Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion at low partial pressure has been widely recognized, but research on supercritical CO2 (SC CO2) corrosion is very limited. By far, investigations on steel corrosion under SC CO2 conditions have mainly focused on the corrosion rate, structure, morphology, and composition of the corrosion scales as well as the electrochemical behaviors. It was found in aqueous SC CO2 environment, that the corrosion rate of carbon steel was very high, and even stainless steels (13Cr and high-alloy CrNi steels) were subjected to some corrosion. Inhibitor could reduce the corrosion rate of carbon steels and stainless steels, but none of the tested inhibitors could reduce the corrosion rate of carbon steel to an acceptable value. Impurities such as O2, SO2, and NO2 and their mixtures in SC CO2 increased the corrosion rate of carbon steel. However, the existing studies so far were very limited on the corrosion mechanism of steels in SC CO2 conditions. Thus, this paper first reviews the finding on the corrosion behaviors of steels under SC CO2 conditions, points out the shortcomings in the present investigations and finally looks forward to the research prospects on SC CO2 corrosion.
About the authors
Liang Wei is a PhD student at the University of Science and Technology Beijing. His research mainly focuses on the corrosion behaviors of steels under CO2 and SC CO2 conditions.
Yucheng Zhang received his PhD degree from the University of Science and Technology Beijing. Currently, he is a Researcher with ShouGang Research Institute of Technology.
Xiaolu Pang is an Associate Professor with the University of Science and Technology Beijing. His research primarily focuses on the preparation of nano-film and property characterization, material surface modification, and biological friction corrosion.
Kewei Gao is a Professor with the University of Science and Technology Beijing. Her research focuses on corrosion and corrosion protection, materials service performance evaluation, materials surface technology, stress corrosion cracking, and hydrogen-induced cracking. Her current research mainly focuses on the corrosion of steels under SC CO2 conditions.
References
Alami HE, Augustin C, Orlans B, Servier JJ. Carbon capture and storage projects: material integrity for CO2 injection and storage. In: EuroCorr 2011. Paper No. 4741. Stockholm, Sweden: NACE International, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
Ayello F, Evans K, Sridhar N, Thodla R. Effect of liquid impurities on corrosion of carbon steel in supercritical CO2. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Pipeline Conference 2010. Canada: Calgary, Alberta, 2010a.Search in Google Scholar
Ayello F, Evans K, Thodla R, Sridhar N. Effect of impurities on corrosion of steel in supercritical CO2. In: Corrosion 2010. Paper No. 10193. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2010b.Search in Google Scholar
Azuma S, Kato H, Yamashita Y, Miyashiro K, Saito S. The long-term corrosion behaviour of abandoned wells under CO2 geological storage conditions: (2) Experimental results for corrosion of casing steel. Energy Procedia 2013; 37: 5793–5803.10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.502Search in Google Scholar
Bachu S, Gunter WD. Overview of acid-gas injection process in Western Canada. In: Wilson M, Gale J, Rubin ES, Keith DW, Gilboy CF, Morris T, Thambimuthu K. Proceedings of the 7th International conference on greenhouse gas control technologies. Vancouver, Canada: Elsevier, 2005: 443–448.Search in Google Scholar
Bamberger A, Sieder G, Maurer G. High-pressure (vapor + liquid) equilibrium in binary mixtures of (carbon dioxide + water or acetic acid) at temperatures from 313 to 353 k. J Supercrit Fluid 2000; 17: 97–110.10.1016/S0896-8446(99)00054-6Search in Google Scholar
Beck J, Lvov S, Fedkin M, Ziomek-Moroz M, Holcomb G, Tylczak J, Alman D. Electrochemical system to study corrosion of metals in supercritical CO2 fluids. In: Corrosion 2011. Paper No. 11380. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
Bruusgaard H, Beltran JG, Servio P. Solubility measurements for the CH4 + CO2 +H2O system under hydrate-liquid-vapor equilibrium. Fluid Phase Equilibria 2010; 296: 106–109.10.1016/j.fluid.2010.02.042Search in Google Scholar
Cabrini M, Lorenzi S, Pastore P, Radaelli M. Corrosion rate of high CO2 pressure pipeline steel for carbon capture transport and storage. Paper No. 6. La Metallurgia Italiana, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
Carew JA, Al-Sayegh A, Al-Hashem A. The effect of water-cut on the corrosion behaviour L80 carbon steel under downhole conditions. In: Corrosion 2000. Paper No. 00061. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Choi YS, Nesic S. Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in supercritical CO2-water environments. In: Corrosion 2009. Paper No. 09256. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Choi YS, Nesic S. Effect of impurities on the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in supercritical CO2 – water environments. In: Corrosion 2010. Paper No. 10196. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
Choi Y, Nesic S. Determining the corrosive potential of CO2 transport pipeline in high pCO2-water environments. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2011a; 5: 788–797.10.1016/j.ijggc.2010.11.008Search in Google Scholar
Choi YS, Nesic S. Effect of water content on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in supercritical CO2 phase with impurities. In: Corrosion 2011. Paper No. 11377. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2011b.Search in Google Scholar
Choi YS, Nesic S, Young D. Effect of impurities on the corrosion behavior of CO2 transmission pipeline steel in supercritical CO2-water environments. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44: 9233–9238.10.1021/es102578cSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Choi YS, Magalhaes AAO, Farelas F, Petrobras CDAA, Nesic S. Corrosion behavior of deep water oil production tubing material under supercritical CO2 environment: Part I. Effect of pressure and temperature. In: Corrosion 2013. Paper No. 2380. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Cole IS, Corrigan P, Sim S, Birbilis N. Corrosion of pipelines used for CO2 transport in CCS: is it a real problem? Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2011; 5: 749–756.10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.05.010Search in Google Scholar
Collier J, Shi C, Papavinasam S, Liu P, Li J, Gravel JP. Effect of impurities on the corrosion performance of steels in supercritical carbon dioxide: optimization of experimental procedure. In: Corrosion 2013. Paper No. 2357. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Connell DP. Carbon dioxide capture options for large point sources in the mid-western United States: an assessment of candidate technologies. Final Report. South Park, PA: CONSOL Energy Inc., 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Craig B. Corrosion in oil/water systems. MP (Houston, TX, USA) 1996; 8: 61–62.Search in Google Scholar
Cui ZD, Wu SL, Li CF, Zhu SL, Yang XJ. Corrosion behavior of oil tube steels under conditions of multiphase flow saturated with supercritical carbon dioxide. Mater Lett 2004; 58: 1035–1040.10.1016/j.matlet.2003.08.013Search in Google Scholar
Cui ZD, Wu SL, Zhu SL, Yang XJ. Study on corrosion properties of pipelines in simulated produced water saturated with supercritical CO2. Appl Surface Sci 2006; 252: 2368–2374.10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.04.008Search in Google Scholar
DeBerry DW, Clark WS. Corrosion due to use of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. US: Department of Energy, 1979.10.2172/5870161Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A. Fundamental aspects of CO2 metal loss corrosion – part I: Mechanism. In: Corrosion 2006. Paper No. 06111. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A, Halseid M. Internal corrosion in dense phase CO2 transport pipelines – state of the art and the need for further R&D. In: Corrosion 2012. Paper No. 1452. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A, Morland B, Clausen S. Corrosion of transport pipelines for CO2 – effect of water ingress. GHGT 10, Amsterdam, 2010.10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.218Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A, Clausen S, Morland B. Transport of dense phase CO2 in C-steel pipelines-when is corrosion an issue? In: Corrosion 2011. Paper No. 11070. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2011a.Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A, Halseid M, Morland B, Clausen S. Dense phase CO2 transport-when is corrosion a threat? In: Northern Area Western Conference 2011. Regina, Canada: NACE International, 2011b.Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A, Morland B, Clausen S. Corrosion of transport pipelines for CO2-effect of water ingress. Energy Procedia 2011c; 4: 3063–3070.10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.218Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A, Halseid M, Morland B. Effect of SO2 and NO2 on corrosion and solid formation in dense phase CO2 pipelines. Energy Procedia 2013; 37: 2877–2887.10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.173Search in Google Scholar
Dugstad A, Halseid M, Morland B. Experimental techniques used for corrosion testing in dense phase CO2 with flue gas impurities. In: Corrosion 2014. Paper No. 4383. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
Farelas F, Choi YS, Nesic S. Effect of CO2 phase change, SO2 content and flow on the corrosion of CO2 transmission pipeline steel. In: Corrosion 2012. Paper No. 0001322. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Farelas F, Choi YS, Nesic S. Corrosion behavior of API X65 carbon steel under supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide phases in the presence of water and sulfur dioxide. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 2013a; 69: 243–250.10.5006/0739Search in Google Scholar
Farelas F, Choi YS, Nesic S, Magalhaes AAO, Andrade CDA. Corrosion behavior of deep water oil production tubing material under supercritical CO2 environment: Part II. effect of crude oil and flow. In: Corrosion 2013. Paper No. 2381. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2013b.Search in Google Scholar
Fu D, Liu JM, Yang ZA. Phase equilibria and vapor-liquid-liquid triple point for mixture of CO2 and water. Acta Chim Sin 2009; 67: 2662–2668.Search in Google Scholar
Gale J, Davison J. Transmission of CO2-safety and economic considerations. Energy 2004; 29: 1319–1328.10.1016/j.energy.2004.03.090Search in Google Scholar
Gao KW, Yu F, Pang XL, Zhang GA, Qiao LJ, Chu WY, Lu MX. Mechanical properties of CO2 corrosion product scales and their relationship to corrosion rates. Corros Sci 2008; 50: 2796–2803.10.1016/j.corsci.2008.07.016Search in Google Scholar
Gill TE. CO2 pipeline: description and 12 years of operation. In: ASME Energy-Source Technology Conference. Paper No. 59. Pipeline Engineering Symposium, New York, 1985.Search in Google Scholar
Gulbrandsen E, Bilkova K. Solution chemistry effects on corrosion of carbon steels in presence of CO2 and acetic acid. In: Corrosion 2006. Paper No. 06364. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Hashizume S, Kobayashi N, Trillo E. Corrosion performance of CRAs in water containing chloride ions under supercritical CO2. In: Corrosion 2013. Paper No. 2264. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Hassani S, Vu TN, Rosli NR, Esmaeely SN, Choi YS, Young D, Nesic S. Wellbore integrinanoty and corrosion of low alloy and stainless steels in high pressure CO2 geologic storage environments: an experimental study. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2014; 23: 30–43.10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.01.016Search in Google Scholar
Hua Y, Barker R, Neville A. Effect of temperature on the critical water content for general and localized corrosion of X65 carbon steel in the transport of supercritical CO2. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2014; 31: 48–60.10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.09.026Search in Google Scholar
Ikeda A, Ueda M, Mukai S. CO2 behavior of carbon and Cr steels, in Advances in CO2 Corrosion. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 1984; 1: 39–51.Search in Google Scholar
Kermani MB, Morshed A. Carbon dioxide corrosion in oil and gas production. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 2003; 59: 659–681.10.5006/1.3277596Search in Google Scholar
Kermani MB, Smith LM. CO2 corrosion control in the oil and gas production: design considerations. Paper No. 23. European Federation of Corrosion Publications, 1997.Search in Google Scholar
King MB, Mubarak A, Kim JD, Bott TR. The mutual solubilities of water with supercritical and liquid carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluid 1992; 5: 296–302.10.1016/0896-8446(92)90021-BSearch in Google Scholar
Kongshaug KO, Seiersten M. Baseline experiments for the modelling of corrosion at high CO2 pressure. In: Corrosion 2004. Paper No. 04630. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2004.Search in Google Scholar
Kruse H, Tekiela M. Calculating the consequences of a CO2-pipeline rupture. Energ Convers Manage 1996; 37: 1013–1018.10.1016/0196-8904(95)00291-XSearch in Google Scholar
Li CF, Wang B, Dai JL, Wang H, Zhang XJ, Lu PY. Study on structure and electrochemical properties of CO2 corrosion scales on P110 steel corroded at high temperature and pressure. Trans Mater Heat Treat (In Chinese) 2006; 27: 73–78.Search in Google Scholar
Li WF, Zhou YJ, Xue Y. Corrosion behavior of 110S tube steel in environment of high H2S and CO2 content. J Iron Steel Res Int 2012; 19: 59–65.10.1016/S1006-706X(13)60033-3Search in Google Scholar
Li YX, Zhang YY, Jungwirth S, Seely N, Fang YD, S XM. Corrosion inhibitors for metals in maintenance equipment: introduction and recent developments. Corros Rev 2014; 32: 163–181.10.1515/corrrev-2014-0002Search in Google Scholar
Lin G, Zheng M, Bai Z, Zhao X. Effect of temperature and pressure on the morphology of carbon dioxide corrosion scales. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 2006; 62; 501–507.10.5006/1.3279908Search in Google Scholar
Lopez DA, Simison SN, Sanchez SRD. The influence of steel microstructure on CO2 corrosion, EIS studies on the inhibition efficiency of benzimidazole. Electrochimica Acta 2003; 48: 845–854.10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00776-4Search in Google Scholar
McGrail BP, Schaef HT, Glezakou VA, Dang LX, Owen AT. Water reactivity in the liquid and supercritical CO2 phase: Has half the story been neglected? Energy Procedia 2009; 1: 3415–3419.10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.131Search in Google Scholar
Mohamed MF, Nor AM, Suhor UF. Water chemistry for corrosion prediction in high pressure CO2 environments. In: Corrosion 2011. Paper No. 11375. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2011.Search in Google Scholar
Nazari MH, Allahkaram SR, Kermani MB. The effects of temperature and pH on the characteristics of corrosion product in CO2 corrosion of grade X70 steel. Mater Design 2010; 31: 3559–3563.10.1016/j.matdes.2010.01.038Search in Google Scholar
Nesic S. Key issues related to modelling of internal corrosion of oil and gas pipelines – a review. Corros Sci 2007; 49: 4308–4338.10.1016/j.corsci.2007.06.006Search in Google Scholar
Nesic S, Lee KLJ. A mechanistic model for carbon dioxide corrosion of mild steel in the presence of protective iron carbonate films. Corros Sci 2003; 6: 616–628.10.5006/1.3277592Search in Google Scholar
Nesic S, Postlethwaite J, Olsen S. An electrochemical model for prediction of corrosion of mild steel in aqueous carbon dioxide solutions. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 1996; 52: 280–294.10.5006/1.3293640Search in Google Scholar
Nesic S, Nordsveen M, Nyborg R, Stangeland A. A mechanistic model for CO2 corrosion with protective iron carbonate films. In: Corrosion 2001. Paper No. 01040. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2001.Search in Google Scholar
Newton Jr. LE. Sacroc CO2 project corrosion problems and solution. In: Corrosion 84. Paper No. 67. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 1984.Search in Google Scholar
Newton Jr. LE, Mcclay RA. Corrosion and operational problems, CO2 project, Sacroc Unit. SPE Paper No. 6391, 1977.10.2118/6391-MSSearch in Google Scholar
NORSOK Standard M-506. CO2 corrosion rate calculation model. Rev. 2, June 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Palacios CA, Shadley JK. Characteristics of corrosion scales on steel in a corrosion saturated Naice Arine. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 1991; 47: 122–127.10.5006/1.3585227Search in Google Scholar
Pappa GD, Perakis C, Tsimpanogiannis IN, Boutsas EC. Thermodynamic modeling of the vapor – liquid equilibrium of the CO2/H2O mixture. Fluid Phase Equilibria 2009; 284: 56–63.10.1016/j.fluid.2009.06.011Search in Google Scholar
Paschke B, Kather A. Corrosion of pipeline and compressor materials due to impurities in separated CO2 from fossil-fuelled power plants. Energy Procedia 2012; 23: 207–215.10.1016/j.egypro.2012.06.030Search in Google Scholar
Pfennig A, Kranzmann A. Effect of CO2 and pressure on the stability of steels with different amounts of chromium in saline water. Corros Sci 2012; 65: 441–452.10.1016/j.corsci.2012.08.041Search in Google Scholar
Pfennig A, Wiegand R, Wolf M, Bork CP. Corrosion and corrosion fatigue of AISI 420C (X46Cr13) at 60°C in CO2-saturated artificial geothermal brine. Corros Sci 2013; 68: 134–143.10.1016/j.corsci.2012.11.005Search in Google Scholar
Propp WA, Carleson TE, Wai CM, Taylor PP, Daehling KW, Huang SP, Abdel-Latif M. Corrosion in supercritical fluids. US Department of Energy Report DE96014006, Washington, DC, 1996.10.2172/274146Search in Google Scholar
Ruhl AS, Kranzmann A. Corrosion in supercritical CO2 by diffusion of flue gas acids and water. J Supercrit Fluid 2012; 68: 81–86.10.1016/j.supflu.2012.04.015Search in Google Scholar
Russick EM, Poulter GA, Adkins CLJ, Sorensen NR. Corrosive effects of supercritical carbon dioxide and cosolvents on metals. J Supercrit Fluid 1996; 9: 43–50.10.1016/S0896-8446(96)90043-1Search in Google Scholar
Schmitt G. Fundamental aspects of CO2 corrosion, in advances in CO2 corrosion. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 1984; 1: 10–19.Search in Google Scholar
Schmitt G, Hoerstemeier M. Fundamental aspects of CO2 metal loss corrosion – part II: Influence of different parameters on CO2 corrosion mechanisms. In: Corrosion 2006. Paper No. 06112. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Schmitt G, Gudde T, Strobel-Effertz E. Fracture mechanical properties of CO2 corrosion product scales and their relation to localized corrosion. In: Corrosion 96. Paper No. 9. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 1996.Search in Google Scholar
Schremp FW, Roberson GR. Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) on construction materials. SPE Paper No. 4667. 1973.Search in Google Scholar
Schremp FW, Roberson GR. Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) on construction materials. J Soc Petrol Eng 1975; 15: 227–233.10.2118/4667-PASearch in Google Scholar
Seiersten M. Material selection for separation, transportation and disposal of CO2. In: Corrosion 2001. Paper No. 01042. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2001.Search in Google Scholar
Seiersten M, Kongshaug KO. Materials selection for capture, compression, transport and injection of CO2, carbon dioxide capture for storage in deep geologic formations. Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 2005: 937.10.1016/B978-008044570-0/50143-4Search in Google Scholar
Sim S, Cole IS, Bocher F, Corrigan P, Gamage RP, Ukwattage N, Birbilis N. Investigating the effect of salt and acid impurities in supercritical CO2 as relevant to the corrosion of carbon capture and storage pipelines. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2013; 17: 534–541.10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.06.013Search in Google Scholar
Sim S, Bocher F, Cole IS, Chen XB, Birbilis N. Investigating the effect of water content in supercritical CO2 as relevant to the corrosion of carbon capture and storage pipelines. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 2014a; 70: 185–195.10.5006/0944Search in Google Scholar
Sim S, Cole IS, Choi YS, Birbilis N. A review of the protection strategies against internal corrosion for the safe transport of supercritical CO2 via steel pipelines for CCS purposes. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2014b; 29: 185–199.10.1016/j.ijggc.2014.08.010Search in Google Scholar
Smart J. A review of erosion corrosion in oil and gas production. In: Corrosion 90. Paper No. 10. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 1990.Search in Google Scholar
Smith SN, Joosten MW. Corrosion of carbon steel by H2S in CO2 containing oilfield environments. In: Corrosion 2006. Paper No. 06115. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Spycher N, Pruess K, Ennis-King J. CO2-H2O mixtures in the geological sequestration of CO2. I. Assessment and calculation of mutual solubilities from 12 to 100°C and up to 600 bar. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2003; 67: 3015–3031.10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00273-4Search in Google Scholar
Suhor MF, Mohamed MF, Muhammad Nor A, Singer M, Nesic S. Corrosion of mild steel in high CO2 environment: effect of the FeCO3 layer. In: Corrosion 2012. Paper No. 0001434. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Sun C, Sun JB, Wang Y, Wang SJ, Liu JX. Corrosion mechanism of OCTG carbon steel in supercritical CO2/oil/water system. Acta Metall Sin 2014; 50: 811–820.Search in Google Scholar
Thodla R, Francois A, Sridhar N. Materials performance in supercritical CO2 environments. In: Corrosion 2009. Paper No. 09255. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Waard CD, Lotz U, Milliams DE. Predictive model for CO2 corrosion engineering in wet natural gas pipelines. Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 1991; 47: 976–985.10.5006/1.3585212Search in Google Scholar
West JM. Design and operation of a supercritical CO2 pipeline-compression system. Sacroc Unit, Scurry County, Texas. SPE Paper No. 4804, 1974.10.2118/4804-MSSearch in Google Scholar
Wu SL, Cui ZD, Zhao GX, Yan ML, Zhu SL, Yang XJ. EIS study of the surface film on the surface of carbon steel from supercritical carbon dioxide corrosion. Appl Surf Sci 2004; 228: 17–25.10.1016/j.apsusc.2003.12.025Search in Google Scholar
Xiang Y, Wang Z, Xu C, Zhou CC, Li Z, Ni WD. Impact of SO2 concentration on the corrosion rate of X70 steel and iron in water-saturated supercritical CO2 mixed with SO2. J Supercrit Fluid 2012a; 58: 286–294.10.1016/j.supflu.2011.06.007Search in Google Scholar
Xiang Y, Wang Z, Yang XX, Li Z, Ni WD. The upper limit of moisture content for supercritical CO2 pipeline transport. J Supercrit Fluid 2012b; 67: 14–21.10.1016/j.supflu.2012.03.006Search in Google Scholar
Xiang Y, Wang Z, Li Z, Ni WD. Effect of exposure time on the corrosion rates of X70 steel in supercritical CO2/SO2/O2/H2O environments, Corrosion (Houston, TX, USA) 2013; 69: 251–258.10.5006/0769Search in Google Scholar
Yevtushenko O, Bäßler R, Salgado IC. Corrosion stability of piping steels in a circulating supercritical impure CO2 environment. In: Corrosion 2013. Paper No. 2372. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Yevtushenko O, Bäßler R. Water impact on corrosion resistance of pipeline steels in circulating supercritical CO2 with SO2- and NO2- impurities. In: Corrosion 2014. Paper No. 3838. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2014a.Search in Google Scholar
Yevtushenko O, Bettge D, Bohraus S, Bäßler R, Pfennig A, Kranzmann A. Corrosion behavior of steels for CO2 injection. Process Saf Environ 2014b; 92: 108–118.10.1016/j.psep.2013.07.002Search in Google Scholar
Yin ZF, Feng YR, Zhao WZ, Bai ZQ, Lin GF. Effect of temperature on CO2 corrosion of carbon steel. Surf Interface Anal 2009; 41: 517–523.10.1002/sia.3057Search in Google Scholar
Yu F, Gao KW, Su YJ, Li JX, Qiao LJ, Chu WY, Lu MX. The fracture toughness of CO2 corrosion scale in pipeline steel. Mater Lett 2005; 59: 1709–1713.10.1016/j.matlet.2005.01.014Search in Google Scholar
Ziomek-Moroz M, O’Connor W, Bullard S. Investigations of localized corrosion of stainless steel after exposure to supercritical CO2. In: Corrosion 2012. Paper No. 0001597. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang YC, Gao KW, Schmitt G. Water effect on steel corrosion under supercritical CO2 conditions. In: Corrosion 2011. Paper No. 11378. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2011a.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang YC, Gao KW, Schmitt G. Inhibition of steel corrosion under aqueous supercritical CO2 conditions. In: Corrosion 2011. Paper No. 11379. Houston, TX, USA: NACE International, 2011b.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang YC, Pang XL, Qu SP, Li X, Gao KW. The relationship between fracture toughness of CO2 corrosion scale and corrosion rate of X65 pipeline steel under supercritical CO2 condition. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 2011c; 5: 1643–1650.10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.09.011Search in Google Scholar
Zhang YC, Pang XL, Qu SP, Li X, Gao KW. Discussion of the CO2 corrosion mechanism between low partial pressure and supercritical condition. Corros Sci 2012; 59: 186–197.10.1016/j.corsci.2012.03.006Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter
