Abstract
The staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element can carry resistance genes to antibiotics, disinfectants, and heavy metals, contributing to the survival of strains in the environment and causing difficulties in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci, which is of particular clinical significance, is encoded by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). Despite the importance of the SCC element and description of multiple nucleotide sequences, the information about its origin and evolution is still scarce. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of SCC elements that is unique in the use of whole SCC sequences. A phylogenetic tree for a noteworthy number of 81 SCC elements based on global sequence alignment was constructed. The SCC clustering did not reflect the genetic relationships of bacteria containing the SCC elements, but was done according to type, determined by the combination of mec gene complex class and ccr gene complex type. The results emphasise the horizontal gene transfer as a means of spread of SCC elements in bacterial strains. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of SCC emergence, evolution, and dissemination.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a grant from the Czech Science Foundation (GP13-05069P). Access to computing and storage facilities owned by parties and projects contributing to the National Grid Infrastructure MetaCentrum, provided under the programme “Projects of Large Infrastructure for Research, Development, and Innovations” (LM2010005), is greatly appreciated. We thank Eva Kodytková for her valuable help with this manuscript.
Abbreviations
- ACME
arginine catabolic mobile element
- CA-MRSA
community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- CC
clonal complex
- ccr
chromosome cassette recombinase
- CoNS
coagulase-negative staphylococci
- HA-MRSA
hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- HGT
horizontal gene transfer
- LCB
locally collinear block
- MGE
mobile genetic element
- MLST
multilocus sequence typing
- MRSA
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- MSSA
methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
- SCC
staphylococcal cassette chromosome
- SCCmec
staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec
- ST
sequence type
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