Abstract
We documented relative growth rates (RGRs) and activities of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes (EHEs) of one marine-derived tropical strain of Fusarium equiseti originally isolated from Malaysia and two polar strains of Pseudogymnoascus spp. from the Arctic and Antarctic under various temperatures and different nutrient conditions. RGRs and relative enzyme activities (RAs) of protease, amylase and cellulase were screened in seawater nutrient assay plates augmented with either skim milk, soluble starch or carboxymethylcellulose with trypan blue, respectively, across culture temperatures between 5°C and 40°C. Measures of RGR were fitted into third-degree polynomial and Brière-2 temperature-dependent models to estimate optimum temperatures for growth (Topt) and maximum growth rates (RGRmax), and were used to calculate temperature coefficients (Q10) and activation energies (Ea) for growth. All studied strains showed highest RGR and RA when grown using a skim milk nutrient assay. Topt for growth was 25°C in F. equiseti and 20°C in Pseudogymnoascus spp. Only F. equiseti showed cellulase activity. These data suggest a preference for protein-based substrates over plant-derived substrates for metabolism in these fungal strains. The tropical F. equiseti could utilise higher levels of thermal energy for growth than the polar strains of Pseudogymnoascus spp., implying adaptation of these fungi to different bioclimatic regions.
About the authors
Natasha Tajuddin graduated from the National University of Malaysia with a BSc (Hons.) in Marine Science in 2014. She is currently an MPhil candidate at the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES) working under the joint supervision of Siti Aisyah Alias, Mohammed Rizman-Idid and Peter Convey. Her research interests include microbial physiology and ecology, biological oceanography and environmental -omics.
Mohammed Rizman-Idid graduated from the University of Malaya with a BSc (Hons.) in Zoology in 1994 and earned a PhD in Evolutionary Biology from the University of Hull in 2005. He is now the Head of Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Studies Research Unit at the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES). His research interests include molecular ecology and biodiversity of marine organisms such as jellyfishes, fishes and marine fungi. He is also active in polar fungi research.
Peter Convey graduated from the University of Cambridge with a BA in Natural Sciences in 1983 and a PhD in Zoology in 1988, and is a polar ecologist with almost 30 years of experience working in both the Antarctic and Arctic. He has wide research interests, including biodiversity, biogeography, ecosystem structure and function and ecophysiological and genomic adaptation of all biological groups inhabiting the extreme environments of these regions.
Siti Aisyah Alias graduated from the University of Malaya, Malaysia with a BSc (Hons.) in Ecology in 1991 and earned a PhD in Marine Mycology from the University of Portsmouth in 1996. She is now a researcher at the Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES) and has been the Deputy Director of the National Antarctic Research Centre (NARC) and Malaysian Antarctic Research Programme (MARP). Her scientific research fields include fungal biodiversity and phylobiogeography, antimicrobial activity, cold-adapted enzymes and the biochemistry of polar fungi.
Acknowledgements
We thank anonymous reviewers and the editors for detailed and constructive comments on earlier manuscript versions. This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) through their funding programme Higher Centre of Excellence (HiCoE) (grant number IOES-2014G) and the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MOSTI) through the Flagship research grant (grant number GA006-2014FL). NT is a recipient of a MyBrain scholarship also funded by the MOHE. PC is supported by core funding from the Natural Environment Research Council to the British Antarctic Survey “Biodiversity, Evolution and Adaptation” Team, and by a Visiting Icon Professorship from the University of Malaya. This paper contributes to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) research programme AnT-ERA (Antarctic Thresholds – Ecosystem Resilience and Adaptation).
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