim D.F., et al. 2015. Prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine genital campylobacteriosis and bovine trichomonosis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 47, 549–555. 10.1007/s11250-015-0761-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Otte M.J., Ravenborg T., Hüttner K. 1995. A pilot study of elevated abortion and stillbirth ratios in cattle in the foothills of the Eastern plains of Colombia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 22, 103–11310.1016/0167-5877(94)00394-XSearch in Google Scholar
Paz Júnior C.J., Almeida H.J.O., Júnior H.A.F., D’alencar A.S., Galindo M.K.F., Jesus V.L.T., et al. 2010. Frequência de infecção por Tritrichomonas foetus (RIEDMULLER, 1928) em bovinos leiteiros do município de Sanharó – PE. Medicina Veterinária, 4, 6–11. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Pegoraro L.M.C., Saalfeld M.H., Weissheimer C.F., Vieira A.D. 2009. Manejo Reprodutivo em Bovinos de Leite. Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, BR, pp. 38. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Pellegrin A.O, Leite R.C. 2003. Atualização Sobre Tricomonose Genital Bovina. Embrapa, Mato Grosso do Sul, BR, pp. 22. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Pereira-Neves A., Nascimento L.F., Benchimol M. 2012. Cytotoxic effects exerted by Tritrichomonas foetus pseudocysts. Protist, 163, 529–543. 10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Perez E., Conrad P.A., Hird D., Ortuno A., Chacon J., Bondurant R., et al. 1992. Prevalence and risk factors for Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle in northeastern Costa Rica. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 14, 155–16510.1016/0167-5877(92)90013-6Search in Google Scholar
Rae D.O., Crews J.E., Greiner E.C., Donovan G.A. 2004. Epidemiology of Tritrichomonas foetus in beef bull populations in Florida. Theriogenology, 61, 605–618. 10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00236-XSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Rae D.O., Crews J.E. 2006. Tritrichomonas foetus. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 22, 595–611. 10.1016/j.cvfa.2006.07.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rocha F.S., Jesus V.L.T., Torres H.M., Gomes M.J.P., Figueiredo M.J. Nascimento E.R. et al. 2009. Investigação de Campylobacter fetus e Tritrichomonas foetus na mucosa prepucial de touros da região do Médio Paraíba, RJ. Ciência Rural, 39, 1586–1589. (In Portuguese)10.1590/S0103-84782009005000103Search in Google Scholar
Rodning S.P., Wolfe D.F., Carson R.L., Wright J.C., Stockdale H.D., Pacoli M.E., et al. 2008. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in several subpopulations of Alabama beef bulls. Theriogenology, 69, 212–217. 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Silva A.S., Zanette R.A,, Oliveira C.B., Gallio M., Pereira P.L., Fernandes M.B., et al. 2009. Leptospirose e tritricomonose: isolamento em propriedade com problemas reprodutivos no sul do Brasil. Arquivos de Ciências Veterinárias e Zoologia da UNIPAR, 12, 87–90. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Spósito Filha E., Oliveira S.M. 2009. Divulgação técnica: Tricomonose bovina. O Biológico, São Paulo, 71, 9–11. (In Portuguese)Search in Google Scholar
Szonyi B., Srinath I., Schwartz A., Clavijo A., Ivanek R. 2012. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in Texas bulls based on state-wide diagnostic laboratory data. Veterinary Parasitology, 186, 450–455. 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.075Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yao C. 2013. Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus-infected bulls, an ultimate approach to eradicate bovine trichomoniasis in US cattle? Journal of Medical Microbiology, 62, 1–9. 10.1099/jmm.0.047365-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2018 W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, PAS