Abstract
We use algorithmic learning and statistical methods over a form frequency list (compiled from the Hungarian web corpus) to investigate variation in Hungarian verbal inflection. Our aims are twofold: (i) to give an adequate description of this variation, which has not been described in detail in the literature and (ii) to explore the range and depth of lexical attractors that potentially shape this variation. These attractors range from closely related ones, such as the shape of the word form or the behaviour of the verb’s paradigm, to broad ones, such as the behaviour of similar verbs or the phonotactics of related verb forms. We find that verbal variation is predominantly determined by similarity to related verb forms rather than by word shape or by word frequency. What is more, the effect of similarity is better approximated using inflected forms as opposed to base forms as points of comparison. This, in turn, supports a rich memory model of morphology and the mental lexicon.
About the authors
Péter Rácz is an associate at the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and at the University of Bristol. His interests include the interactions of cognition and culture in language and elsewhere, the mechanics of learning, and replicability and transparency in scientific research.
Péter Rebrus is a senior research fellow at the at the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. A renowned expert on Hungarian verbal morphology, he is interested in morphological variation and the structure of the mental lexicon.
Miklós Törkenczy is a full professor at the Department of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd Science University and the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Co-author of the Phonology of Hungarian, his interests include morpho-phonological and morphological variation.
Appendix
The list of stems in the data in 3sg.indef is, in orthographic form, contained in Table 6. We consider both the CVC and the CC forms of the 3sg.indef – here, only the CC form is printed. Table 7 lists, for each form, the most frequent CVC form in the corpus. Table 8 lists, for each form, the most frequent CC form in the corpus.
A note on the orthography: á:[aː], é:[eː], a:[ɒ], e:[ɛ], ö:[ø], ü:[y], sz:[s], s:[ʃ], zs:[ʒ], ny:[ɲ]
List of verbs. ‘Form 3sg’ is the 3sg.ind form, ‘ikfreq’ is the frequency of the 3sg.ind, ‘cvc freq total’ is the summed frequency of CVC forms, ‘cc freq total’ is the summed frequency of CC forms, ‘cvc cc odds’ is the odds ratio, ‘gloss stem’ is the gloss of the stem.
form_3sg | ikfreq | cvc_freq_total | cc_freq_total | cvc_cc_odds | gloss_stem |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
áramlik | 2773 | 177 | 968 | 1.18 | flow |
bomlik | 1746 | 16 | 960 | 1.02 | decompose |
botlik | 493 | 9 | 343 | 1.03 | toddle |
burjánzik | 247 | 32 | 117 | 1.28 | burgeon |
bűzlik | 560 | 1 | 107 | 1.02 | stink |
döglik | 381 | 29 | 302 | 1.10 | perish |
dohányzik | 1314 | 2253 | 3 | 752.33 | smoke |
elhangzik | 2545 | 192 | 1061 | 1.18 | be voiced |
feslik | 18 | 3 | 19 | 1.21 | peel |
fogzik | 21 | 6 | 3 | 3.33 | tooth |
fuldoklik | 276 | 220 | 21 | 11.52 | choke |
hajlik | 2439 | 919 | 1363 | 1.67 | bend |
haldoklik | 821 | 161 | 18 | 10.00 | die |
hangzik | 17253 | 474 | 5550 | 1.09 | sound |
hiányzik | 29456 | 11538 | 346 | 34.35 | be missing |
hullámzik | 722 | 126 | 218 | 1.58 | wave |
kiviláglik | 728 | 2 | 20 | 1.15 | light up |
ködlik | 25 | 1 | 16 | 1.12 | fog |
lélegzik | 862 | 1084 | 176 | 7.16 | breathe |
lúdbőrzik | 11 | 7 | 2 | 5.00 | get goosebumps |
omlik | 803 | 59 | 654 | 1.09 | collapse |
ömlik | 1693 | 11 | 610 | 1.02 | pour |
oszlik | 3818 | 27 | 1600 | 1.02 | decompose |
ötlik | 460 | 5 | 118 | 1.05 | occur |
özönlik | 229 | 7 | 716 | 1.01 | surge |
párzik | 101 | 15 | 132 | 1.12 | mate |
patakzik | 57 | 1 | 62 | 1.03 | efflux |
rajzik | 91 | 6 | 183 | 1.04 | swarm |
romlik | 5257 | 19 | 2480 | 1.01 | degrade |
sereglik | 80 | 12 | 294 | 1.04 | rally |
szólamlik | 13 | 1 | 3 | 1.67 | voice |
tajtékzik | 81 | 12 | 15 | 1.87 | tantrum |
tündöklik | 164 | 482 | 21 | 24.00 | shine |
ugrik | 3620 | 12 | 3769 | 1.00 | jump |
vérzik | 1248 | 479 | 24 | 21.00 | bleed |
viharzik | 68 | 1 | 34 | 1.06 | storm |
világlik | 146 | 20 | 21 | 2.00 | lighten |
virágzik | 3133 | 814 | 250 | 4.26 | bloom |
viszonylik | 172 | 2319 | 13 | 179.46 | relate |
List of verbs with most frequent CVC form. ‘Form 3sg’ is the 3sg.ind form, ‘best cvc form’ is the most frequent CVC form of the verb, ‘freq cvc form’ is the frequency of this specific form, ‘gloss suffix’ is the gloss of the suffix, ‘gloss stem’ is the gloss of the stem.
form_3sg | best_cvc_form | freq_cvc_form | gloss_suffix | gloss_stem |
---|---|---|---|---|
áramlik | áramolni | 75 | inf | flow |
bomlik | bomolni | 6 | inf | decompose |
botlik | botolnak | 3 | 3pl.ind | toddle |
burjánzik | burjánoztak | 16 | 3pl.past | burgeon |
bűzlik | bűzölni | 1 | inf | stink |
döglik | dögölni | 18 | inf | perish |
dohányzik | dohányozni | 1493 | inf | smoke |
elhangzik | elhangoztak | 89 | 3pl.past | be voiced |
feslik | feseltek | 1 | 3pl.past | peel |
fogzik | fogaznak | 4 | 3pl.ind | tooth |
fuldoklik | fuldokolni | 130 | inf | choke |
hajlik | hajolni | 400 | inf | bend |
haldoklik | haldokolnak | 72 | 3pl.ind | die |
hangzik | hangoztak | 201 | 3pl.past | sound |
hiányzik | hiányoznak | 7012 | 3pl.ind | be missing |
hullámzik | hullámoztak | 59 | 3pl.past | wave |
kiviláglik | kivilágolnak | 1 | 3pl.ind | light up |
ködlik | ködölni | 1 | inf | fog |
lélegzik | lélegezni | 677 | inf | breathe |
lúdbőrzik | lúdbőrözni | 4 | inf | get goosebumps |
omlik | omolnak | 23 | 3pl.ind | collapse |
ömlik | ömölni | 4 | inf | pour |
oszlik | oszolni | 11 | inf | decompose |
ötlik | ötölni | 2 | inf | occur |
özönlik | özönölnek | 4 | 3pl.ind | surge |
párzik | pározni | 14 | inf | mate |
patakzik | patakoznak | 1 | 3pl.ind | efflux |
rajzik | rajoznak | 5 | 3pl.ind | swarm |
romlik | romolni | 9 | inf | degrade |
sereglik | seregeltek | 4 | 3pl.past | rally |
szólamlik | szólamolnak | 1 | 3pl.ind | voice |
tajtékzik | tajtékoznak | 9 | 3pl.ind | tantrum |
tündöklik | tündökölni | 208 | inf | shine |
ugrik | ugornak | 12 | 3pl.ind | jump |
vérzik | vérezni | 232 | inf | bleed |
viharzik | viharoznak | 1 | 3pl.ind | storm |
világlik | világolnak | 8 | 3pl.ind | lighten |
virágzik | virágoznak | 378 | 3pl.ind | bloom |
viszonylik | viszonyulnak | 1339 | 3pl.ind | relate |
List of verbs with most frequent CC form. ‘Form 3sg’ is the 3sg.ind form, ‘best cc form’ is the most frequent CC form of the verb, ‘freq cc form’ is the frequency of this specific form, ‘gloss suffix’ is the gloss of the suffix, ‘gloss stem’ is the gloss of the stem.
form_3sg | best_cc_form | freq_cc_form | gloss_suffix | gloss_stem |
---|---|---|---|---|
áramlik | áramlanak | 593 | 3pl.ind | flow |
bomlik | bomlanak | 710 | 3pl.ind | decompose |
botlik | botlanak | 168 | 3pl.ind | toddle |
burjánzik | burjánzanak | 76 | 3pl.ind | burgeon |
bűzlik | bűzlenek | 42 | 3pl.ind | stink |
döglik | dögleni | 136 | inf | perish |
dohányzik | dohányzani | 2 | inf | smoke |
elhangzik | elhangzanak | 937 | 3pl.ind | be voiced |
feslik | feslenek | 9 | 3pl.ind | peel |
fogzik | fogzani | 2 | inf | tooth |
fuldoklik | fuldoklani | 11 | inf | choke |
hajlik | hajlanak | 916 | 3pl.ind | bend |
haldoklik | haldoklanak | 11 | 3pl.ind | die |
hangzik | hangzottak | 3019 | 3pl.past | sound |
hiányzik | hiányzanak | 326 | 3pl.ind | be missing |
hullámzik | hullámzanak | 87 | 3pl.ind | wave |
kiviláglik | kiviláglanak | 12 | 3pl.ind | light up |
ködlik | ködlenek | 10 | 3pl.ind | fog |
lélegzik | lélegzeni | 144 | inf | breathe |
lúdbőrzik | lúdbőrzenek | 2 | 3pl.ind | get goosebumps |
omlik | omlanak | 256 | 3pl.ind | collapse |
ömlik | ömlenek | 253 | 3pl.ind | pour |
oszlik | oszlanak | 1132 | 3pl.ind | decompose |
ötlik | ötlenek | 55 | 3pl.ind | occur |
özönlik | özönlöttek | 320 | 3pl.past | surge |
párzik | párzanak | 88 | 3pl.ind | mate |
patakzik | patakzottak | 35 | 3pl.past | efflux |
rajzik | rajzanak | 160 | 3pl.ind | swarm |
romlik | romlottak | 979 | 3pl.past | degrade |
sereglik | sereglettek | 174 | 3pl.past | rally |
szólamlik | szólamlani | 2 | inf | voice |
tajtékzik | tajtékzottak | 8 | 3pl.past | tantrum |
tündöklik | tündöklenek | 14 | 3pl.ind | shine |
ugrik | ugrani | 2151 | inf | jump |
vérzik | vérzenek | 9 | 3pl.ind | bleed |
viharzik | viharzottak | 18 | 3pl.past | storm |
világlik | világlottak | 11 | 3pl.past | lighten |
virágzik | virágzanak | 187 | 3pl.ind | bloom |
viszonylik | viszonylanak | 13 | 3pl.ind | relate |
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