Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter June 21, 2019

To Be a Blood Donor or Not to Be? Investigating Institutional and Student Characteristics at a Military College

  • Bing Jiang EMAIL logo and Samuel K. Allen

Abstract

Using data from 21 voluntary blood drives over a five-year period, we establish connections between undergraduate students’ blood donation behaviors and their demographic, academic, leadership, and military characteristics at a military college in the United States. We find that blood donation participation rates for students at this military college are much higher than the national average for the 18- to 24-year-olds. Certain characteristics such as fitness, athletic status, academic performance, and intent to pursue a military career after graduation are significantly correlated with blood donation. We also find that college students’ blood donation behaviors may be influenced by their attitudes toward civic responsibility, time constraints, incentives, peer effects and the characteristics of blood collection agencies. This study provides new insights into individual characteristics that correlate with blood donation. It also highlights the role of unique military education and institutional characteristics in promoting better fitness, the pursuit of a military career, and selfless service among young people, all of which might help explain demonstrated higher blood donation participation than their peers elsewhere.

JEL Classification: D90; I12; I23; J18

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Monika Dickens for assistance in collecting blood donation data and the VMI Registrar’s Office for providing the student data. We are grateful for audiences at the Southern Economic Association conference and the Washington & Lee/VMI Economics Seminar where this paper was presented. In particular, we would like to thank Valentina Dimitrova-Grajzl, Xiaochun (Martin) Liu, and Traviss Cassidy for offering helpful suggestions. We especially appreciate our editor and two anonymous referees for reviewing our paper and providing constructive feedback. All errors are ours.

Appendix

A
Table 4:

Pooled OLS regressions (full panel).

VariablesDonor (1)Donor (2)Donor (3)Donor (4)Donor (5)
Demographic & Physical Attributes:
Male−0.0676***−0.0666***−0.0652***−0.0655***−0.0660***
(0.0143)(0.0142)(0.0144)(0.0144)(0.0153)
Non-White−0.0567***−0.0571***−0.0579***−0.0594***−0.0568***
(0.00888)(0.00892)(0.00894)(0.00901)(0.00962)
Freshman0.0788***0.0794***0.0801***0.0810***0.0689***
(0.00705)(0.00715)(0.00718)(0.00720)(0.00821)
Sophomore0.0991***0.102***0.103***0.103***0.0949***
(0.00658)(0.00663)(0.00663)(0.00664)(0.00728)
Junior0.0524***0.0546***0.0548***0.0550***0.0469***
(0.00553)(0.00554)(0.00553)(0.00554)(0.00616)
Fitness (Passed Test)−0.0276***−0.0273***−0.0276***−0.0282***−0.0303***
(0.00771)(0.00770)(0.00768)(0.00767)(0.00823)
Leadership Variables:
Ranker−0.0763***−0.0828***−0.0831***−0.0834***−0.0835***
(0.0215)(0.0216)(0.0215)(0.0216)(0.0222)
MaleRanker0.03480.03380.03400.03440.0327
(0.0221)(0.0221)(0.0220)(0.0221)(0.0226)
Pursuing a Military Career−0.0334***−0.0367***−0.0340***−0.0339***−0.0309***
(0.00755)(0.00778)(0.00779)(0.00779)(0.00839)
Background & Behavioral:
NCAA Athlete−0.0848***−0.0886***−0.0909***−0.0919***−0.0997***
(0.00771)(0.00790)(0.00818)(0.00830)(0.00858)
Out-of-State Student−0.0246***−0.0235***−0.0226***−0.0224***−0.0220***
(0.00688)(0.00689)(0.00694)(0.00697)(0.00740)
Demerits Accrued0.000605***0.000589***0.000571***0.000574***0.000643***
(0.000153)(0.000153)(0.000153)(0.000153)(0.000166)
GPA (Above Average)−0.0100−0.00848−0.00879−0.00849−0.0103
(0.00808)(0.00813)(0.00820)(0.00821)(0.00887)
Roommate (Donor)0.109***0.108***0.107***0.107***0.105***
(0.00559)(0.00558)(0.00556)(0.00556)(0.00573)
Blood Drive Characteristics:
Drive – VA Blood Services0.0195***0.0217***0.0217***0.0217***0.0254***
(0.00337)(0.00334)(0.00334)(0.00334)(0.00351)
September Drive0.0672***0.0529***0.0530***0.0530***0.0550***
(0.00533)(0.00549)(0.00549)(0.00549)(0.00569)
December Drive0.0357***0.0215***0.0216***0.0216***0.0263***
(0.00501)(0.00522)(0.00523)(0.00522)(0.00541)
February Drive0.0287***0.0250***0.0250***0.0251***0.0312***
(0.00474)(0.00474)(0.00474)(0.00474)(0.00510)
AY 2012–2013−0.0711***−0.0713***−0.0725***−0.0568***
(0.00906)(0.00911)(0.00909)(0.0116)
AY 2013–2014−0.000534−0.000722−0.001500.0104
(0.00954)(0.00956)(0.00954)(0.0108)
AY 2014–2015−0.00494−0.00526−0.00589−4.05e-05
(0.00846)(0.00844)(0.00843)(0.00893)
AY 2015–2016−0.0212***−0.0217***−0.0222***−0.0208***
(0.00751)(0.00754)(0.00756)(0.00763)
AY 2016–2017−0.0124*−0.0125*−0.0129*−0.0124*
(0.00716)(0.00716)(0.00717)(0.00718)
Major Field Controls:NoNoYesYesYes
ROTC Controls:NoNoNoYesYes
Corps Controls:NoNoNoNoYes
Constant0.155***0.178***0.348***0.352***0.319***
(0.0174)(0.0181)(0.0423)(0.0428)(0.0533)
Observations32,64032,64032,64032,64029,800
Number of Students4,0084,0084,0084,0083,341
R-squared0.0640.0670.0690.0690.070
  1. Notes: The omitted groups are Senior, Fifth-year Senior, Marine, Regimental Company, Academic Year 2017–2018, and April Drive.

  2. Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Table 5:

OLS fixed effects regressions (full panel).

VariablesDonor (1)Donor (2)Donor (3)Donor (4)Donor (5)
Demographic & Physical Attributes:
Freshman0.0902***−0.0276−0.0273−0.0273−0.00940
(0.00811)(0.0621)(0.0622)(0.0622)(0.0759)
Sophomore0.0860***0.008510.008790.008810.0212
(0.00665)(0.0415)(0.0416)(0.0416)(0.0508)
Junior0.0392***0.0001010.0002970.0002550.00449
(0.00556)(0.0217)(0.0217)(0.0217)(0.0264)
Fitness (Passed Test)0.0195***0.0200***0.0204***0.0204***0.0196**
(0.00749)(0.00746)(0.00746)(0.00746)(0.00778)
Leadership Variables:
Ranker0.000934−0.00463−0.00398−0.00447−0.00445
(0.0213)(0.0211)(0.0211)(0.0211)(0.0211)
MaleRanker−0.0252−0.0253−0.0256−0.0251−0.0252
(0.0220)(0.0218)(0.0217)(0.0218)(0.0217)
Pursuing A Military Career0.133***0.121***0.122***0.122***0.123***
(0.0369)(0.0370)(0.0375)(0.0377)(0.0378)
Background & Behavioral:
NCAA Athlete−0.0818***−0.0844***−0.0838***−0.0839***−0.0901***
(0.0160)(0.0160)(0.0160)(0.0160)(0.0163)
Out-of-State Student0.2240.2260.2260.2260.226
(0.172)(0.172)(0.172)(0.172)(0.172)
Demerits Accrued0.000407**0.000341*0.000342*0.000343**0.000344*
(0.000176)(0.000175)(0.000175)(0.000175)(0.000184)
GPA (Above Average)−0.0579**−0.0528*−0.0530*−0.0514*−0.0513*
(0.0289)(0.0286)(0.0286)(0.0288)(0.0288)
Roommate (Donor)0.0923***0.0914***0.0914***0.0914***0.0912***
(0.00506)(0.00504)(0.00505)(0.00505)(0.00525)
Blood Drive Characteristics:
Drive – VA Blood Services0.0204***0.0229***0.0228***0.0229***0.0267***
(0.00331)(0.00331)(0.00331)(0.00331)(0.00348)
September Drive0.0730***0.0654***0.0654***0.0654***0.0675***
(0.00533)(0.00548)(0.00548)(0.00549)(0.00568)
December Drive0.0390***0.0318***0.0319***0.0318***0.0369***
(0.00507)(0.00524)(0.00524)(0.00525)(0.00543)
February Drive0.0295***0.0252***0.0252***0.0252***0.0310***
(0.00465)(0.00472)(0.00472)(0.00472)(0.00507)
AY 2012–20130.1640.1640.1640.133
(0.101)(0.101)(0.101)(0.124)
AY 2013–20140.169**0.169**0.169**0.147
(0.0817)(0.0818)(0.0818)(0.0999)
AY 2014–20150.113*0.113*0.113*0.0958
(0.0615)(0.0615)(0.0615)(0.0749)
AY 2015–20160.04840.04880.04890.0369
(0.0416)(0.0416)(0.0416)(0.0503)
AY 2016–20170.02540.02580.02590.0201
(0.0219)(0.0219)(0.0219)(0.0261)
Major Field Controls:NoNoYesYesYes
ROTC Controls:NoNoNoYesYes
Corps Controls:NoNoNoNoYes
Constant−0.101−0.106−0.0509−0.146−0.136
(0.0727)(0.0743)(0.115)(0.122)(0.123)
Observations32,64032,64032,64032,64029,800
R-squared0.0410.0440.0440.0440.046
Number of Students4,0084,0084,0084,0083,341
  1. Notes: The omitted groups are Senior, Fifth-year Senior, Marine, Regimental Company, Academic Year 2017–2018, and April Drive.

  2. Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

Table 6:

Comparisons of fixed effects models – OLS and logit (reduced panel).

VariablesOLS (1)Logit (1) Marginal EffectsOLS (2)Logit (2) Marginal Effects
Freshman0.149***0.109***0.006660.0316
(0.0125)(0.0229)(0.1000)(0.0551)
Sophomore0.141***0.102***0.04740.0516
(0.0111)(0.0217)(0.0674)(0.0397)
Junior0.0682***0.0525***0.02020.0269
(0.00993)(0.0123)(0.0356)(0.0211)
Fitness (Passed Test)0.0335***0.0239***0.0340***0.0249***
(0.0120)(0.00763)(0.0119)(0.00802)
Ranker−0.0168−0.0106−0.0198−0.0126
(0.0369)(0.0211)(0.0366)(0.0219)
MaleRanker−0.0268−0.0204−0.0292−0.0237
(0.0382)(0.0221)(0.0379)(0.0231)
Pursuing A Military Career0.239***0.156***0.220***0.148***
(0.0698)(0.0381)(0.0700)(0.0379)
NCAA Athlete−0.134***−0.0906***−0.139***−0.0976***
(0.0258)(0.0238)(0.0258)(0.0260)
Out-of-State Student0.2390.09150.2490.0999
(0.220)(0.0875)(0.218)(0.0896)
Demerits Accrued0.000733**0.000469***0.000660**0.000417**
(0.000287)(0.000176)(0.000285)(0.000179)
GPA (Above Average)−0.112**−0.0739*−0.101**−0.0689*
(0.0467)(0.0403)(0.0461)(0.0409)
Roommate (Donor)0.152***0.0918***0.150***0.0934***
(0.00804)(0.0194)(0.00802)(0.0206)
Drive – VA Blood Services0.0413***0.0244***0.0455***0.0277***
(0.00589)(0.00629)(0.00589)(0.00716)
AY 2012–20130.1840.101
(0.163)(0.0866)
AY 2013–20140.2150.120*
(0.131)(0.0707)
AY 2014–20150.1230.0748
(0.0984)(0.0526)
AY 2015–20160.04050.0184
(0.0665)(0.0353)
AY 2016–20170.02280.0112
(0.0348)(0.0185)
September Drive0.127***0.0834***0.116***0.0780***
(0.00914)(0.0176)(0.00931)(0.0173)
December Drive0.0647***0.0477***0.0534***0.0413***
(0.00878)(0.0109)(0.00901)(0.0103)
February Drive0.0558***0.0386***0.0479***0.0353***
(0.00853)(0.00957)(0.00863)(0.00944)
Constant−0.108−0.0979
(0.0950)(0.0962)
Observations17,95317,95317,95317,953
R-squared0.0700.073
Number of Students1,8171,8171,8171,817
  1. Notes: The dependent variable is "Donor". The omitted groups are Senior, Fifth-year Senior, Marine, Regimental Company, Academic Year 2017–2018, and April Drive.

  2. Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses for OLS fixed effects models (1) and (2).

  3. Standard errors in parentheses for logit fixed effects models (1) and (2).

  4. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

References

Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton. 2000. “Economics and Identity.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (3): 715–53.10.1162/003355300554881Search in Google Scholar

Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton. 2002. “Identity and Schooling: Some Lessons for the Economics of Education.” Journal of Economic Literature 40 (4): 1167–201.10.1257/.40.4.1167Search in Google Scholar

Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton. 2005. “Identity and the Economics of Organizations.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (1): 9–32.10.1257/0895330053147930Search in Google Scholar

Akerlof, George A., and Rachel E. Kranton. 2010. Identity Economics: How Our Identity Shapes Our Work, Wages, and Well-Being. Princeton, New Jersey; Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400834181Search in Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, and Paola Giuliano. 2015. “Culture and Institutions.” Journal of Economic Literature 53 (4): 898–944.10.1257/jel.53.4.898Search in Google Scholar

Ariely, Dan, Anat Bracha, and Stephan Meier. 2009. “Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially.” American Economic Review 99 (1): 544–55.10.1257/aer.99.1.544Search in Google Scholar

Baldassarri, Delia, and Guy Grossman. 2013. “The Effect of Group Attachment and Social Position on Prosocial Behavior. Evidence from Lab-In-The-Field Experiments.” PLoS ONE 8 (3): e58750.10.1371/journal.pone.0058750Search in Google Scholar

Balke, Bruno, G. P. Grillo, E. B. Konecci, and U. C. Luft. 1954. “Work Capacity after Blood Donation.” Journal of Applied Physiology 7 (3): 231–38.10.1152/jappl.1954.7.3.231Search in Google Scholar

Becker, Gary S. 1974. “A Theory of Social Interactions.” Journal of Political Economy 82 (6): 1063–93.10.1086/260265Search in Google Scholar

Ben-Ner, Avner, Brian P. McCall, Massoud Stephane, and Hua Wang. 2009. “Identity and In-Group/Out-Group Differentiation in Work and Giving Behaviors: Experimental Evidence.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 72 (1): 153–70.10.1016/j.jebo.2009.05.007Search in Google Scholar

Binzel, Christine, and Dietmar Fehr. 2013. “Social Distance and Trust: Experimental Evidence from a Slum in Cairo.” Journal of Development Economics 103: 99–106.10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.01.009Search in Google Scholar

Boe, Gerard P. 1977. “A Descriptive Characterization and Comparison of Blood Donors and Non-Donors in A Community Blood Program.” Dissertation Abstracts International 37 (8): 3879.Search in Google Scholar

Boe, Gerard P., and Leonard D. Ponder. 1981. “Blood Donors and Non-Donors: A Review of the Research.” The American Journal of Medical Technology 47 (4): 248–53.Search in Google Scholar

Boe, Gerard P., and J. M. Timmens. 1966. “A Study of Blood Donor Motivation.” Military Medicine 131 (5): 447.10.1093/milmed/131.5.447Search in Google Scholar

Borgonovi, Francesca, and Koji Miyamoto. 2010. “Education and Civic and Social Engagement.” In Improving Health and Social Cohesion through Education, 65–110. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/improving-health-and-social-cohesion-through-education/education-and-civic-and-social-engagement_9789264086319-5-en.10.1787/9789264086319-5-enSearch in Google Scholar

Camerer, Colin F. 2011. Behavioral Game Theory: Experiments in Strategic Interaction. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Campbell, David E. 2006. Why We Vote: How Schools and Communities Shape Our Civic Life. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Candelo, Natalia, Catherine Eckel, and Cathleen Johnson. 2018. “Social Distance Matters in Dictator Games: Evidence from 11 Mexican Villages.” Games 9 (4): 77.10.3390/g9040077Search in Google Scholar

Chamla, J. H., L. S. Leland, and Kevin Walsh. 2006. “Eliciting Repeat Blood Donations: Tell Early Career Donors Why Their Blood Type Is Special and More Will Give Again.” Vox Sanguinis 90 (4): 302–07.10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00756.xSearch in Google Scholar

Charness, Gary, and Uri Gneezy. 2008. “What’s in a Name? Anonymity and Social Distance in Dictator and Ultimatum Games.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 68 (1): 29–35.10.1016/j.jebo.2008.03.001Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Yan, and Sherry Xin Li. 2009. “Group Identity and Social Preferences.” American Economic Review 99 (1): 431–57.10.1257/aer.99.1.431Search in Google Scholar

Chliaoutakis, Joannes, Deanna J. Trakas, Fotini Socrataki, Chrysoula Lemonidou, and Dimitris Papaioannou. 1994. “Blood Donor Behaviour in Greece: Implications for Health Policy.” Social Science & Medicine 38 (10): 1461–67.10.1016/0277-9536(94)90284-4Search in Google Scholar

Chuan, Amanda, and Anya Savikhin Samek. 2014. ““Feel the Warmth” Glow: A Field Experiment on Manipulating the Act of Giving.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 108: 198–211.10.1016/j.jebo.2014.09.011Search in Google Scholar

Cox, J. C., and W. H. Orman. 2015. “Trust and Trustworthiness of Immigrants and Native-Born Americans.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 57 (1): 1–8.10.1016/j.socec.2015.03.008Search in Google Scholar

Deci, Edward L. 1971. “Effects of Externally Mediated Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 18 (1): 105.10.1037/h0030644Search in Google Scholar

Dee, Thomas S. 2004. “Are There Civic Returns to Education?” Journal of Public Economics 88 (9–10): 1697–720.10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.11.002Search in Google Scholar

Dee, Thomas S. 2010. “Education and Civic Engagement,” in Economics of Education, edited by B. McGaw, P. Peterson, and E. Baker. Amsterdam: Elsevier. International Encyclopedia of Education vol. 8 Set, 3rd ed., edited by D.J. Brewer and P.J. McEwan.10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01228-8Search in Google Scholar

Dobbie, Will, and Roland G. Fryer, Jr. 2015. “The Impact of Voluntary Youth Service on Future Outcomes: Evidence from Teach for America.” The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 15 (3): 1031–65.10.1515/bejeap-2014-0187Search in Google Scholar

Elster, Jon. 1990. “Selfishness and Altruism.” In Beyond Self-Interest, edited by J.J. Mansbridge, 44–52. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar

Evans, Roy, and Eamonn Ferguson. 2014. “Defining and Measuring Blood Donor Altruism: A Theoretical Approach from Biology, Economics and Psychology.” Vox Sanguinis 106 (2): 118–26.10.1111/vox.12080Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, Eamonn, Femke Atsma, Wim De Kort, and Ingrid Veldhuizen. 2012. “Exploring the Pattern of Blood Donor Beliefs in First‐Time, Novice, and Experienced Donors: Differentiating Reluctant Altruism, Pure Altruism, Impure Altruism, and Warm Glow.” Transfusion 52 (2): 343–55.10.1111/j.1537-2995.2011.03279.xSearch in Google Scholar

Gillespie, Theresa W., and Christopher D. Hillyer. 2002. “Blood Donors and Factors Impacting the Blood Donation Decision.” Transfusion Medicine Reviews 16 (2): 115–30.10.1053/tmrv.2002.31461Search in Google Scholar

Glynn, Simone A., Steven H. Kleinman, George B. Schreiber, Thomas Zuck, Suzanne Mc Combs, James Bethel, George Garratty, and Alan E. Williams. 2002. “Motivations to Donate Blood: Demographic Comparisons.” Transfusion 42 (2): 216–25.10.1046/j.1537-2995.2002.00008.xSearch in Google Scholar

Glynn, Simone A., Alan E. Williams, Catharie C. Nass, James Bethel, Debra Kessler, P. Edward, Joy Fridey Scott, Steven H. Kleinman, and George B. Schreiber. 2003. “Attitudes toward Blood Donation Incentives in the United States: Implications for Donor Recruitment.” Transfusion 43 (1): 7–16.10.1046/j.1537-2995.2003.00252.xSearch in Google Scholar

Goette, Lorenz, David Huffman, and Stephan Meier. 2006. “The Impact of Group Membership on Cooperation and Norm Enforcement: Evidence Using Random Assignment to Real Social Groups.” American Economic Review 96 (2): 212–16.10.1257/000282806777211658Search in Google Scholar

Goette, Lorenz, Alois Stutzer, and Beat M. Frey. 2010. “Prosocial Motivation and Blood Donations: A Survey of the Empirical Literature.” Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 37 (3): 149–54.10.1159/000314737Search in Google Scholar

Healy, Kieran. 2000. “Embedded Altruism: Blood Collection Regimes and the European Union’s Donor Population.” American Journal of Sociology 105 (6): 1633–57.10.1086/210468Search in Google Scholar

Henrich, Joseph. 2015. “Culture and Social Behavior.” Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 3 (1): 84–89.10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.02.001Search in Google Scholar

Henrich, Joseph, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, Herbert Gintis, and Richard McElreath. 2001. “In Search of Homo Economicus: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies.” American Economic Review 91 (2): 73–78.10.1257/aer.91.2.73Search in Google Scholar

Henrich, Joseph, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin Camerer, Ernst Fehr, Herbert Gintis, Richard McElreath, et al. 2005. “’Economic Man’ in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28 (6): 795–815.10.1017/S0140525X05000142Search in Google Scholar

Karacan, Eda, Guldane Cengiz Seval, Zeynep Aktan, Meltem Ayli, and Refia Palabiyikoglu. 2013. “Blood Donors and Factors Impacting the Blood Donation Decision: Motives for Donating Blood in Turkish Sample.” Transfusion and Apheresis Science 49 (3): 468–73.10.1016/j.transci.2013.04.044Search in Google Scholar

Lemmens, K. P. H., C. Abraham, T. Hoekstra, R. A. C. Ruiter, W. L. A. M. De Kort, J. Brug, and H. P. Schaalma. 2005. “Why Don’t Young People Volunteer to Give Blood? an Investigation of the Correlates of Donation Intentions among Young Nondonors.” Transfusion 45 (6): 945–55.10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.04379.xSearch in Google Scholar

Lepper, Mark R., David Greene, and Richard E. Nisbett. 1973. “Undermining Children’s Intrinsic Interest with Extrinsic Reward: A Test of the ‘Overjustification’ Hypothesis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 28 (1): 129.10.1037/h0035519Search in Google Scholar

List, John A., and Anya C. Samak. 2013. “Exploring the Origins of Charitable Acts: Evidence from an Artefactual Field Experiment with Young Children.” Economics Letters 118 (3): 431–34.10.1016/j.econlet.2012.11.014Search in Google Scholar

London, P., and B. M. Hemphill. 1965. “The Motivation of Blood Donors.” Transfusion 5: 559–68.10.1111/j.1537-2995.1965.tb01206.xSearch in Google Scholar

Masser, Barbara M., Katherine M. White, Melissa K. Hyde, Deborah J. Terry, and Natalie G. Robinson. 2009. “Predicting Blood Donation Intentions and Behavior among Australian Blood Donors: Testing an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model.” Transfusion 49 (2): 320–29.10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01981.xSearch in Google Scholar

Matthews, Michael D., Jarle Eid, Dennis Kelly, Jennifer KS Bailey, and Christopher Peterson. 2006. “Character Strengths and Virtues of Developing Military Leaders: An International Comparison.” Military Psychology 18: 57–68.10.1207/s15327876mp1803s_5Search in Google Scholar

Norenzayan, A., and A. Shariff. 2008. “The Origin and Evolution of Religious Prosociality.” Science 322 (1): 58–62.10.1126/science.1158757Search in Google Scholar

Nunn, Nathan. 2012. “Culture and the Historical Process.” Economic History of Developing Regions 27 (sup1): S108–S126.10.1080/20780389.2012.664864Search in Google Scholar

O’Brien, Sheila F. 2006. “Donor Research: The Foundation for a Healthy Blood Supply.” Transfusion 46 (7): 1069–71.10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00887.xSearch in Google Scholar

Oborne, David J., and S. Bradley. 1975. “Blood Donor and Nondonor Motivation: A Transnational Replication.” Journal of Applied Psychology 60 (3): 409–10.10.1037/h0076590Search in Google Scholar

Oswalt, Robert M. 1977. “A Review of Blood Donor Motivation and Recruitment.” Transfusion 17 (2): 123–35.10.1046/j.1537-2995.1977.17277151916.xSearch in Google Scholar

Otto, Philipp E., and Friedel Bolle. 2011. “Multiple Facets of Altruism and Their Influence on Blood Donation.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 40 (5): 558–63.10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.010Search in Google Scholar

Perez-Truglia, Ricardo. 2018. “Markets, Trust and Cultural Biases Evidence from eBay.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 72 (1): 17–27.10.1016/j.socec.2017.11.004Search in Google Scholar

Peterson, Christopher, and Martin EP Seligman. 2004. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, vol. 1. Washington, DC: APA Press and Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Piliavin, Jane Allyn. 1990. “Why Do They Give the Gift of Life? A Review of Research on Blood Donors since 1977.” Transfusion 30 (5): 444–59.10.1046/j.1537-2995.1990.30590296381.xSearch in Google Scholar

Piliavin, Jane Allyn, and Peter L. Callero. 1991. Giving Blood: The Development of an Altruistic Identity. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Roth, Alvin, Vesna Prasnikar, Masahiro Okuno-Fujiwara, and Shmuel Zamir. 1991. “Bargaining and Market Behavior in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh and Tokyo: An Experimental Study.” American Economic Review 81 (1): 1068–95.Search in Google Scholar

Sojka, B. Nilsson, and Peter Sojka. 2008. “The Blood Donation Experience: Self‐Reported Motives and Obstacles for Donating Blood.” Vox Sanguinis 94 (1): 56–63.10.1111/j.1423-0410.2007.00990.xSearch in Google Scholar

Stutzer, Alois, Lorenz Goette, and Michael Zehnder. 2011. “Active Decisions and Prosocial Behaviour: A Field Experiment on Blood Donation.” The Economic Journal 121 (556): F476–F493.10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02477.xSearch in Google Scholar

Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In The Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by W.G. Austin, and S. Worchel, 33–47. Monteray: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.Search in Google Scholar

Titmuss, Richard M. 1971. The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, New York: Pantheon Books.Search in Google Scholar

Upton, W. E. 1973. “Altruism, Attribution and Intrinsic Motivation in the Recruitment of Blood Donors.” Doctoral diss., Cornell University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 34B.Search in Google Scholar

Veldhuizen, I. J. T., C. J. M. Doggen, F. Atsma, and W. L. A. M. De Kort. 2009. “Donor Profiles: Demographic Factors and Their Influence on the Donor Career.” Vox Sanguinis 97 (2): 129–38.10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01201.xSearch in Google Scholar

Whitt, S., and R. K. Wilson. 2007. “The Dictator Game, Fairness and Ethnicity in Postwar Bosnia.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (1): 655–68.10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00273.xSearch in Google Scholar

Wildman, John, and Bruce Hollingsworth. 2009. “Blood Donation and the Nature of Altruism.” Journal of Health Economics 28 (2): 492–503.10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.11.005Search in Google Scholar

Zillmer, E. A., R. A. Glidden, L. M. Honaker, and J. D. Meyer. 1989. “Mood States in the Volunteer Blood Donor.” Transfusion 29 (1): 27–30.10.1046/j.1537-2995.1989.29189101159.xSearch in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2019-06-21

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 24.9.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/bejeap-2018-0104/html
Scroll to top button