Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter January 30, 2015

Spatial and temporal variability of seagrass at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef

  • Megan I. Saunders

    Megan I. Saunders is a research fellow in the Global Change Institute and Marine Spatial Ecology Lab at The University of Queensland, Australia. Her interests include the effects of human stressors on coastal marine ecosystems and conservation ecology of seagrass meadows, coral reefs, mangroves and kelp beds.

    EMAIL logo
    , Elisa Bayraktarov

    Elisa Bayraktarov is a research fellow in the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research interests include ecology and restoration of coastal marine habitats.

    , Chris M. Roelfsema

    Chris M. Roelfsema is a Research Fellow and Lecturer Remote Sensing in the Biophysical Remote Sensing Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Australia. His interests include pure and applied research in remote sensing of coastal habitats.

    , Javier X. Leon

    Javier X. Leon is a Lecturer in Physical Geography at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. His interests include remote sensing of shallow coastal marine environments and effects of sea-level rise on shorelines.

    , Jimena Samper-Villarreal

    Jimena Samper-Villarreal is a PhD Student in the Marine Spatial Ecology Lab in the School of Biological Sciences, at The University of Queensland, Australia. Her interests include carbon sequestration in coastal vegetated habitats such as seagrass and mangroves.

    , Stuart R. Phinn

    Stuart R. Phinn is a Professor of Geography and Director of the Centre for Spatial Environmental Research in the School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management at the University of Queensland, Australia. He uses satellite and airborne imaging systems to develop approaches for mapping, measuring and monitoring changes in the earth’s environments.

    , Catherine E. Lovelock

    Catherine E. Lovelock is a Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research focuses on the influence of environmental change on the ecology of coastal and marine plant communities, and in providing knowledge to underpin conservation and restoration of these systems now and in the future.

    and Peter J. Mumby

    Peter J. Mumby is a Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and head of the Marine Spatial Ecology Lab. His research focuses on delivering science to improve the management of coral reef environments.

From the journal Botanica Marina

Abstract

Increasing threats to natural ecosystems from local and global stressors are reinforcing the need for baseline data on the distribution and abundance of organisms. We quantified spatial and/or temporal patterns of seagrass distribution, shoot density, leaf area index, biomass, productivity, and sediment carbon content in shallow water (0–5 m) at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in field surveys conducted in December 2011 and October 2012. Seagrass meadows were mapped using satellite imagery and field validation. A total of 18.3 ha of seagrass, composed primarily of Thalassiahemprichii and Halodule uninervis, was mapped in shallow water. This was 46% less than the area of seagrass in the same region reported in 1995, although variations in mapping methods may have influenced the magnitude of change detected. There was inter-annual variability in shoot density and length, with values for both higher in 2011 than in 2012. Seagrass properties and sediment carbon content were representative of shallow-water seagrass meadows on a mid-shelf Great Barrier Reef island. The data can be used to evaluate change, to parameterize models of the impact of anthropogenic or environmental variability on seagrass distribution and abundance, and to assess the success of management actions.


Corresponding author: Megan I. Saunders, The Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; and Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia, e-mail:
aPresent address: School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia.

About the authors

Megan I. Saunders

Megan I. Saunders is a research fellow in the Global Change Institute and Marine Spatial Ecology Lab at The University of Queensland, Australia. Her interests include the effects of human stressors on coastal marine ecosystems and conservation ecology of seagrass meadows, coral reefs, mangroves and kelp beds.

Elisa Bayraktarov

Elisa Bayraktarov is a research fellow in the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research interests include ecology and restoration of coastal marine habitats.

Chris M. Roelfsema

Chris M. Roelfsema is a Research Fellow and Lecturer Remote Sensing in the Biophysical Remote Sensing Group, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, Australia. His interests include pure and applied research in remote sensing of coastal habitats.

Javier X. Leon

Javier X. Leon is a Lecturer in Physical Geography at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia. His interests include remote sensing of shallow coastal marine environments and effects of sea-level rise on shorelines.

Jimena Samper-Villarreal

Jimena Samper-Villarreal is a PhD Student in the Marine Spatial Ecology Lab in the School of Biological Sciences, at The University of Queensland, Australia. Her interests include carbon sequestration in coastal vegetated habitats such as seagrass and mangroves.

Stuart R. Phinn

Stuart R. Phinn is a Professor of Geography and Director of the Centre for Spatial Environmental Research in the School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management at the University of Queensland, Australia. He uses satellite and airborne imaging systems to develop approaches for mapping, measuring and monitoring changes in the earth’s environments.

Catherine E. Lovelock

Catherine E. Lovelock is a Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research focuses on the influence of environmental change on the ecology of coastal and marine plant communities, and in providing knowledge to underpin conservation and restoration of these systems now and in the future.

Peter J. Mumby

Peter J. Mumby is a Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Queensland and head of the Marine Spatial Ecology Lab. His research focuses on delivering science to improve the management of coral reef environments.

Acknowledgments

We thank S. Atkinson, C. Brown, C. Woodroffe, E. van Sluis Menk, D. Callaghan, T. Baldock, V. Harwood, A. Harborne, and S. Hamylton for assistance and collaboration in the field; R. Canto for analysis of underwater photos; and L. McKenzie for providing the maps of seagrass distribution in 1995. We are grateful for support from L. Vail, A. Hoggett, and staff of the Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station. This project is a contribution of the Australia Sea-Level Rise Partnership and was funded by the ARC Superscience Research Fellowship #FS100100024, UQ New Staff Research Funds to MIS and JL, and UQ Early Career Research Grant to MIS.

References

Barbier, E.B., S.D. Hacker, C. Kennedy, E.W. Koch, A.C. Stier and B.R. Silliman. 2011a. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol. Monogr. 81: 169–193.10.1890/10-1510.1Search in Google Scholar

Barbier, E.B., S.D. Hacker, E.W. Koch, A.C. Stier and B.R. Silliman. 2011b. Estuarine and coastal ecosystems and their services. In: (E. Wolanski and D. McLusky, eds.) Treatise on estuarine and coastal science. Volume 12. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 109–127.Search in Google Scholar

Bayraktarov, E. and C. Wild. 2014. Spatiotemporal variability of sedimentary organic matter supply and recycling processes in coral reefs of Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombian Caribbean. Biogeosciences 11: 2977–2990.10.5194/bg-11-2977-2014Search in Google Scholar

Bordenave, M. 1993. The sedimentation of organic matter. In: (M. Bordenave, ed.) Applied petroleum geochemistry. 1st edition. Editions Technip, Paris. pp. 17– 73.Search in Google Scholar

Brodie, J., G. De’ath, M. Devlin, M. Furnas and M. Wright. 2007. Spatial and temporal patterns of near-surface chlorophyll a in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon. Mar. Freshw. Res. 58: 342–353.10.1071/MF06236Search in Google Scholar

Brown, C.J., M.I. Saunders, H.P. Possingham and A.J. Richardson. 2013. Managing for interactions between local and global stressors of ecosystems. PLoS One 8: e65765.10.1371/journal.pone.0065765Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Brown, C.J., M.I. Saunders, H.P. Possingham and A.J. Richardson. 2014. Interactions between global and local stresses of ecosystems determine management effectiveness in cumulative impact mapping. Divers. Distrib. 20: 538–546.10.1111/ddi.12159Search in Google Scholar

Campbell, S.J., L.J. McKenzie, S.P. Kerville and J.S. Bité. 2007. Patterns in tropical seagrass photosynthesis in relation to light, depth and habitat. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 73: 551–562.Search in Google Scholar

Carruthers, T., W. Dennison, B. Longstaff, M. Waycott, E. Abal, L.J. McKenzie and W. Long. 2002. Seagrass habitats of northeast Australia: models of key processes and controls. Bull. Mar. Sci. 71: 1153–1169.Search in Google Scholar

Coles, R.G., W.J. Lee Long, L.J. McKenzie, M. Short, M.A. Rasheed and K.P. Vidler. 1996. Distribution of deep-water seagrass habitats between Cape Weymouth and Cape Tribulation, northeastern Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries Information Series QI96043 (QDPI, NFC, Cns). 26 pp.Search in Google Scholar

Coles, R., L.J. McKenzie and S. Campbell. 2003. The seagrasses of Eastern Australia. In: (E. Green and F. Short, eds.) World atlas of seagrasses. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. pp. 119–133.Search in Google Scholar

Coles, R., L.J. McKenzie, G. De’ath, A. Roelofs and W. Lee Long. 2009. Spatial distribution of deepwater seagrass in the inter-reef lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 392: 57–68.10.3354/meps08197Search in Google Scholar

Coles, R., M. Rasheed, L.J. McKenzie, A. Grech, P. York, M. Sheaves, S. McKenna and C. Bryant. 2015. The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area seagrasses: managing this iconic Australian ecosystem for the future. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 153: A1–A12.10.1016/j.ecss.2014.07.020Search in Google Scholar

Collier, C.J. and M. Waycott. 2009. Drivers of change to seagrass distributions and communities on the Great Barrier Reef: Literature review and gaps analysis. Australian Government Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility, Cairns.Search in Google Scholar

Collier, C.J., M. Waycott and A.G. Ospina. 2012. Responses of four Indo-West Pacific seagrass species to shading. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 65: 342–354.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.017Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Costanza, R., R. D’Arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon, K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R.V. O’Neill, J. Paruelo, R.G. Raskin, P. Sutton and M. van den Belt. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253–260.10.1038/387253a0Search in Google Scholar

Costanza, R., R. de Groot, P. Sutton, S. van der Ploeg, S.J. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, S. Farber, R.K. Turner. 2014. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environ. Change 26: 152–158.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002Search in Google Scholar

Duarte, C.M. 2000. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services: an elusive link. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 250: 117–131.10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00194-5Search in Google Scholar

Duarte, C.M. and C. Chiscano. 1999. Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment. Aquat. Bot. 65: 159–174.10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00038-8Search in Google Scholar

Duarte, C.M. and H. Kirkman. 2001. Methods for the measurement of seagrass abundance and depth distribution. In: (F.T. Short and R.G. Coles, eds.) Global seagrass research methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 141–153.Search in Google Scholar

Duarte, C.M., N. Marbá, N. Agawin, J. Cebrián, S. Enriquez, M. Fortes, M. Gallegos, M. Merino, B. Olesen, K. Sand-Jensen, J. Uri and J. Vermaat. 1994. Reconstruction of seagrass dynamics: age determinations and associated tools for the seagrass ecologist. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 107: 195–209.10.3354/meps107195Search in Google Scholar

Enríquez, S. and N. Pantoja-Reyes. 2005. Form-function analysis of the effect of canopy morphology on leaf self-shading in the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Oecologia 145: 235–243.10.1007/s00442-005-0111-7Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, R.L., L.L Wood and D.B. Graham. 1993. Monitoring spatial change in seagrass habitat with aerial photography. Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. 59: 1033–1038.Search in Google Scholar

Fourqurean, J.W., C.M. Duarte, H. Kennedy, N. Marbà, M. Holmer, M. Mateo, E. Apostolaki, G. Kendrick, D. Krause-Jensen, K. McGlathery and O. Serrano. 2012. Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nat. Geosci. 5: 505–509.10.1038/ngeo1477Search in Google Scholar

Grech, A., R. Coles and H. Marsh. 2011. A broad-scale assessment of the risk to coastal seagrasses from cumulative threats. Mar. Policy 35: 560–567.10.1016/j.marpol.2011.03.003Search in Google Scholar

Gutiérrez, J.L., C.G. Jones, J.E. Byers, K.K. Arkema, K. Berkenbusch, J.A. Commito, C.M. Duarte, S.D. Hacker, I.E. Hendriks, P.J. Hogarth, J.G. Lambrinos, M.G. Palomo and C. Wild. 2011. Physical ecosystem engineers and the functioning of estuaries and coasts. In: (C.H.R. Heip, C.J.M. Philippart and J.J. Middelburg, eds.) Functioning of estuaries and coastal ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 1–94.Search in Google Scholar

Hamylton S.M., J.X Leon, M.I. Saunders and C.D. Woodroffe. 2014 Simulating reef response to sea-level rise at Lizard Island: a geospatial approach. Geomorphology 222, 151–161.10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.03.006Search in Google Scholar

Heiri, O., A. Lotter and G. Lemcke. 2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. J. Paleolimnol. 25: 101–110.10.1023/A:1008119611481Search in Google Scholar

Hemminga, M.A. and C.M. Duarte. 2000. Seagrass ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511525551Search in Google Scholar

Hillman, K., A. McComb and D. Walker. 1995. The distribution, biomass and primary production of the seagrass Halophila ovalis in the Swan/Canning Estuary, Western Australia. Aquat. Bot. 51: 1–54.10.1016/0304-3770(95)00466-DSearch in Google Scholar

Javier, L., C. Woodroffe, S.R. Phinn, S. Hamylton, D.P. Callagan, T.E. Baldock and M.I. Saunders. 2013. A sediment budget for Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef. In:Abstracts Volume. The 8th International Conference (AIG) on Geomorphology “Geomorphology and Sustainability,” 27–31 August 2013, Paris, France. pp. 840–840.Search in Google Scholar

Jørgensen, B. 1996. Material flux in the sediment. In: (B. Jørgensen, ed.) Eutrophication in coastal marine ecosystems. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. pp. 115–135.Search in Google Scholar

Kauffman, J. and D. Donato. 2012. Protocols for the measurement, monitoring and reporting of structure, biomass and carbon stocks in mangrove forests. CIFOR Work. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.Search in Google Scholar

Kirkman, H. 1996. Baseline and monitoring methods for seagrass meadows. J. Environ. Manag. 47: 191–201.10.1006/jema.1996.0045Search in Google Scholar

Kohler, K.E. and S.M. Gill. 2006. Coral point count with excel extensions (CPCe): a Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Comput. Geosci. 32: 1259–1269.10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009Search in Google Scholar

Lavery, P.S., M.-Á. Mateo, O. Serrano and M. Rozaimi. 2013. Variability in the carbon storage of seagrass habitats and its implications for global estimates of blue carbon ecosystem service. PLoS ONE 8: e73748.10.1371/journal.pone.0073748Search in Google Scholar

Lee Long, W., J. Mellors and R. Coles. 1993. Seagrasses between Cape York and Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia. Mar. Freshw. Res. 44: 19–31.10.1071/MF9930019Search in Google Scholar

Leon, J.X., S.R. Phinn, S. Hamylton and M.I. Saunders. 2013. Filling the ‘white ribbon’ – a seamless multisource digital elevation/depth model for Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef. Int. J. Remote Sens. 34: 6337–6354.Search in Google Scholar

Marbà, N. and C.M. Duarte. 1998. Rhizome elongation and seagrass clonal growth. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 174: 269–280.10.3354/meps174269Search in Google Scholar

Marbà, N. and D.I. Walker. 1999. Growth, flowering, and population dynamics of temperate Western Australian seagrasses. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 184: 105–118.Search in Google Scholar

McCormack, C., K. Chartrand, R. Thomas, S. Tol, M. Szabo and M. Rasheed. 2013. Interim Report: Deepwater seagrass dynamics – light requirements, seasonal change and mechanisms of recruitment for deepwater seagrasses. Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER) Publication, Cairns.Search in Google Scholar

McKenzie, L.J., W.J. Lee Long and E.J. Bradshaw. 1997. Distribution of seagrasses in the Lizard Island Group – a reconnaissance survey, October 1995. CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 14. Townsville.Search in Google Scholar

Moriarty, D. 1982. Feeding of Holothuria atra and Stichopus chloronotus on bacteria, organic carbon and organic nitrogen in sediments of the Great Barrier Reef. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 33: 255–263.Search in Google Scholar

Mumby, P.J., E. Green, A. Edwards and C. Clark. 1997. Measurement of seagrass standing crop using satellite and digital airborne remote sensing. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 159: 51–60.10.3354/meps159051Search in Google Scholar

Orth, R.J., T.J.B. Carruthers, W.C. Dennison, C.M. Duarte, J.W. Fourqurean, K.L. Heck, Jr., A.R. Hughes, G.A. Kendrick, W.J. Kenworthy, S. Olyarnik, F.T. Short, M. Waycott and S.L. Williams. 2006. A Global crisis for seagrass ecosystems. Bioscience 56: 987–996.10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2Search in Google Scholar

Phinn, S.R., C.M. Roelfsema and P.J. Mumby. 2012. Multi-scale object based image analysis for mapping coral reef geomorphic and ecological zones. Int. J. Remote Sens. 33: 3768–3797.10.1080/01431161.2011.633122Search in Google Scholar

R Core Development Team. 2012. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, ed. Vienna, Austria.Search in Google Scholar

Rasband, W. 2012. ImageJ. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/, 1997–2014. Accessed May, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Rasheed, M., M. Badran and M. Huettel. 2003. Particulate matter filtration and seasonal nutrient dynamics in permeable carbonate and silicate sands of the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Coral Reefs 22: 167–177.10.1007/s00338-003-0300-ySearch in Google Scholar

Roelfsema, C.M. and S.R. Phinn. 2010. Integrating field data with high spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery for calibration and validation of coral reef benthic community maps. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 4: 043527.10.1117/1.3430107Search in Google Scholar

Roelfsema, C.M., E.M. Kovacs, M.I. Saunders, S.R. Phinn, M. Lyons and P. Maxwell. 2013. Challenges of remote sensing for quantifying changes in large complex seagrass environments. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 133: 161–171.10.1016/j.ecss.2013.08.026Search in Google Scholar

Saunders, M.I., J.X. Leon, S.R. Phinn, D.P. Callaghan, K.R. O’Brien, C.M. Roelfsema, C.E. Lovelock, M.B. Lyons and P.J. Mumby. 2013a. Coastal retreat and improved water quality mitigate losses of seagrass from sea level rise. Glob. Change Biol. 19: 2569–2583.10.1111/gcb.12218Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Saunders, M.I., C.M. Roelfsema, S.R. Phinn, R.F.C. Canto, C.J. Brown, S. Atkinson and J.X Leon. 2013b. Benthic and substrate cover data derived from photo-transect surveys in Lizard Island Reef conducted on December 10–15, 2011. Pangaea. Dataset. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.807404.Search in Google Scholar

Saunders, M.I., C.M. Roelfsema, S.R. Phinn, R.F.C. Canto, C.J. Brown, S. Atkinson and J.X. Leon. 2013c. Benthic and substrate cover data derived from photo-transect surveys in Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef conducted on October 3–7, 2012. Pangaea. Dataset. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.807406.Search in Google Scholar

Saunders, M.I., J.X. Leon, D.P. Callaghan, C.M. Roelfsema, S. Hamylton, C.J. Brown, T. Baldock, A. Golshani, S.R. Phinn, C.E. Lovelock, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, C.D. Woodroffe and P.J. Mumby. 2014. Interdependency of tropical marine ecosystems in response to climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 4: 724–729.10.1038/nclimate2274Search in Google Scholar

Scoffin, T.P. and A.W. Tudhope. 1985. Sedimentary environments of the central region of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Coral Reefs 4: 81–93.10.1007/BF00300866Search in Google Scholar

Short, F.T. and C.M. Duarte. 2001. Methods for the measurement of seagrass growth and production. In: (F.T. Short and R.G. Coles, eds.) Global seagrass research methods. Elsevier, Amsterdam. pp. 155–182.Search in Google Scholar

Udy, J.W., W.C. Dennison, W.J. Lee Long and L.J. McKenzie. 1999. Responses of seagrass to nutrients in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 185: 257–271.10.3354/meps185257Search in Google Scholar

Vermaat, J., N. Agawin, C.M. Duarte, M. Fortes, N. Marbà and J. Uri. 1995. Meadow maintenance, growth and productivity of a mixed Philippine seagrass bed. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 124: 215–225.Search in Google Scholar

Watson, D. 1947. Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops. I. Variations in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties and within and between years. Ann. Bot. NS 11: 41–76.10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083148Search in Google Scholar

Waycott, M., C. Collier, K. McMahon, P. Ralph, L.J. McKenzie, J. Udy and A. Grech. 2007. Vulnerability of seagrasses in the Great Barrier Reef to climate change. In:Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef: a vulnerability assessment. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Greenhouse Office, Townsville, QLD, Australia.Search in Google Scholar

Waycott, M., C.M. Duarte, T.J.B. Carruthers, R.J. Orth, W.C. Dennison, S. Olyarnik, A. Calladine, J.W. Fourqurean, K.L. Heck Jr., A.R. Hughes, G.A. Kendrick, W.J. Kenworthy, F.T. Short and S.L. Williams. 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 12377–12381.10.1073/pnas.0905620106Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2014-10-8
Accepted: 2015-1-9
Published Online: 2015-1-30
Published in Print: 2015-2-1

©2015 by De Gruyter

Downloaded on 30.11.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/bot-2014-0060/html
Scroll to top button