Abstract
The concept of media events continues to generate widespread debate among scholars around the globe. Studies that have challenged the concept’s functionalist foundations have undoubtedly sharpened our thinking. Conversely, approaches that have sought to expand the concept tend to confuse rather than clarify. In this paper, we argue that events that are planned, anticipated, and involve external organizations in their design demand a specific set of analytical tools. Furthermore, we draw a further distinction between one-off events and those that are cyclical in nature, with the latter being theorized using insights from studies of the television format industry. This approach not only focuses much needed attention on the production side of media events but also on the struggles between different interest groups (rights-holders, event hosts, media producers). We illustrate our arguments by drawing upon ethnographic material from the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest.
References
Akin, A. (2013). Turkey, the Middle East & the Media: “The reality is not as it seems from Turkey”: Imaginations about the Eurovision Song Contest from its production fields. International Journal of Communication, 7, 19. Retrieved August 22, 2019 from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1899.Search in Google Scholar
Bolin, G. (2006). Visions of Europe. Cultural technologies of nation-states. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 9(2), 189–20610.1177/1367877906064030Search in Google Scholar
Bolin, G. (2010). Media events, Eurovision and societal centers. In N. Couldry, A. Hepp, & F. Krotz (Eds.). Media events in a global age. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Bolin, G., & Ståhlberg, P. (2015). Mediating the nation-state: Agency and the media in nation-branding campaigns. International Journal of Communication, 9, 19.Search in Google Scholar
Bourdon, J. (2007). Unhappy engineers of the European Soul. The EBU and the woes of pan-European Television. International Communication Gazette, 69(3), 263–280.10.1177/1748048507076580Search in Google Scholar
Brownell, S. (2008). Beijing’s games: What the Olympics mean to China. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Search in Google Scholar
Cashman, R., & Horne, J. (2013). Managing legacy. In S. Frawley & D. Adair (Eds.). Managing the Olympics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230389588_4Search in Google Scholar
Chalaby, J. K. (2011). The making of an entertainment revolution: How the TV format trade became a global industry. European Journal of Communication, 26(4), 293–309.10.1177/0267323111423414Search in Google Scholar
Collins, R. (2004) Rituals of solidarity and security in the wake of terrorist attack. Sociological Theory, 22, (1), 53–87.10.1111/j.1467-9558.2004.00204.xSearch in Google Scholar
Couldry, N. (2003). Media rituals: A critical approach. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Cushion, S., & Lewis, J. (Eds.) (2010). The rise of 24-hour news television: Global perspectives. New York: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
Dayan, D. (2010). Beyond media events, disenchantment, derailment, disruption. In N. Couldry, A. Hepp, & F. Krotz (Eds.). Media events in a global age. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Dayan, D., & Katz, E. (1992). Media events. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/9780674030305Search in Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1976). The elementary forms of the religious life. Routledge: London.Search in Google Scholar
Eisenhauer, S. (2013). Managing event places and viewer spaces: Security, surveillance and stakeholder interests at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa (unpublished PhD thesis). Sydney, Australia: University of Technology Sydney.Search in Google Scholar
Esser, A. (2010). Television formats: Primetime staple, global market. Popular Communication, 8(4), 273–292.10.1080/15405702.2010.514176Search in Google Scholar
European Broadcasting Union (2015). Eurovision Song Contest 2015: Media handbook. Retrieved January 18, 2018 from https://www.eurovision.tv/upload/press-downloads/2015/MediaHandbook_ESC2015.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Eurovision Broadcasting Union (2018). Rules of the 63rd ESC. Retrieved January 18, 2018 from https://eurovision.tv/about/rules.Search in Google Scholar
Eurovision Song Contest (2014, June). “Eurovision Song Contest 2014 reaches 195 million worldwide”. Retrieved September 14, 2019 from http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=eurovision_song_contest_2014_reaches_195_million_worldwide.Search in Google Scholar
FIFA (2017). Guidelines for the use of FIFA’s official marks. Retrieved January 18, 2018 from http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/marketing/02/85/05/06/2018fifaworldcuppublicguidelines_en_aug2017_neutral.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Foroudi, L. (2015). Anti-booing technology set up for Russia at Eurovision. Moscow Times, 19 May. Retrieved September 14, 2019 from http://www.themoscowtimes.com/arts_n_ideas/article/anti-booing-technology-set-up-for-russia-at-eurovision/521779.html.Search in Google Scholar
Fricker, K., & Gluhovic, M. (Eds.) (2013). Performing the ‘New’ Europe: Identities, feelings and politics in the Eurovision Song Contest. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137367983Search in Google Scholar
Georgiou, M. (2008). “In the end, Germany will always resort to hot pants”: Watching Europe singing, constructing the stereotype. Popular Communication, 6(3), 141–154.10.1080/15405700802198188Search in Google Scholar
Heinz-Housel, T. (2007). Australian nationalism and globalization: Narratives of the nation in the 2000 Sydney Olympics opening ceremony. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24(5), 446–461.10.1080/07393180701695348Search in Google Scholar
Henrich-Franke, C. (2012). Creating transnationality through an international organization? The European Broadcasting Union’s (EBU) television programme activities. In A. Fickers, & C. Johnson (Eds.), Transnational television history: A comparative approach. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Hepp, A. (2004). Radio and popular culture in Germany. Radio culture between comedy and eventization. In A. Crisell (Ed.), More than a music box. Radio in a multi-media world pp. 189–212). New York: Berghahn Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hepp, A. & Couldry, N. (2010). Introduction. In N. Couldry, A. Hepp, & F. Krotz (Eds.), Media events in a global age. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203872604Search in Google Scholar
Hepp, A. & Krönert, V. (2010). Religious media events: The Catholic “World Youth Day” as an example of the mediatization and individualization of religion. In N. Couldry, A. Hepp, & F. Krotz (Eds.), Media events in a global age. London: Routledge, 265–282.Search in Google Scholar
Hill, A. (2014). Reality TV. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203082195Search in Google Scholar
Ibrus, I., Rohn, U., & Nanì, A. (2019). Searching for public value in innovation coordination: How the Eurovision Song Contest was used to innovate the public service media model in Estonia. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(3), 367–382.10.1177/1367877918757513Search in Google Scholar
IOC (2016). Host city contract: Operational requirements. Retrieved January 18, 2018 from https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/Host-City-Elections/XXXIII-Olympiad-2024/Host-City-Contract-2024-Operational-Requirements.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Katz, E., & Liebes, T. (2007). “No more peace!”: How disaster, terror and war have upstaged media events. International Journal of Communication, 1. Retrieved October 20, 2019 from http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/44.Search in Google Scholar
Kyriakidou, M., Skey, M., Uldam, J., & McCurdy, P. (2018). Media events and cosmopolitan fandom:‘Playful nationalism’in the Eurovision Song Contest. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(6), 603–618.10.1177/1367877917720238Search in Google Scholar
Liebes, T. (2002). Television’s disaster marathons: A danger for democratic processes? In J. Curran, & T. Liebes (Eds.), Media, ritual and identity. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203019122Search in Google Scholar
Lukes, S. (1975). Political ritual and social integration. Sociology, 9(2), 289–308.10.1007/978-1-349-15729-7_3Search in Google Scholar
MacAloon, J. (1984). Olympic Games and the Theory of Spectacle. In J. MacAloon (Ed.), Modern societies. Rite, Drama, Festival, spectacle: Rehearsals toward a theory of cultural performance. Philadelphia: ISHI.Search in Google Scholar
Marshall, P. D., Walker, B., & Russo, N. (2010). Mediating the Olympics. Convergence, 16(3), 263–278.10.1177/1354856510367619Search in Google Scholar
Millington, R., & Darnell, S. C. (2014). Constructing and contesting the Olympics online: The internet, Rio 2016 and the politics of Brazilian development. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(2), 190–210.10.1177/1012690212455374Search in Google Scholar
Oren, T., & Shahaf, S. (Eds.) (2013). Global television formats: Understanding television across borders. Routledge: London.10.4324/9780203928653Search in Google Scholar
Pantti, M., Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Cottle, S. (2012). Disasters and the media. New York: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar
Pantti, M., & Wieten, J. (2005). Mourning becomes the nation: Television coverage of the murder of Pim Fortuyn. Journalism Studies, 6(3), 301–313.10.1080/14616700500131893Search in Google Scholar
Robertson, C. (2018). The media event build-up phase: A site of contestation and counternarratives. International Journal of Communication, 12, 20.Search in Google Scholar
Sarantakes, N. (2009). Moscow versus Los Angeles: The Nixon White House wages Cold War in the Olympic selection process. The Olympics and the Cold War. Cold War History, 9(1), 135–157.10.1080/14682740802573508Search in Google Scholar
Schausteck de Almeida, B., Bolsmann, C., Marchi Junior, W., & de Souza, J. (2015). Rationales, rhetoric and realities: FIFA’s World Cup in South Africa 2010 and Brazil 2014. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(3), 265–282.10.1177/1012690213481970Search in Google Scholar
Seeck, H., & Rantanen, T. (2015). Media events, spectacles and risky globalisation: A critical review and possible avenues for future research. Media, Culture & Society, 37(2), 163–179.10.1177/0163443714553493Search in Google Scholar
Skey, M. (2006). ‘Carnivals of Surplus Emotion?’ Towards an Understanding of the Significance of Ecstatic Nationalism in a Globalising World. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 6(2), 143–161.10.1111/j.1754-9469.2006.tb00154.xSearch in Google Scholar
Skey, M., Kyriakidou, M., McCurdy, P., & Uldam, J. (2016). Staging and engaging with media events: A study of the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest. International Journal of Communication, 10, 3381–3399.Search in Google Scholar
Silk, M. (2011). Towards a sociological analysis of London 2012. Sociology, 45(5), 733–748.10.1177/0038038511413422Search in Google Scholar
Sonnevend, J. (2016). Stories without borders: The Berlin Wall and the making of a global iconic event. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190604301.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Sonnevend, J. (2018). Media events today. Media, Culture & Society, 40(1), 110–113.10.1177/0163443717726014Search in Google Scholar
Spigel, L. (2004). Entertainment wars: Television culture after 9/11. American Quarterly, 56(2), 235–270.10.1007/978-1-137-08003-5_6Search in Google Scholar
Štětka, V. (2009). Media events and European visions: Czech Republic in the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest. Communications, 34(1), 21–38.10.1515/COMM.2009.002Search in Google Scholar
Tomlinson, A. (1996). Olympic spectacle: Opening ceremonies and some paradoxes of globalization. Media, Culture & Society, 18(4), 583–602.10.1177/016344396018004005Search in Google Scholar
Traganou, J. (2010). National narratives in the opening and closing ceremonies of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(2), 236–251.10.1177/0193723509360217Search in Google Scholar
Twitter (2014, May 11). “Five million Tweets for #Eurovision 2014”. Retrieved September 24, 2019 from https://blog.twitter.com/en-gb/2014/five-million-tweets-for-eurovision-2014.Search in Google Scholar
Waisbord, S. (2004). McTV: Understanding the global popularity of television formats. Television & New Media, 5(4), 359–383.10.1177/1527476404268922Search in Google Scholar
Wang, Y., & Louis-Charles, H. M. (2017). Empirical examination of the theory of disaster marathon: A case study of the local television coverage following the 2014 Ludian, China earthquake. The Communication Review, 20(4), 246–276.10.1080/10714421.2017.1377950Search in Google Scholar
Ytreberg, E. (2017). Towards a historical understanding of the media event. Media, Culture & Society, 39(3), 309–324.10.1177/0163443716643155Search in Google Scholar
Zelizer, B. (1992). Covering the body: The Kennedy assassination, the media, and the shaping of collective memory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston