Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter November 25, 2015

Aspects of Non-edible Vegetable Oil-Based Bio-lubricants in the Automotive Sector

  • Yashvir Singh

    Mr. Yashvir Singh: Graduate in Mechanical Engineering and postgraduate in Thermal Engineering from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow. He has taken research projects in the field of Tribology and Bio-lubricants. Mr. Singh has more than eight years of teaching experience and has published various research papers in various refereed national and international journals. He is presently working as assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.

    EMAIL logo
    , Rajnish Garg

    Dr. Rajnish Garg: Dr. Garg obtained his B.E., M.E. and Ph.D. degrees, respectively, in the field of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Engineering and Fiber-Reinforced Metal Matrix composites from IIT Roorkee. Dr. Garg has more than 20 years of teaching/research/industry experience. He has guided/is guiding many Ph.D. students and has published many research papers in various refereed national and international journals. Presently, he is professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.

    and Suresh Kumar

    Dr. Suresh Kumar: Dr. Kumar obtained his M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees in the field of Mechanical Engineering from IIT Delhi. Dr. Kumar has more than 20 years of teaching experience. He has published many research papers in various refereed national and international journals. Presently, he is professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.

From the journal Green

Abstract

Lubricants act as anti-friction media and facilitate smooth operations, maintain machine reliability and lead to reduction in the risk of frequent failures. Around the globe, petroleum-based reserves are depleting which results in price hike, creating concern about environmental pollution. The researchers are focusing on developing and using an eco-friendly lubricant derived from renewable resources. Non-edible vegetable oil-based bio-lubricants are eco-friendly due to their biodegradability, non-toxicity and net zero greenhouse gas emission. This study presents the potential of using non-edible vegetable-based bio-lubricants in the automotive sector. The first part of the study discusses about the resources, properties, as well as advantages and application of the bio-lubricants. In the second part of this paper, the potential of non-edible oil-based bio-lubricants as alternatives are discussed. The final part includes the description about the global lubricant market and prospects for the future. Non-edible vegetable oil-based bio-lubricants have enhanced lubricity, high viscosity, good anti-wear property, high viscosity index, increased equipment service life, high load carrying ability, low evaporation rates and low emission of metal traces into the atmosphere.

About the authors

Yashvir Singh

Mr. Yashvir Singh: Graduate in Mechanical Engineering and postgraduate in Thermal Engineering from Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow. He has taken research projects in the field of Tribology and Bio-lubricants. Mr. Singh has more than eight years of teaching experience and has published various research papers in various refereed national and international journals. He is presently working as assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.

Rajnish Garg

Dr. Rajnish Garg: Dr. Garg obtained his B.E., M.E. and Ph.D. degrees, respectively, in the field of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Engineering and Fiber-Reinforced Metal Matrix composites from IIT Roorkee. Dr. Garg has more than 20 years of teaching/research/industry experience. He has guided/is guiding many Ph.D. students and has published many research papers in various refereed national and international journals. Presently, he is professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.

Suresh Kumar

Dr. Suresh Kumar: Dr. Kumar obtained his M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees in the field of Mechanical Engineering from IIT Delhi. Dr. Kumar has more than 20 years of teaching experience. He has published many research papers in various refereed national and international journals. Presently, he is professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to acknowledge the Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Studies, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, which made this study possible.

References

1. Ong HC, Silitonga AS, Masjuki HH, Mahlia TMI, Chong WT, Boosroh MH. Production and comparative fuel properties of biodiesel from non-edible oils: Jatropha curcas, Sterculia foetida and Ceiba pentandra. Energ Convers Manage 2013;73:245–55.10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.011Search in Google Scholar

2. Ssempebwa JC, Carpenter DO. The generation, use and disposal of waste crankcase oil in developing countries: a case for Kampala district, Uganda. J Hazard Mater 2009;161:835–41.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.028Search in Google Scholar

3. Miller AL, Stipe CB, Habjan MC, Gilbert AG. Role of lubrication oil in particulate emissions from a hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41:6828–35.10.1021/es070999rSearch in Google Scholar

4. Tung SC, McMillan ML. Automotive tribology overview of current advances and challenges for the future. Tribol Int 2004;37:517–36.10.1016/j.triboint.2004.01.013Search in Google Scholar

5. Asadauskas S, Perez JM, Duda JL. Oxidative stability and antiwear properties of high oleic vegetable oils. Lubr Eng 1996;52:877–82.Search in Google Scholar

6. Erhan SZ, Asadauskas S. Lubricant base stocks from vegetable oils. Ind Crops Prod 2000;11:277–82.10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00061-8Search in Google Scholar

7. Jayadas NH, Nair KP, Ajithkumar G. Tribological evaluation of coconut oil as an environment friendly lubricant. Tribol Int 2007;40:350–4.10.1016/j.triboint.2005.09.021Search in Google Scholar

8. Alves SM, Barros BS, Trajano MF, Ribeiro KSB, Moura E. Tribological behavior of vegetable oil-based lubricants with nanoparticles of oxides in boundary lubrication conditions. Tribol Int 2013;65:28–36.10.1016/j.triboint.2013.03.027Search in Google Scholar

9. Lathi PS, Mattiasson B. Green approach for the preparation of biodegradable lubricant base stock from epoxidized vegetable oil. Appl Catal B Environ 2007;69:207–12.10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.06.016Search in Google Scholar

10. Nagendramma P, Kaul S. Development of ecofriendly/biodegradable lubricants: an overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012;16:764–74.10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.002Search in Google Scholar

11. Atabani AE, Silitonga AS, Ong HC, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Badruddin IA. Non-edible vegetable oils: a critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;18:211–45.10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.013Search in Google Scholar

12. Adhvaryu A, Erhan SZ, Perez JM. Tribological studies of thermally and chemically modified vegetable oils for use as environmentally friendly lubricants. Wear 2004;257:359–67.10.1016/j.wear.2004.01.005Search in Google Scholar

13. Biresaw G. Elastohydrodynamic properties of seed oils. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2006;83:559–66.10.1007/s11746-006-1240-9Search in Google Scholar

14. Agarwal AK, Rajamanoharan K. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog Energ Combust 2007;33:233–71.10.1016/j.pecs.2006.08.003Search in Google Scholar

15. Singh SP, Singh D. Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2010;14:200–16.10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.017Search in Google Scholar

16. Ahmad AL, Yasin NHM, Derek CJC, Lim JK. Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2011;15:584–93.10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.018Search in Google Scholar

17. Gui MM, Lee KT, Bhatia S. Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock. Energy 2008;33:1646–53.10.1016/j.energy.2008.06.002Search in Google Scholar

18. Azam MM, Waris A, Nahar NM. Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India. Biomass Bioenerg 2005;29:293–302.10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.05.001Search in Google Scholar

19. Syers JK, Wood D, Thongbai P. 2008. Proceedings of the International Technical Workshop on the “Feasibility of Non-edible Oil Seed Crops for Biofuel Production”. Botanic Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR). Database of oil yielding plants. 2004; Available at: http://www.mnre.gov.in/list/oil-plants. Accessed 21 December 2014.Search in Google Scholar

20. Sahoo PK, Das LM, Babu MKG, Naik SN. Biodiesel development from high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine. Fuel 2007;86:448–54.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.07.025Search in Google Scholar

21. Lata K, Mande SP. Bio-energy resources. In: Kishore VVN, editor. Renewable energy engineering and technology: principles and practice. London: Earthscan Publishers, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

22. Pinzi S, Garcia IL, Gimenez FJL, Castro MDL, Dorado G, Dorado MP. The ideal vegetable oil-based biodiesel composition: a review of social, economical and technical implications. Energ Fuel 2009;23:2325–41.10.1021/ef801098aSearch in Google Scholar

23. No SY. Inedible vegetable oils and their derivatives for alternative diesel fuels in CI engines: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2011;15:131–49.10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.012Search in Google Scholar

24. Razon LF. Review alternative crops for biodiesel feedstock. CAB reviews: perspectives in agriculture veterinary science nutrition and natural resources. 2009;4(056). doi:10.1079/PAVSNNR20094056.Search in Google Scholar

25. Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C. Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines. Renew Energ 2005;30:795–803.10.1016/j.renene.2004.07.002Search in Google Scholar

26. Demirbas A. Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energ Convers Manage 2009;50:14–34.10.1016/j.enconman.2008.09.001Search in Google Scholar

27. Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C. Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel 2005;84:335–40.10.1016/j.fuel.2004.09.016Search in Google Scholar

28. Koh MY, Ghazi TIM. A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2011;15:2240–51.10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.013Search in Google Scholar

29. Silitonga AS, Atabani AE, Mahlia TMI, Masjuki HH, Badruddin IA, Mekhilef S. A review on prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2011;15:3733–56.10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.011Search in Google Scholar

30. Akbar E, Yaakob Z, Kamarudin SK, Ismail M, Salimon J. Characteristic and composition of Jatropha curcas oil seed from Malaysia and its potential as biodiesel feedstock. Eur J Sci Res 2009;29:396–403.Search in Google Scholar

31. Achten WMJ, Verchot L, Franken YJ, Mathijs E, Singh VP, Aerts R. Jatropha bio-diesel production and use. Biomass Bioenerg 2008;32:1063–84.10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.03.003Search in Google Scholar

32. Alexander J, Benford D, Cockburn A, Cravedi JP, Dogliotti E, Di Domenico A. Ricin (from Ricinus communis) as undesirable substances in animal feed – scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain. EFSA J 2008;726:1–38.Search in Google Scholar

33. Koutroubas SD, Papakosta DK, Doitsinis A. Adaptation and yielding ability of castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes in a Mediterranean climate. Eur J Agron 1999;11:227–37.10.1016/S1161-0301(99)00034-9Search in Google Scholar

34. Mofijur M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Hazrat MA, Liaquat AM, Shahabuddin M. Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2012;16:5007–20.10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.010Search in Google Scholar

35. Usta N, Aydogan B, Uguzdogan E, Ozkal S. Properties and quality verification of biodiesel produced from tobacco seed oil. Energy Convers Manag 2011;52:2031–9.10.1016/j.enconman.2010.12.021Search in Google Scholar

36. Willing A. Lubricants based on renewable resource – an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products. Chemosphere 2001;43:89–98.10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00328-3Search in Google Scholar

37. Munoz RAA, Fernandes DM, Santos DQ, Tatielli GGB, Raquel MFS. Biodiesel: production, characterization, metallic corrosion and analytical methods for contaminants. In: Fang Z, editor. Biodiesel – feedstocks, production and applications. Rijeka: Tech. Publishers. doi:10.5772/53655.Search in Google Scholar

38. Raj FRMS, Sahayaraj JW. 2010. A comparative study over alternative fuel (biodiesel) for environmental friendly emission. Recent Advances in Space Technology Services and Climate Change (RSTSCC). 13–15 Nov. 2010, Chennai. IEEE, 80–86. doi: 10.1109/RSTSCC.2010.5712805Search in Google Scholar

39. Aluyor EA, Ori-jesu M. Biodegradation of mineral oils – a review. Afr J Biotechnol 2009;8:915–20.Search in Google Scholar

40. Johnson M, Miller M. 2010. Eco-friendly fluids for the lubricants industry. Park Ridge, IL: Tribology and Lubrication Technology: 28–34.Search in Google Scholar

41. Chapagain BP, Yehoshua Y, Wiesman Z. Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) as an arid lands sustainable bioresource for biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 2009;100:1221–6.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Hwang H-S, Erhan S. Modification of epoxidized soybean oil for lubricant formulations with improved oxidative stability and low pour point. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2001;78:1179–84.10.1007/s11745-001-0410-0Search in Google Scholar

43. He Z, Lu J, Zeng X, Shao H, Ren T, Liu W. Study of the tribological behaviors of S, P-containing triazine derivatives as additives in rapeseed oil. Wear 2004;257:389–94.10.1016/j.wear.2004.01.013Search in Google Scholar

44. Wu Y, Li W, Zhang M, Wang X. Improvement of oxidative stability of trimethylolpropane trioleate lubricant. Thermochim Acta 2013;559:112–18.10.1016/j.tca.2013.05.033Search in Google Scholar

45. Bokade VV, Yadav GD. Synthesis of bio-diesel and bio-lubricant by transesterification of vegetable oil with lower and higher alcohols over heteropolyacids supported by clay (K-10). Process Saf Environ Prot 2007;85:372–7.10.1205/psep06073Search in Google Scholar

46. Uosukainen E, Linko YY, Lamsa M, Tervakangas T, Linko P. Transesterification of trimethylolpropane and rapeseed oil methyl ester to environmentally acceptable lubricants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1998;75:1557–63.10.1007/s11746-998-0094-8Search in Google Scholar

47. Quinchia L, Delgado M, Valencia C, Franco J, Gallegos C. Viscosity modification of different vegetable oils with EVA copolymer for lubricant applications. Ind Crop Prod 2010;32:607–12.10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.07.011Search in Google Scholar

48. Martín-Alfonso JE, Valencia C. Tribological, rheological, and microstructural characterization of oleogels based on EVA copolymer and vegetables oils for lubricant applications. Tribol Int 2015;90:426–34.10.1016/j.triboint.2015.05.004Search in Google Scholar

49. Quinchia L, Delgado M, Valencia C, Franco J, Gallegos C. Viscosity modification of high-oleic sunflower oil with polymeric additives for the design of new bio-lubricant formulations. Environ Sci Technol 2009;43:2060–5.10.1021/es803047mSearch in Google Scholar

50. Mobarak HM, Mohamad EN, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, et al. The prospects of biolubricants as alternatives in automotive applications. Renew Sust energy Rev 2014;33:34–43.10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.062Search in Google Scholar

51. Bart JCJ, Gucciardi E, Cavallaro S. 2013. Lubricant: properties and characteristics. Biolubricants: science and technology. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, 24–73.Search in Google Scholar

52. Battersby NS. The biodegradability and microbial toxicity testing of lubricants-some recommendations. Chemosphere 2000;41:1011–27.10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00517-2Search in Google Scholar

53. Cecutti C, Agius D. Ecotoxicity and biodegradability in soil and aqueous media of lubricants used in forestry applications. Bioresour Technol 2008;99:8492–6.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.050Search in Google Scholar

54. Batters NS. Biodegradable lubricant, what does biodegradable really mean. J Synth Lubr 2005;22:3–18.10.1002/jsl.2005.22.1.3Search in Google Scholar

55. Bongardt F, Willing A. European ecolabels for biodegradable hydraulic oils, a challenge to base materials producers and formulators. J Synth Lubr 2003;20:53–68.10.1002/jsl.3000200106Search in Google Scholar

56. Haus F, German J, Junter GA. Primary biodegradability of mineral base oils in relation to their chemical and physical characteristics. Chemosphere 2001;45:983–90.10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00027-3Search in Google Scholar

57. Chung KH. Transesterification of Camellia japonica and Vernicia fordii seed oils on alkali catalysts for biodiesel production. J Ind Eng Chem 2010;16:506–9.10.1016/j.jiec.2010.03.007Search in Google Scholar

58. Sarin R, Sharma M, Khan AA. Studies on Guizotia abyssinica L. oil: biodiesel synthesis and process optimization. Bioresour Technol 2009;100:4187–92.10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.072Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Yang FX, Su YQ, Li XH, Zhang Q, Sun RC. Preparation of biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil. Ind Crop Prod 2009;29:622–8.10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.12.004Search in Google Scholar

60. Sanford SD, White JM, Shah PS, Wee C, Valverde MA, Meier GR. 2009. Feedstock and biodiesel characteristics report. Renewable energy group, Inc. Available at: www.regfuel.com.Search in Google Scholar

61. Veljkovic VB, Lakicevic SH, Stamenkovic OS, Todorovic ZB, Lazic ML. Biodiesel production from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids. Fuel 2006;85:2671–5.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.015Search in Google Scholar

62. Mohamed MM, Sivapirakasam SP, Udayakumar M. Comparative studies on fly ash coated low heat rejection diesel engine on performance and emission characteristics fueled by rice bran and pongamia methyl ester and their blend with diesel. Energy 2011;36:2343–51.10.1016/j.energy.2010.12.047Search in Google Scholar

63. Devan PK, Mahalakshmi NV. Utilization of unattended methyl ester of paradise oil as fuel in diesel engine. Fuel 2009;88:1828–33.10.1016/j.fuel.2009.04.025Search in Google Scholar

64. Liu Y, Xin HI, Yan YJ. Physicochemical properties of stillingia oil: feasibility for biodiesel production by enzyme transesterification. Ind Crop Prod 2009;30:431–6.10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.08.004Search in Google Scholar

65. Singh A, Pandey N, Gupta A. 2005. A composition of lubricating oil for two stroke engine and process for the preparation thereof. 3335DEL2005, 262NF 2005.Search in Google Scholar

66. Asadauskas S, Perez JM, Duda JL. Lubrication properties of castor oil-potential basestock for biodegradable lubricant. Lubr Eng 1997;53:35–40.Search in Google Scholar

67. Bekal S, Bhat NR. Bio-lubricant as an alternative to mineral oil for a CI engine – an experimental investigation with pongamia oil as a lubricant. Energ Source 2012;34:1016–2106.10.1080/15567031003735303Search in Google Scholar

68. Bhale PV, Deshpande NV, Thombre SB. 2008. Simulation of wear characteristics of cylinder liner ring combination with diesel and biodiesel. SAE NUMBER 2008280107 2008.Search in Google Scholar

69. Singh A. Castor oil based lubricant reduces smoke emission in two stroke engines. Ind Crop Prod 2011;33:287–95.10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.12.014Search in Google Scholar

70. Agrawal SM, Lahanea S, Patila NG, Brahmankarb PK. Experimental investigations into wear characteristics of M2 steel using cotton seed oil, 12th Global Congress on Manufacturing and Management, Procedia Eng 2014;97:4–14.10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.218Search in Google Scholar

71. Mannekote JK, Kailas SV. The effect of oxidation on the tribological performance of few vegetable oils. J Mater Res Technol 2012;1:91–5.10.1016/S2238-7854(12)70017-0Search in Google Scholar

72. Rani M, Joy ML, Nair KP. Evaluation of physiochemical and tribological properties of rice bran oil – biodegradable and potential base stock for industrial lubricants. Ind Crop Prod 2015;65:328–33.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.020Search in Google Scholar

73. Shahabuddin M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA. Experimental investigation into tribological characteristics of biolubricant formulated from jatropha oil. 5th BSME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Proceedia Eng 2013;56:597–606.10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.165Search in Google Scholar

74. Suhane A, Rehman A, Khaira HK. Tribological investigation of mahua oil based lubricant for maintenance applications. Int J Eng Res App 2013;3:2367–71.Search in Google Scholar

75. Singh A, Gupta A, Joshi P. 2007. A composition of hydraulic fluid and process for the preparation thereof. US 20070060486 A1 2007.Search in Google Scholar

76. Singh A, Gupta A, Chhibber VA. 2006. Composition of biodegradable gear oil. 59NF 2006 0787DEL 2006.Search in Google Scholar

77. Thames SF, Yu H. Cationic UV-cured coatings of epoxide-containing vegetables oils. Surf Coat Technol 1999;115:2–3.10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00244-3Search in Google Scholar

78. Erhan SZ, Asadauskas S. Oxidation and low temperature stability of vegetable based lubricants. Ind Crops Prod 2000;24:292–9.10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.06.008Search in Google Scholar

79. Arumugam S, Sriram G. Effect of bio-lubricant and biodiesel-contaminated lubricant on tribological behavior of cylinder liner–piston ring combination. Tribol Trans 2012;55:438–45.10.1080/10402004.2012.667517Search in Google Scholar

80. Chauhan PS, Chhibber DVK. Non-edible oil as a source of bio-lubricant for industrial applications: a review. Int J Eng Sci Innov Technol 2013;2:299–305.Search in Google Scholar

81. Mang T, Dresel W. Lubricants and lubrication. Wiley-VCH, 2007. Second completely revised and extended edition.10.1002/9783527610341Search in Google Scholar

82. Freedonia group Inc. World Lubricants to 2012 – Market research, Market share, Market size, Sales, Demand forecast, Market leaders, Company profiles, Industry trends. Freedonia group study#2454, Cleveland, OH (February 2009).Search in Google Scholar

83. Freedonia group Inc. World Lubricants – Industry study with forecasts for 2017 & 2022. Freedonia group study#3040, Cleveland, OH (July 2013).Search in Google Scholar

84. Freedonia group Inc. Synthetic lubricants and functional fluids – US industry study with forecasts for 2018 & 2023. Freedonia group study#3187, Cleveland, OH (August 2014).Search in Google Scholar

85. Theodori D, Saft RJ, Krop H, Van BP. 2004. Concept background document. Development of criteria for the award of the European ecolabel to lubricants. IVAM Research and Consultancy on Sustainability. Available at: www.ivam.uva.nlSearch in Google Scholar

86. Nagendramma P, Kaul S. Study of synthesized eco-friendly biodegradable esters: fire resistance and lubricating properties. J Synth Lubr 2010;22:103–10.Search in Google Scholar

87. Auer J, Toth J, Denes F, Kis J, Domoszlai E. Heavy duties non-toxic, biodegradable lubricating grease composition. Hung Teljee HU 1992;60:321.Search in Google Scholar

88. Venkataramani PS, Kalra SL, Raman SV, Srivastava HC. Synthesis evaluation and applications of complex esters as lubricants: a basic study. J Synth Lubr 1987;5:271–89.10.1002/jsl.3000050403Search in Google Scholar

89. Honory L. Biodegradable/biobased lubricants and greases. Machinery Lubrication. Noria Publication. 2010.Search in Google Scholar

90. Mang T, Lingg G, Mang IT, Dresel W. Base oils, lubricants and lubrication. Lubricants and Lubrication. John Wiley & Sons, 2007:34–5. doi: 10.1002/9783527610341.ch4.Search in Google Scholar

91. Bouflet A, Duteurte P, Airard P. A challenge for the lubricant industries. Petrol Technol 1991;362:65–79.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2015-2-17
Accepted: 2015-10-6
Published Online: 2015-11-25
Published in Print: 2015-12-1

©2015 by De Gruyter Mouton

Downloaded on 30.3.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/green-2015-0003/html
Scroll Up Arrow