Abstract
The suitability of the cyanolichen Peltigera praetextata (Sommerf.) Zopf as indicator of the effects of air pollution around a cement industry was investigated. For this purpose, lichen samples taken from an unpolluted site were exposed for 1–6 months at selected sites (a cement mill, two quarries, inhabited and agricultural sites) in SW Slovakia: physiological parameters and ultrastructural features were examined prior and after exposure. The responses of P. praetextata were then compared with those of the green-algal lichens Evernia prunastri and Xanthoria parietina co-located at the same sites. The performance of the cyanobacterial photobiont of P. praetextata (as reflected by the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry FV/FM and by the performance index PIABS) was negatively influenced mainly by the length of exposure in the urban and agricultural sites and less by dust pollution around the cement mill and the quarries. A significant increase in membrane lipid peroxidation products reflected the effects of oxidative stresses in all sites. The alteration of the content of water soluble proteins was detected in the samples exposed around the cement mill, while dehydrogenase activity did not show any significant pattern. Similarly to green algal lichens, ultrastructural alterations featured lipid droplets increase, swelling of cellular components, thylakoid degeneration and sometimes plasmolysis, which on the whole gave the cells an aged appearance, especially in the urban and agricultural sites. On the whole, E. prunastri confirmed to be the most sensitive to dust pollution, P. praetextata was likely influenced by microclimatic conditions and habitat eutrophication and X. parietina was the most resistant. When compared with green-algal lichens, P. praetextata was not the best indicator of the effects of cement dust pollution.
Acknowledgements
Research was carried out in the framework of the project Center of excellence for protection and use of landscape and for biodiversity ITMS 26240120014 financed by European Fund for Regional Development under the Operational programme Research and Development (002/2009/4.1/OPVaV).
References
Ali M.B., Saidur R. & Hossain M.S. 2011. A review on emission analysis in cement industries. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 15: 2252–2261.10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.014Search in Google Scholar
Bačkor M. & Fahselt D. 2005. Tetrazolium reduction as an indicator of environmental stress in lichens and isolated bionts. Environ. Exp. Bot. 53: 125–133.10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.03.007Search in Google Scholar
Bačkor M. & Loppi S. 2009. Interactions of lichens with heavy metals. Biol. Plantarum 53: 214–222.10.1007/s10535-009-0042-ySearch in Google Scholar
Bačkor M., Klejdus B., Vantová I. & Kováčik J. 2009. Physiological adaptations in the lichens Peltigera rufescens and Cladina arbuscula var. mitis, and the moss Racomitrium lanuginosum to copper-rich substrate. Chemosphere 76: 1340–1343.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.029Search in Google Scholar
Ballan-Dufran¸cais C., Marcaillou C. & Amiard-Triquet C. 1991. Response of the phytoplanctonic alga Tetraselmis suecica to copper and silver exposure: vesicular metal bioaccumulation and lack of starch bodies. Biol. Cell 72: 103–112.10.1016/0248-4900(91)90084-ZSearch in Google Scholar
Bealey W.J., Long S., Spurgeon D.J., Leith I. & Cape J.N. 2008. Review and implementation study of biomonitoring for assessment of air quality outcomes. Science Report SC030175/SR2. Environment Agency, Bristol, pp. 1–170.Search in Google Scholar
Bluvshtein N., Mahrer Y., Sandler A. & Rytwo G. 2011. Evaluating the impact of a limestone quarry on suspended and accumulated dust. Atmos. Environ. 45: 1732–1739.10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.055Search in Google Scholar
Bradford M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248–254.10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3Search in Google Scholar
Branquinho C., Brown D.H., Maguas C. & Catarino F. 1997. Lead (Pb) uptake and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence in different lichen species. Environ. Exp. Bot. 37: 95–105.10.1016/S0098-8472(96)01038-6Search in Google Scholar
Branquinho C., Gaio-Oliveira G., Augusto S., Pinho P., Máguas C. & Correia O. 2008. Biomonitoring spatial and temporal impact of atmospheric dust from a cement industry. Environ. Pollut. 151: 292–299.10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Campbell D., Hurry V., Clarke A.K., Gustafsson P. & ¨Oquist G. 1998. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of cyanobacterial photosynthesis and acclimation. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R. 62: 667–683.10.1128/MMBR.62.3.667-683.1998Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Dahlman L., Nasholm T. & Palmqvist K. 2002. Growth, nitrogen uptake, and resource allocation in the two tripartite lichens Nephroma arcticum and Peltigera aphthosa during nitrogen stress. New Phytol. 153: 307–315.10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00321.xSearch in Google Scholar
Degola F., De Benedictis M., Petraglia A., Massimi A., Fattorini L., Sorbo S., Basile A. & Sanitŕ di Toppi L. 2014. A Cd/Fe/Zn-responsive phytochelatin synthase is constitutively present in the ancient liverwort Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. Plant Cell. Physiol. 55: 1884–1891.10.1093/pcp/pcu117Search in Google Scholar
Farmer A.M. 1993. The effects of dust on vegetation – A review. Environ. Pollut. 79: 63–75.10.1016/0269-7491(93)90179-RSearch in Google Scholar
Gadd G.M. 1993. Interactions of fungi with toxic metals. New Phytol. 124: 25–60.10.1007/978-1-4899-0981-7_28Search in Google Scholar
Gallo L., Corapi A., Loppi S. & Lucadamo L. 2014. Element concentrations in the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf transplanted around a cement factory (S Italy), Ecol. Indic. 46: 566–574.10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.07.029Search in Google Scholar
Garty J., Karary Y. & Harel J. 1993. The impact of air pollution on the integrity of cell membranes and chlorophyll in the lichen Ramalina duriaei (De Not.) Bagl. transplanted to industrial sites in Israel. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 455–460.10.1007/BF01146161Search in Google Scholar
Jensen M. & Kricke R. 2002. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in the field: assessment of the vitality of large numbers of lichen thalli, pp. 327–332. In: Nimis P.L., Scheidegger C. & Wolseley P. (eds), Monitoring with Lichens: Monitoring Lichens. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.10.1007/978-94-010-0423-7_29Search in Google Scholar
Lucadamo L., Corapi A., Loppi S., Paoli L. & Gallo L. 2015. Spatial variation of eco-physiological parameters in the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea transplanted in an area surrounding a cement plant (S Italy). Environ. Monit. Assess. 187: 500. DOI 10.1007/s10661-015-4712-210.1007/s10661-015-4712-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Munzi S., Triggiani D., Ceccarelli D., Climati E., Tiezzi A., Pisani T., Paoli L. & Loppi S. 2014. Antiproliferative activity of three lichen species belonging to the genus Peltigera. Plant Biosyst. 148: 83–87.10.1080/11263504.2012.760015Search in Google Scholar
Nassiri Y., Mansot J.L., Wéry J., Ginsburger-Vogel T. & Amiard J.C. 1997. Ultrastructural and electron energy loss spectroscopy studies of sequestration mechanisms of Cd and Cu in the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33: 147–155.10.1007/s002449900236Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Paoli L., Fiorini E., Munzi S., Sorbo S., Basile A. & Loppi S 2013. Antimony toxicity in the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. Chemosphere 93: 2269–2275.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.082Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Paoli L., Guttová A., Grassi A., Lackovičová A., Senko D. & Loppi S. 2014. Biological effects of airborne pollutants released during cement production assessed with lichens (SW Slovakia). Ecol. Indic. 40: 127–135.10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.011Search in Google Scholar
Paoli L., Guttová A., Grassi A., Lackovičová A., Senko D., Sorbo S., Basile A. & Loppi S. 2015. Ecophysiological and ultrastructural effects of dust pollution in lichens exposed around a cement plant (SW Slovakia) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22: 15891–15902.10.1007/s11356-015-4807-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Paoli L., Pisani T., Munzi S., Gaggi C. & Loppi S. 2010. Influence of sun irradiance and water availability on lichen photosynthetic pigments during aMediterranean summer. Biologia 65: 776–783.10.2478/s11756-010-0087-6Search in Google Scholar
Paoli L., Winkler A., Guttová A., Sagnotti L., Grassi A., Lackovičová A., Senko D. & Loppi S. 2016. Magnetic properties and element concentrations in lichens exposed to airborne pollutants released during cement production (SW Slovakia). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6203-610.1007/s11356-016-6203-6Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Pirintsos S.A., Paoli L., Loppi S. & Kotzabasis K. 2011. Photosynthetic performance of lichen transplants as early indicator of climatic stress along an altitudinal gradient in the arid Mediterranean area. Clim. Change 107: 305–328.10.1007/s10584-010-9989-0Search in Google Scholar
Rovira J., Mari M., Schuhmacher M., Nadal M. & Domingo J.L. 2011. Monitoring environmental pollutants in the vicinity of a cement plant: a temporal study. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60: 372–384.10.1007/s00244-010-9628-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Schuhmacher M., Domingo J.L. & Garreta J. 2004. Pollutants emitted by a cement plant: health risks for the population living in the neighborhood. Environ. Res. 95: 198–206.10.1016/j.envres.2003.08.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Schwartzman R.A. & Cidlowski J.A. 1993. Apoptosis: The biochemistry and molecular biology programmed cell death. Endocr. Rev. 14: 133–151.10.1210/edrv-14-2-133Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tarhanen S. 1998 Ultrastructural responses of the lichen Bryoria fuscescens to simulated acid rain and heavy metal deposition. Ann. Bot., London 82: 735–746.10.1006/anbo.1998.0734Search in Google Scholar
Turnau K., Kottke I. & Oberwinkler F. 1993. Paxillus involutus–Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizae from heavily polluted forest. I. Element localization using electron energy loss spectroscopy and imaging. Bot. Acta 106: 213–219.10.1111/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00742.xSearch in Google Scholar
© 2016 Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences