A Digital Concordance of Etruscan, Faliscan, and Early Latin Inscriptions from Etruria

: Epigraphic concordances (lists which give corresponding references for two or more epigraphic corpora) are an indispensable resource for any scholar whose work relates to inscriptions. Despite their usefulness, there are inherent issues with conventional concordances of the type found at the back of epigraphic corpora. This article presents a digital concordance for Etruscan, Faliscan and early Latin inscriptions from Etruria. The concordance, which is contained in a CSV ﬁ le, is downloadable from the repository Zenodo, and allows for both free-text searches and reordering according to each included corpus. The digital format allows for future revision and correction; an email address dedicated to feedback from the scholarly community has been set up. The corpora included in the concordance are chosen to make the concordance a comprehensive resource for both contemporary scholarly use and study of the history of epigraphy.

concordance has the opposite arrangement, with CIE (or "Pa." as it is referred to in the notebook) as the indexing corpus, and CII as the target concordance.
It appears that despite the work that went into these concordances, they were only for Pauli's own organization.No concordance or index editionum priorum, as concordances are often called in Latin-language corpora, was included in the first volume of CIE.Later volumes published by Barth would fit concordances to multiple corpora and editions onto one unnumbered page at the back of the volume.When the CIE was revived in 1970, concordances were allowed to take up more space.The same is true of Etruskische Texte, where a not inconsiderable part of the first volume in both editions (Meiser 2014; Rix 1991) is dedicated to concordances.
All concordances in CIE and ET are two-corpus concordances.Furthermore, the corpus housing the concordance is always the target corpus.These concordances exist as a navigation tool.If someone wanted to find CIE 564 in Etruskische Texte, they could find that number in the left-hand column of the CIE-ET concordance and find the corresponding ET reference, Cl 1.533, in the right-hand column.In these volumes, concordances cannot answer the opposite question.In order to find the CIE reference for Cl 1.533, one must instead go into the corpus itself and consult the notes relating to the inscription.The same is true of CIE, where concordances function only to point the user to the right part of the corpus.
In editions associated with Etruscology, the general concordance in Bakkum's corpus of Faliscan is the only example of both a multi-corpus concordance and a concordance where the hosting corpus is the indexing corpus. 2 Bakkum's own numbering is given in the first column, with six other corpora acting as the target corpora.Each of the other corpora then has its own two-corpus concordance, where Bakkum is the target corpus.
In terms of the user experience, printed concordances can present difficulties.The concordance in CIE II 1.1 (Danielsson 1907)  Each column has a heading, and the relationship between columns is shown using an em dash.However, the above reproduction does not capture the small font, which makes the reading more difficult.The ease of using the concordance is primarily due to the fact that it is only 21 lines long.Bakkum's general concordance also gives a heading for each column (each referring to a different corpus).This makes it relatively simple to read toward the top of the page, but further down, it is easy to confuse the different columns.The fact that each full page includes 49 lines makes it possible to lose your place when checking the headings.While headings are not always helpful, they make consulting the concordance easier.Extraneous information such as the corpus name (and Roman numerals when it comes to CIL, for example) has been excluded.The columns are evenly spaced out, with 3.5 cm between them, regardless of the relationship between the columns. 4As both CIE and CII (and, indeed, almost all corpora, with the exception of Sabellic corpora and ET)5 differentiate inscriptions only by numbers, it is easy to confuse the columns.The first two columns can be identified without difficulty, partly because of the heading and partly because of the fact that the CII references include the Latin adverb ter, which CIE references generally do not.The other columns are more difficult, as the relationships between the CIE columns and the CII columns are not clearly indicated.The formatting issues discussed here become a particular problem for users with poor eyesight or users who have issues processing visual information, which is common in persons with dyslexia or neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD.Pauli seems to have been aware of this issue, considering his use of different-colored ink for each corpus, but this would be difficult to reproduce in print (at least without considerable cost), and would itself be inaccessible to those who are color blind.
Another drawback with concordances in printed corpora is that they only contain references relevant to the corpus in question.If we approach concordances solely as a navigation tool into the corpus, this is entirely understandable, and it would be unreasonable to expect these tools to include information not relevant to their purpose.Nonetheless, it can leave questions unanswered.Let us imagine, for instance, that a scholar has come across the reference CII 2095 ter c and wants to consult the CIE entry on this inscription.There are no index volumes for CIE, so the scholar has no choice but to go through the concordances in 13 volumes, and hope that the entry they are looking for is not in the concordance-less first volume, which contains around three-quarters of the inscriptions covered by CII.(The reference in question is CIE 10861.) Etruskische Texte requires the consultation of only one concordance, but the same issue exists.Consider these two examples from the CIE-ET concordance:6 In the first sequence, CIE 393, 394 and 395 are omitted because they are considered forgeries.In the second sequence, CIE 562 is not included because the inscription is in Latin.Naturally it would make little sense for Rix and Meiser to include these, as they do not have a corresponding reference in the target corpus, but for the end user, there is no way to know why a particular inscription from CIE is not included in ET.
In addition to this, some concordances in corpora will only list references that have been cited within the corpus, rather than all corresponding entries.This is the case with the concordances in ET 2 for CII.Although a total of 3201 distinct CII references correspond to inscriptions published in ET, the CII-ET concordance in the second edition includes only 383 references.7 806 inscriptions appear both in ET 2 and Gamurrini's Appendice, but the relevant concordance in ET 2 has only 104 lines. 8ne further problem is that there is no effective way to update or correct printed material without reprinting it.Ongoing corpora such as CIL and CIE are constantly growing, and there are many cases where inscriptions that were not included in one corpus at the time of publication in another were included in a later volume of the first.When the first volume of CIE was published in 1893, the Latin inscription CIE 4785 had not been published in CIL.Following the publication of CIE I, this inscription was included by Bormann in CIL XI 2.2 in 1926 (as CIL XI.7204) and in CIL I 2 2.2 by Lommatzsch in 1931(CIL I 2 .2636).For a scholar who comes across this inscription in CIE, however, there is no way to know that it has been included in CIL.These references can be added in additamenta, but as that type of addition cannot be indicated in the original, a scholar may not know to check it.
Errors are a more serious issue.While errata can be issued, they may not be accessible to all readers, and just as with additamenta, one must know to look at them to find the correction.Some mistakes will be found only in the concordance, as in Cristofani and Pandolfini 1996, where the corresponding CIE number for CII App.936 is given as CIE 8605.In the corpus itself, this CII App.reference is instead associated with the correct inscription, CIE 8705.At other times, both the concordance and the corpus will give the wrong references.For instance, Meiser gives the CII reference for ET 2 Vc 0.6 (an inscription on a vase reading "[i]ṭθ") as CII 2237.However, CII 2237 reads "śue" and in fact corresponds to ET 2 Vc 0.49.ET Vc 0.6 corresponds to CII 2260 v (for which Fabretti gives the reading "tθ").
The current corpus-specific printed concordances thus have numerous drawbacks: they will include only references relevant to the corpus, formatting can make them difficult to use, and, by virtue of the medium, the material cannot be updated or corrected.Many of these issues can be addressed by having digital concordances that are independent of printed corpora. 9

Scope and Construction
-Etruskische Texte, Helmut Rix's first edition and Gerhard Meiser's second edition. 11An editio minor that includes all extant substantial inscriptions in Etruscan.
-Testimonia Linguae Etruscae by Massimo Pallottino, second edition. 12An editio minor including around 900 Etruscan inscriptions and 58 glosses. 13ferences to the following are given where they correspond to CIE, ET and/or TLE: -Trismegistos.In cases where the source is different, this is indicated in the "Credits" column.The purpose of this is both transparency and accountability.In cases where a reference in the usual source has been determined to be incorrect, this is indicated in the "Notes" column, and the alternative source is given under "Credits."

Formatting and Use
The CSV file containing the concordance can be opened in a variety of spreadsheet programs such as Excel, Numbers, Libreoffice Calc, and Google Sheets.
Because of the file format, formatting has been kept to a minimum.No superscript is used.Editions of Etruskische Texte are referred to as ET1 and ET2.In all other cases, superscripts are given in parentheses.The title usually rendered as CIL I 2 is given as CIL I(2), and references with a superscript, such as CIE 5376 a , are rendered in the same way: "CIE 5376(a)".No commas are used (as this creates issues in the file format).Epigraphic references use full stops, e.g., CIL XI.1762.
When one inscription number is subdivided using letters, e.g., CIL XI.2201 a, b, c, etc., these are given with a space between the inscription number and the letter.In cases where a letter is used to distinguish an inscription from another separate inscription, e.g., CIL XI.2202 and CIL XI.2202a, the inscription number and letter are given without a space between the number and letter.
The digital format of this concordance makes it possible to use free text searches, but the concordance has also been formatted to allow the user to reorder the concordance according to a particular column, changing which is the indexed corpus.As printing costs and page formatting are not a concern, every reference includes the name of the corpus, making it possible to read the concordance without having to pause to check the header.As the concordance is downloadable, users can change the font and font size, hide or reorder columns, use the filter tools to exclude certain rows or zoom in and out to make the user experience easier.
In order to allow the reordering of the concordance, some formatting decisions have had to be made.When there is no relevant reference for a certain cell, this has been left blank, instead of marking it with a dash, for example.The machine ordering will organize non-letter characters such as dashes before letters, and so if a dash had been used to indicate that no reference existed, reordering a column would instead bring all rows without relevant references to the top.
It has also been necessary to "pad" numbers with zeros.This prevents the organization of the numbers according to the first number regardless of the length of the number, e.g., 1, followed by 10-19, followed by 100, etc. 39 The conventions used are the following: -In the case of CIE, all numbers are five digits, 00001, 00010, 00100, 01000, 10000 (e.g., CIE 00208 instead of CIE 208).-In the case of all other corpus references, the numbers should be four digits, 0001, 0010, 0100, 1000 (e.g., ET2 AS 1.0290 instead of ET2 AS 1.290).The initial number in ET references is not padded.-Trismegistos numbers are given as on the site, with no additional zeros.-In the case of numbered inscriptions subordinate to a CIL number, the numbers should be two digits, e.g., 01, 10.These numbers are given in parentheses after the main reference without a space between them.40 In the case of ranges, the second number is also padded and has the corpus abbreviation repeated (e.g., "CII 0139-CII 0140") so that it will appear in text searches.A dash is used between the two references.
In cases where references start, not with a number, but with the designation sub or post, this is given after the number, e.g., "CIL XI.2027 sub" instead of "CIL XI sub 2027."This will make the reference appear in the correct place if the spreadsheet is reordered according to that column.In order to be consistent, only sub and post are used.Sub is used when an inscription is discussed within the entry, but where it is not the primary focus.Post is used when the inscription is discussed outside the numbered entries.In cases where inscriptions are simply mentioned (such as CIE 2716, which is mentioned in the entry of CIE 4990), this is not included as a separate corpus reference.Similarly, mentions of inscriptions in prefaces and other texts within corpora are not included.
The machine ordering has some other consequences that cannot be circumvented.Roman numerals are not treated as numbers, but as rows of letters.For instance, the references Bakkum I-X are given by the software in the following order: I, II, III, IV, IX, V, VI, VII, VIII, X.While this is unfortunate, the only solution would be to convert the Roman numerals into Arabic numerals, something that cannot be done without causing confusion between Bakkum I and Bakkum 1, etc. Similarly, CII references containing the adverbs quater and quinque will be listed before the references containing ter.41However, neither of these issues is common in the concordance.Of the 49,081 references, only 74 references (42 in Bakkum and 32 in CII) consist solely of Roman numerals, and only 36 unique references include the words quater or quinque.
Due to the ordering, ET references are not in the order in which they are presented in the printed corpus.The initial two letters, which indicate the provenance of the inscription, are organized in alphabetical order.While the corpus starts with the longer texts, Liber Linteus (LL), the Tabula Capuana (TC), Cortona Tablet (AC) and Cippus Perusinus (CP), before going onto inscriptions from Campania and Lucania (Cm), the software will first list the Cortona Tablet (AC), followed by inscriptions from Adria (Ad), which in the corpus is the 29th inscription to be covered.In the printed corpus, gems, coins, and mirrors have their own chapters, with subsections for each location, but in the concordance, these items will be listed along with other inscriptions.For instance, in the corpus, ET 2 Vs G.1 is found after ET 2 AT G.1.In the concordance, it instead follows ET Vs 9.2.
The machine ordering of numerals also influences the order of ET text-classes made up of numerals.Inscriptions of the text-class 0, which in ET are printed after all other inscription in each section, are here organized before 1.
Corpus references have been included only when they represent an edition of the inscription, not when they consist only of a cross-reference.For CIE, only one reference, CIE 8381a, which points the reader to CIE 8293, has been excluded.For ET 2 , cross-references where an inscription has been moved from its position in ET 1 are not included.For instance, ET 1 Fe 2.10 has been moved between editions, getting the new reference ET 2 Fe 0.2.If one looks up Fe 2.10 in ET 2 , one will find only a cross-reference to Fe 2.10.In these cases, only the reference where the inscription is described is included: Throughout the concordance, references are given as they occur in the corpus in question, not as they are cited in other corpora. 42For instance, ET 2 will sometimes designate parts of inscriptions in CIE with letters where none are given in CIE.The following references are given in the CIE-ET concordance: 43 However, CIE 10841 does not include the letters a-c.Instead, it describes tre patere in bronzo, "three bowls in bronze," bearing the same inscription, which is transcribed only once.If presented with these three bowls, one would not know which was which.Therefore, the CIE reference is given as CIE 10841 in relation to all three ET 2 references.
In cases where the original corpus gives, not individual numbers, but a range, this is replicated, e.g., CII 0139-CII 0140 instead of CII 0139 and CII 0140 separately. 44The number of such references is small-a mere 14-and all consist of only two contiguous numbers, with the exception of CIE 11050-11053 and CIE  11439-11442.Every reference has been given its own cell.This allows the concordance to be reorganized according to any of the columns, and also allows for more complex 42 The CIE-ET concordance in ET 2 includes some material from the edition itself, such as asterisks (used to indicate the presence of a photograph, e.g., CIE 6412*) and superscript circles (used to indicate the presence of a line-drawing of a gem or mirror, e.g., CIE 10896°).These symbols have been excluded.43 Meiser 2014, 135.44 The exception to this rule is Bakkum (2009), who gives this type of reference, e.g., Bakkum 405-9, but then distinguishes between them in discussion within the entry and/or in the concordance.On a few occasions, Gamurrini (1880) will give a range, e.g., CII App.456-7, and then follow it by the second number in the range, in this case CII App.457.In such cases, the references are given as "CII App.0456" and "CII App.0457" rather than as a range ("CII App.045-0457"), as the range clearly functions as a heading for both inscriptions, with the first number, in this case CII App.456, being assumed.relationships between multiple corpora to be illustrated.When a reference is repeated on multiple rows, this is indicated in Column O in the following way: 45 For the first row, there is only one repetition, in the CII column.The reference is therefore given as usual.For rows two and three, the number of repetitions are given in square brackets, and the total number of relevant rows are given in parentheses.
Sometimes the number given in square brackets is the same as the total number of rows.In ET 1 , a special text-class, called X, consolidated multiple inscriptions on the same object.For instance, ET 1 Cl 0.7 and Cl S.11 were first given separately, and then both repeated under Cl X.2.In ET 2 , the text-class X was abolished, with this relationship indicated through other means. 46Trismegistos assigns one identifier per inscribed object, meaning that Cl 0.7 and Cl S.11 would have the same Trismegistos number.In the concordance, this would be indicated as follows: Reorganizing according to the Trismegistos column or searching the Trismegistos reference will bring up all four relevant references.However, ET2 is also indicated as a common denominator for two rows, as it is repeated to correspond to both the ET1 reference of the same subclass and to the X reference.In the rows with the X reference, ET1 is also indicated as a common denominator, also for two rows.
Although both ET1 and ET2 have two relevant lines, they are not the same; they are therefore given separately, just as in the above example relating to Vt 1.63.Column P ("Notes") includes additional information on the inscription.Sometimes these entries relate to peculiarities in the editions: -Incorrect corpus references in corpora.
-Uncertain references (which will also be marked in the concordance itself with a question-mark in square brackets).
More often, the notes concern inscriptions that appear in CIE but not in ET or CIL.These notes might include the following information: -Length of inscription.ET routinely excludes inscriptions that are only a few letters long. 47-Fragmentary inscriptions.Where an inscription is so damaged that a few or no characters are visible, this is indicated here.-Sigla, pseudo-writing or other marks not transcribed in CIE.
-Latin inscriptions not included in CIL.
In addition to these, the following is also given in Column P, along with sources: -Disputes over authenticity (e.g., forgeries or spurious inscriptions).
-Disputes over whether an inscription is the same as another described inscription.-Inscriptions in languages other than Etruscan, Faliscan, or Latin (e.g., Greek and Pre-Samnite).
Often, the source is one of the corpus references cited.In these cases, only the name of the corpus is given: In cases where the source is different, the full reference is given: CIE  Considered a forgery based on CIE  (see ET Cl .).
In cases where different editors have different opinions on the authenticity of an inscription, this is also explained.Whenever a full reference is given, it is formatted according to the description above.
As mentioned above, incorrect references given in corpora or concordances are also listed in this column.This is done in the following format:

CIE 
CII  CII reference erroneously given in CIE as "CII ." The incorrect reference is given within quotation marks, but is formatted according to the above-mentioned conventions.Column Q ("Credits") lists the source for references, when it differs from the sources outlined above.In order to avoid confusion, the information in this column is formatted as e.g., "CII Meiser," with the name of the corpus that is being corrected first, followed by the name of the responsible scholar.In 544 cases, this is an editor of one of the other corpora.In 167 cases, I have established the reference specifically for the concordance.When this has happened, the source is given as e.g., "CII Burman." As discussed above, one of the advantages with digital resources is the ability to update and correct them.Column R ("Edit log") is dedicated to describing changes.If an error is identified after publication, it will be corrected and the change will be described in Column R. The change will also be recounted in a separate edit log.In order to facilitate feedback and corrections, an email account has been set up to handle any such reports: etruscanconcordance@gmail.com.This account will remain active even if university affiliations change.
The spreadsheet is posted on Zenodo along with a "Read Me" document.This document includes a brief explanation of the formatting of references as well as a full bibliography of the corpora cited.This is formatted to allow for easy navigation by giving the reference ranges of each volume in a multi-volume corpus, for example, "CIE 1-4917" for Pauli 1893.Hyperlinks are included to corpora that are available online (at the time of writing, five volumes of CIE, seven of the volumes of CIL, Bakkum, CII and its supplements, and Gamurrini's appendix).The "Read Me" document also includes a "tips and tricks" section that describes in more detail some of the features of spreadsheet programs that make the concordance easier to use.The concordance is licensed under the CC Zero License, with no rights reserved.Foundation for Humanities Research, the Sven and Dagmar Salén Foundation, and the Smith and Tranér scholarships from Uppsala University.I am grateful to James Clackson, Mark Depauw, Daniel Unruh, and the library staff at Uppsala University Library, the Royal Library of Stockholm, Gothenburg University Library, Lund University Library, the Classics Library of the University of Cambridge, the Classics Library at the University of Texas at Austin, and the library of the Swedish Institute at Rome.
is fairly well formatted.The first few lines read as follows: In the post-1970 volumes of CIE, concordances are given one general title, located above the first column, with no additional headings for the other columns.In CIE III, 4, the CII-CIE concordance begins in the following way: 3 14An online epigraphic and papyrological database that gives stable identifiers to inscriptions.-TheLatinDialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 Years of Scholarship by Gabriël C.L.M. Bakkum. 15lume 2 includes a corpus of Faliscan.-CorpusInscriptionumLatinarum.The editio maior of Latin inscriptions.References are given to Mommsen's original CIL I, 16 the updated CIL I 2 (early Latin inscriptions), 17 CIL III (Asia and Illyria), 18 CIL VI (the city of Rome), 19 and CIL XI (Etruria and Umbria). 20orpus Inscriptionum Italicarum, the main corpus 21 and supplements 22 byAriodante Fabretti and the appendix by Francesco Gian Gamurrini.forEpigraphik-Datenbank Clauss-Slaby (<http://www.manfredclauss.de/>).When identifying new references, the text vehicle, length of inscription and general shape of letters have been taken into account (as different editions may give different readings).All references have been cross-checked and compared before being included in the concordance.In the concordance, 97.5 percent of all lines contain a CIE reference.As a result, most of the data have been collected in relation to CIE.If nothing else is stated, the following are the sources of non-CIE references: -Trismegistos: retrieved through searching for ET 2 references, Bakkum references and CIL references, in that order. 37-ET 1 : conspectus editionum in ET 2 . 38-ET 2 : CIE-ET concordance in ET 2 , ET-CIE concordance in CIE IV. -TLE: CIE-TLE concordance in TLE, TLE-CIE concordance in CIE.-Bakkum: Bakkum general concordance.-CIL I: CIE editions, CIL-CIE concordances in CIE.-CIL I 2 : CIE editions, CIL-CIE concordances in CIE.-CIL XI: CIE editions, lists of corresponding inscriptions in CIL XI 2.2.-CII: CIE editions, CII-CIE concordances in CIE.-CII Suppl.: CIE editions, CII Suppl.-CIEconcordances in CIE.-CII App.: CIE editions, Gamurrini-CIE concordances in CIE.
23Corpus of Sabellic and Etruscan inscriptions.Though its frequent use of secondary sources often makes it unreliable, the CII is an important corpus in the history of Etruscology.Although these corpora are included only when the inscription in question is included in CIE, ET or TLE, this covers large portions of them.For instance, 91 percent11 Rix 1991; Meiser 2014.12Pallottino1968.In contrast to ET, no change in numbering was undertaken between this edition and the first edition(Pallottino 1954).TLE 1-858 refer to the same inscription in both editions.New inscriptions in Pallottino 1968 were added in a supplement (TLE 859-942).13TheTLEreferencesrepresenting glosses, TLE 801-858, have been included for the sake of completeness, but since the focus of this concordance is epigraphy, the literary references have not been included.The references can be found atPallottino 1954, 97-103 and Pallottino 1968, 101-7.14https://www.trismegistos.org/.At present, the Trismegistos entries for Etruscan do not include any text, but the Trismegistos identifiers(Depauw 2018, 199)play an important role nonetheless.searches If the spreadsheet is organized according to the column of the corpus mentioned as the "common denominator" in Column O, or if one searches for the reference given in the column for that corpus, one will find the other references.In some cases, there is more than one overlap, as in the case of ET Vt 1.63 and Vt 1.62.Both are described in CII 356, but only Vt 1.63 is described in CII 455.Column O ("Multiple references?") will then be formatted in the following way: Considered a forgery based on CIE  by Pauli (see CIE).Meiser considers it the genuine original and CIE  the forgery (see ET).