Abstract
The identification of wood species in paper products is highly important for the enforcement of the newly established timber regulations regarding the control of illegal logging. In the context of European Timber Regulation (EUTR), in the present paper a database has been established containing reference samples and anatomical descriptions for the identification of 23 tropical timbers from Southeast Asia in pulp and paper products. The vessel elements and fibers of these mixed tropical hardwoods (MTH) were characterized by light microscopy. The woods in focus were macerated, embedded and compared visually and statistically. The collected microscopic data and images are helpful for the identification of the wood species used for paper production.
Acknowledgments:
This work was funded by the German Environmental Foundation (DBU) (Grant/Award Number: “AZ-29436”) in connection with the project “Identification of Mixed Tropical Hardwood (MTH) in paper – a contribution to species protection”.
References
Carlquist, S. Comparative Wood Anatomy. Systematic, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Dicotyledon Wood. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 2001.10.1007/978-3-662-04578-7Search in Google Scholar
Core, H.A., Côté, W.A., Day, A.C. Wood Structure and Identification. Syracuse University Press, New York, 1979.Search in Google Scholar
Dormontt, E.E., Boner, M., Braun, B., Breulmann, G., Degen, B., Espinoza, E., Gardner, S., Guillery, P., Hermanson, J.C., Koch, G., Lee, S.L., Kanashiro, M., Rimbawanto, A., Thomas, D., Wiedenhoeft, A.C., Yin, Y., Zahnen, J. (2015) Forensic timber identification: it’s time to integrate disciplines to combat illegal logging. Biol. Conserv. 191:790–798.10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.038Search in Google Scholar
FAO (2015) URL: http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/F/*/E (03 August 2015).Search in Google Scholar
Franklin, G.L. (1945) Preparation of thin sections of synthetic resins and wood-resin composites, and a new maceration method for wood. Nature 155:51.10.1038/155051a0Search in Google Scholar
Gasson, P. (2011) How precise can wood identification be? Wood anatomy’s role in support of the legal timber trade, especially CITES. IAWA J. 32:137–154.10.1163/22941932-90000049Search in Google Scholar
Greenpeace (2012) The Ramin Paper Trail. Asia Pulp & Paper Under Investigation – Part 2: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/Campaign-reports/Forests-Reports/The-Ramin-Paper-Trail/, Publication – 1 March, 2012 (07 January 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Harders-Steinhäuser, M. Faseratlas zur mikroskopischen Untersuchung von Zellstoffen und Papieren. Güntter-Staib-Verlag, Biberach/Riß, 1974.Search in Google Scholar
Hayashi, S., Kishima, T., Lau, L.C., Wong, T.M., Menon, P.K. Micrographic Atlas of Southeast Asian Timber. Nakanishi Printing Co., Ltd, Kyoto, Japan, 1973.Search in Google Scholar
IAWA Committee (1989) IAWA list of microscopic features for hardwood identification. IAWA Bull. 10:221–332.Search in Google Scholar
IAWA Committee (2004) IAWA list of microscopic identification for softwood identification. IAWA J. 25:1–70.10.1163/22941932-90000349Search in Google Scholar
Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M.-S. Fiber Atlas – Identification of Papermaking Fibers. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1995.10.1007/978-3-662-07212-7Search in Google Scholar
Koch, G., Haag, V., Heinz, I. (2015) Pflichtbewusstsein: EUTR und Holzwerkstoffe – Prüfungen am Thünen-Kompetenzzentrum Holzherkünfte. MDF Mag Co. 2015:64–67.Search in Google Scholar
Koch, G., Schmitt, U. (2015) Control and requirements for internationally traded wood and wood products – EU Timber Regulation: wood identification. In: Vietnam Forestry University (ed) Workshop proceedings International Workshop on Wood Science at Vietnam Forestry University (VFU): Hanoi, 12 May 2015. pp. 7–12.Search in Google Scholar
Ogata, K., Fujii, T., Abe, H., Baas, P. Identification of the timbers of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Kaiseisha Press, Hiyoshidai, Japan, 2008.10.1515/HF.2008.132Search in Google Scholar
Richter, H.G., Dallwitz, M.J. (2000 onwards) Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. In English, French, German, Portuguese, and Spanish (www.delta-intkey.com).Search in Google Scholar
Williams, J. Environmental Aspects of China’s Papermaking Fiber Supply – Update. Forest Trends Report Series, Forest Trade and Finance, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
©2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston