Abstract
Using data from 21 voluntary blood drives over a five-year period, we establish connections between undergraduate students’ blood donation behaviors and their demographic, academic, leadership, and military characteristics at a military college in the United States. We find that blood donation participation rates for students at this military college are much higher than the national average for the 18- to 24-year-olds. Certain characteristics such as fitness, athletic status, academic performance, and intent to pursue a military career after graduation are significantly correlated with blood donation. We also find that college students’ blood donation behaviors may be influenced by their attitudes toward civic responsibility, time constraints, incentives, peer effects and the characteristics of blood collection agencies. This study provides new insights into individual characteristics that correlate with blood donation. It also highlights the role of unique military education and institutional characteristics in promoting better fitness, the pursuit of a military career, and selfless service among young people, all of which might help explain demonstrated higher blood donation participation than their peers elsewhere.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Monika Dickens for assistance in collecting blood donation data and the VMI Registrar’s Office for providing the student data. We are grateful for audiences at the Southern Economic Association conference and the Washington & Lee/VMI Economics Seminar where this paper was presented. In particular, we would like to thank Valentina Dimitrova-Grajzl, Xiaochun (Martin) Liu, and Traviss Cassidy for offering helpful suggestions. We especially appreciate our editor and two anonymous referees for reviewing our paper and providing constructive feedback. All errors are ours.
Appendix
Pooled OLS regressions (full panel).
Variables | Donor (1) | Donor (2) | Donor (3) | Donor (4) | Donor (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic & Physical Attributes: | |||||
Male | −0.0676*** | −0.0666*** | −0.0652*** | −0.0655*** | −0.0660*** |
(0.0143) | (0.0142) | (0.0144) | (0.0144) | (0.0153) | |
Non-White | −0.0567*** | −0.0571*** | −0.0579*** | −0.0594*** | −0.0568*** |
(0.00888) | (0.00892) | (0.00894) | (0.00901) | (0.00962) | |
Freshman | 0.0788*** | 0.0794*** | 0.0801*** | 0.0810*** | 0.0689*** |
(0.00705) | (0.00715) | (0.00718) | (0.00720) | (0.00821) | |
Sophomore | 0.0991*** | 0.102*** | 0.103*** | 0.103*** | 0.0949*** |
(0.00658) | (0.00663) | (0.00663) | (0.00664) | (0.00728) | |
Junior | 0.0524*** | 0.0546*** | 0.0548*** | 0.0550*** | 0.0469*** |
(0.00553) | (0.00554) | (0.00553) | (0.00554) | (0.00616) | |
Fitness (Passed Test) | −0.0276*** | −0.0273*** | −0.0276*** | −0.0282*** | −0.0303*** |
(0.00771) | (0.00770) | (0.00768) | (0.00767) | (0.00823) | |
Leadership Variables: | |||||
Ranker | −0.0763*** | −0.0828*** | −0.0831*** | −0.0834*** | −0.0835*** |
(0.0215) | (0.0216) | (0.0215) | (0.0216) | (0.0222) | |
MaleRanker | 0.0348 | 0.0338 | 0.0340 | 0.0344 | 0.0327 |
(0.0221) | (0.0221) | (0.0220) | (0.0221) | (0.0226) | |
Pursuing a Military Career | −0.0334*** | −0.0367*** | −0.0340*** | −0.0339*** | −0.0309*** |
(0.00755) | (0.00778) | (0.00779) | (0.00779) | (0.00839) | |
Background & Behavioral: | |||||
NCAA Athlete | −0.0848*** | −0.0886*** | −0.0909*** | −0.0919*** | −0.0997*** |
(0.00771) | (0.00790) | (0.00818) | (0.00830) | (0.00858) | |
Out-of-State Student | −0.0246*** | −0.0235*** | −0.0226*** | −0.0224*** | −0.0220*** |
(0.00688) | (0.00689) | (0.00694) | (0.00697) | (0.00740) | |
Demerits Accrued | 0.000605*** | 0.000589*** | 0.000571*** | 0.000574*** | 0.000643*** |
(0.000153) | (0.000153) | (0.000153) | (0.000153) | (0.000166) | |
GPA (Above Average) | −0.0100 | −0.00848 | −0.00879 | −0.00849 | −0.0103 |
(0.00808) | (0.00813) | (0.00820) | (0.00821) | (0.00887) | |
Roommate (Donor) | 0.109*** | 0.108*** | 0.107*** | 0.107*** | 0.105*** |
(0.00559) | (0.00558) | (0.00556) | (0.00556) | (0.00573) | |
Blood Drive Characteristics: | |||||
Drive – VA Blood Services | 0.0195*** | 0.0217*** | 0.0217*** | 0.0217*** | 0.0254*** |
(0.00337) | (0.00334) | (0.00334) | (0.00334) | (0.00351) | |
September Drive | 0.0672*** | 0.0529*** | 0.0530*** | 0.0530*** | 0.0550*** |
(0.00533) | (0.00549) | (0.00549) | (0.00549) | (0.00569) | |
December Drive | 0.0357*** | 0.0215*** | 0.0216*** | 0.0216*** | 0.0263*** |
(0.00501) | (0.00522) | (0.00523) | (0.00522) | (0.00541) | |
February Drive | 0.0287*** | 0.0250*** | 0.0250*** | 0.0251*** | 0.0312*** |
(0.00474) | (0.00474) | (0.00474) | (0.00474) | (0.00510) | |
AY 2012–2013 | −0.0711*** | −0.0713*** | −0.0725*** | −0.0568*** | |
(0.00906) | (0.00911) | (0.00909) | (0.0116) | ||
AY 2013–2014 | −0.000534 | −0.000722 | −0.00150 | 0.0104 | |
(0.00954) | (0.00956) | (0.00954) | (0.0108) | ||
AY 2014–2015 | −0.00494 | −0.00526 | −0.00589 | −4.05e-05 | |
(0.00846) | (0.00844) | (0.00843) | (0.00893) | ||
AY 2015–2016 | −0.0212*** | −0.0217*** | −0.0222*** | −0.0208*** | |
(0.00751) | (0.00754) | (0.00756) | (0.00763) | ||
AY 2016–2017 | −0.0124* | −0.0125* | −0.0129* | −0.0124* | |
(0.00716) | (0.00716) | (0.00717) | (0.00718) | ||
Major Field Controls: | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
ROTC Controls: | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Corps Controls: | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Constant | 0.155*** | 0.178*** | 0.348*** | 0.352*** | 0.319*** |
(0.0174) | (0.0181) | (0.0423) | (0.0428) | (0.0533) | |
Observations | 32,640 | 32,640 | 32,640 | 32,640 | 29,800 |
Number of Students | 4,008 | 4,008 | 4,008 | 4,008 | 3,341 |
R-squared | 0.064 | 0.067 | 0.069 | 0.069 | 0.070 |
Notes: The omitted groups are Senior, Fifth-year Senior, Marine, Regimental Company, Academic Year 2017–2018, and April Drive.
Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.
OLS fixed effects regressions (full panel).
Variables | Donor (1) | Donor (2) | Donor (3) | Donor (4) | Donor (5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic & Physical Attributes: | |||||
Freshman | 0.0902*** | −0.0276 | −0.0273 | −0.0273 | −0.00940 |
(0.00811) | (0.0621) | (0.0622) | (0.0622) | (0.0759) | |
Sophomore | 0.0860*** | 0.00851 | 0.00879 | 0.00881 | 0.0212 |
(0.00665) | (0.0415) | (0.0416) | (0.0416) | (0.0508) | |
Junior | 0.0392*** | 0.000101 | 0.000297 | 0.000255 | 0.00449 |
(0.00556) | (0.0217) | (0.0217) | (0.0217) | (0.0264) | |
Fitness (Passed Test) | 0.0195*** | 0.0200*** | 0.0204*** | 0.0204*** | 0.0196** |
(0.00749) | (0.00746) | (0.00746) | (0.00746) | (0.00778) | |
Leadership Variables: | |||||
Ranker | 0.000934 | −0.00463 | −0.00398 | −0.00447 | −0.00445 |
(0.0213) | (0.0211) | (0.0211) | (0.0211) | (0.0211) | |
MaleRanker | −0.0252 | −0.0253 | −0.0256 | −0.0251 | −0.0252 |
(0.0220) | (0.0218) | (0.0217) | (0.0218) | (0.0217) | |
Pursuing A Military Career | 0.133*** | 0.121*** | 0.122*** | 0.122*** | 0.123*** |
(0.0369) | (0.0370) | (0.0375) | (0.0377) | (0.0378) | |
Background & Behavioral: | |||||
NCAA Athlete | −0.0818*** | −0.0844*** | −0.0838*** | −0.0839*** | −0.0901*** |
(0.0160) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | (0.0160) | (0.0163) | |
Out-of-State Student | 0.224 | 0.226 | 0.226 | 0.226 | 0.226 |
(0.172) | (0.172) | (0.172) | (0.172) | (0.172) | |
Demerits Accrued | 0.000407** | 0.000341* | 0.000342* | 0.000343** | 0.000344* |
(0.000176) | (0.000175) | (0.000175) | (0.000175) | (0.000184) | |
GPA (Above Average) | −0.0579** | −0.0528* | −0.0530* | −0.0514* | −0.0513* |
(0.0289) | (0.0286) | (0.0286) | (0.0288) | (0.0288) | |
Roommate (Donor) | 0.0923*** | 0.0914*** | 0.0914*** | 0.0914*** | 0.0912*** |
(0.00506) | (0.00504) | (0.00505) | (0.00505) | (0.00525) | |
Blood Drive Characteristics: | |||||
Drive – VA Blood Services | 0.0204*** | 0.0229*** | 0.0228*** | 0.0229*** | 0.0267*** |
(0.00331) | (0.00331) | (0.00331) | (0.00331) | (0.00348) | |
September Drive | 0.0730*** | 0.0654*** | 0.0654*** | 0.0654*** | 0.0675*** |
(0.00533) | (0.00548) | (0.00548) | (0.00549) | (0.00568) | |
December Drive | 0.0390*** | 0.0318*** | 0.0319*** | 0.0318*** | 0.0369*** |
(0.00507) | (0.00524) | (0.00524) | (0.00525) | (0.00543) | |
February Drive | 0.0295*** | 0.0252*** | 0.0252*** | 0.0252*** | 0.0310*** |
(0.00465) | (0.00472) | (0.00472) | (0.00472) | (0.00507) | |
AY 2012–2013 | 0.164 | 0.164 | 0.164 | 0.133 | |
(0.101) | (0.101) | (0.101) | (0.124) | ||
AY 2013–2014 | 0.169** | 0.169** | 0.169** | 0.147 | |
(0.0817) | (0.0818) | (0.0818) | (0.0999) | ||
AY 2014–2015 | 0.113* | 0.113* | 0.113* | 0.0958 | |
(0.0615) | (0.0615) | (0.0615) | (0.0749) | ||
AY 2015–2016 | 0.0484 | 0.0488 | 0.0489 | 0.0369 | |
(0.0416) | (0.0416) | (0.0416) | (0.0503) | ||
AY 2016–2017 | 0.0254 | 0.0258 | 0.0259 | 0.0201 | |
(0.0219) | (0.0219) | (0.0219) | (0.0261) | ||
Major Field Controls: | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
ROTC Controls: | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
Corps Controls: | No | No | No | No | Yes |
Constant | −0.101 | −0.106 | −0.0509 | −0.146 | −0.136 |
(0.0727) | (0.0743) | (0.115) | (0.122) | (0.123) | |
Observations | 32,640 | 32,640 | 32,640 | 32,640 | 29,800 |
R-squared | 0.041 | 0.044 | 0.044 | 0.044 | 0.046 |
Number of Students | 4,008 | 4,008 | 4,008 | 4,008 | 3,341 |
Notes: The omitted groups are Senior, Fifth-year Senior, Marine, Regimental Company, Academic Year 2017–2018, and April Drive.
Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1
Comparisons of fixed effects models – OLS and logit (reduced panel).
Variables | OLS (1) | Logit (1) Marginal Effects | OLS (2) | Logit (2) Marginal Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|
Freshman | 0.149*** | 0.109*** | 0.00666 | 0.0316 |
(0.0125) | (0.0229) | (0.1000) | (0.0551) | |
Sophomore | 0.141*** | 0.102*** | 0.0474 | 0.0516 |
(0.0111) | (0.0217) | (0.0674) | (0.0397) | |
Junior | 0.0682*** | 0.0525*** | 0.0202 | 0.0269 |
(0.00993) | (0.0123) | (0.0356) | (0.0211) | |
Fitness (Passed Test) | 0.0335*** | 0.0239*** | 0.0340*** | 0.0249*** |
(0.0120) | (0.00763) | (0.0119) | (0.00802) | |
Ranker | −0.0168 | −0.0106 | −0.0198 | −0.0126 |
(0.0369) | (0.0211) | (0.0366) | (0.0219) | |
MaleRanker | −0.0268 | −0.0204 | −0.0292 | −0.0237 |
(0.0382) | (0.0221) | (0.0379) | (0.0231) | |
Pursuing A Military Career | 0.239*** | 0.156*** | 0.220*** | 0.148*** |
(0.0698) | (0.0381) | (0.0700) | (0.0379) | |
NCAA Athlete | −0.134*** | −0.0906*** | −0.139*** | −0.0976*** |
(0.0258) | (0.0238) | (0.0258) | (0.0260) | |
Out-of-State Student | 0.239 | 0.0915 | 0.249 | 0.0999 |
(0.220) | (0.0875) | (0.218) | (0.0896) | |
Demerits Accrued | 0.000733** | 0.000469*** | 0.000660** | 0.000417** |
(0.000287) | (0.000176) | (0.000285) | (0.000179) | |
GPA (Above Average) | −0.112** | −0.0739* | −0.101** | −0.0689* |
(0.0467) | (0.0403) | (0.0461) | (0.0409) | |
Roommate (Donor) | 0.152*** | 0.0918*** | 0.150*** | 0.0934*** |
(0.00804) | (0.0194) | (0.00802) | (0.0206) | |
Drive – VA Blood Services | 0.0413*** | 0.0244*** | 0.0455*** | 0.0277*** |
(0.00589) | (0.00629) | (0.00589) | (0.00716) | |
AY 2012–2013 | 0.184 | 0.101 | ||
(0.163) | (0.0866) | |||
AY 2013–2014 | 0.215 | 0.120* | ||
(0.131) | (0.0707) | |||
AY 2014–2015 | 0.123 | 0.0748 | ||
(0.0984) | (0.0526) | |||
AY 2015–2016 | 0.0405 | 0.0184 | ||
(0.0665) | (0.0353) | |||
AY 2016–2017 | 0.0228 | 0.0112 | ||
(0.0348) | (0.0185) | |||
September Drive | 0.127*** | 0.0834*** | 0.116*** | 0.0780*** |
(0.00914) | (0.0176) | (0.00931) | (0.0173) | |
December Drive | 0.0647*** | 0.0477*** | 0.0534*** | 0.0413*** |
(0.00878) | (0.0109) | (0.00901) | (0.0103) | |
February Drive | 0.0558*** | 0.0386*** | 0.0479*** | 0.0353*** |
(0.00853) | (0.00957) | (0.00863) | (0.00944) | |
Constant | −0.108 | −0.0979 | ||
(0.0950) | (0.0962) | |||
Observations | 17,953 | 17,953 | 17,953 | 17,953 |
R-squared | 0.070 | 0.073 | ||
Number of Students | 1,817 | 1,817 | 1,817 | 1,817 |
Notes: The dependent variable is "Donor". The omitted groups are Senior, Fifth-year Senior, Marine, Regimental Company, Academic Year 2017–2018, and April Drive.
Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses for OLS fixed effects models (1) and (2).
Standard errors in parentheses for logit fixed effects models (1) and (2).
***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1
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