Abstract
A co-solvent system consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac)/N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) with different mass ratios was tested to improve the enzymatic saccharification of pussy willow (Salix gracilistyla Miq.). This system effectively lowered the viscosity and increased the biomass loading in the system. The water-soluble fraction obtained from the pure [EMIM]Ac remained constant or increased slightly as the amount of DMF was increased to 70%. At [EMIM]Ac/DMF ratios of 5/5 and 3/7, longer pretreatment times and higher temperatures increased the water-soluble fraction. The crystallinity of the pretreated product was increased by increasing amounts of DMF. The yield of enzymatic saccharification by means of this co-solvent system was comparable to that based on a pure [EMIM]Ac pretreatment, even though the glucose yield was slightly lower in case of DMF amount >70%. Expectedly, longer pretreatment times and higher temperatures improved the yield of enzymatic saccharification.
Funding source: National Research Foundation of Korea
Award Identifier / Grant number: NRF-2013R1A1A4A01005013
Funding statement: This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2013R1A1A4A01005013).
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. NRF-2013R1A1A4A01005013).
References
Abushammala, H., Pontes, J.F., Gomes, G.H., Osorio-Madrazo, A., Thiré, R.M.S.M., Pereira, F.V., Laborie, M.-P. (2015) Swelling, viscoelastic, and anatomical studies on ionic liquid-swollen Norway spruce as a screening tool toward ionosolv pulping. Holzforschung 69:1059–1067.10.1515/hf-2014-0292Search in Google Scholar
Ambjörnsson, H.A., Östberg, L., Schenzel, K., Larsson, P.T., Germgård, U. (2014) Enzyme pretreatment of dissolving pulp as a way to improve the following dissolution in NaOH/ZnO. Holzforschung 68:385–391.10.1515/hf-2013-0070Search in Google Scholar
Balan, V. (2014) Current challenges in commercially producing biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. ISRN Biotechnology 2014:1–31.10.1155/2014/463074Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Bensah, E.C., Mensah, M. (2013) Chemical pretreatment methods for the production of cellulosic ethanol: technologies and innovations. Int. J. Chem. Eng. 2013:1–21.10.1155/2013/719607Search in Google Scholar
Bonhôte, P., Dias, A.P., Papageorgiou, N., Kalyanasundaram, K., Grätzel, M. (1996) Hydrophobic, highly conductive ambient-temperature molten salts. Inorg. Chem. 35:1168–1178.10.1021/ic951325xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Brodeur, G., Yau, E., Badal, K., Collier, J., Ramachandran, K.B., Ramakrishnan, S. (2011) Chemical and physicochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass: a review. Enzyme Res. 2011:1–17.10.4061/2011/787532Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Cheng, G., Varanasi, P., Arora, R., Stavila, V., Simmons, B.A., Kent, M.S., Singh, S. (2012) Impact of ionic liquid pretreatment conditions on cellulose crystalline structure using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. J. Physical Chem. B 116:10049–10054.10.1021/jp304538vSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Cho, H.M., Gross, A.S., Chu, J.W. (2011) Dissecting force interactions in cellulose deconstruction reveals the required solvent versatility for overcoming biomass recalcitrance. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133:14033–14041.10.1021/ja2046155Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Diaz, M.J., Huijgen, W.J.J., Laan, R.R., Reith, J.H., Cara, C., Castro, E. (2011) Organosolv pretreatment of olive tree biomass for fermentable sugars. Holzforschung 65:177–183.10.1515/hf.2011.030Search in Google Scholar
Earle, M.J., Seddon, K.R. (2000) Ionic liquids. Green solvents for the future. Pure Appl. Chem. 72:1391–1398.10.1021/bk-2002-0819.ch002Search in Google Scholar
Eisentraut, A. Sustainable Production of Second-Generation Biofuels. International Energy Agency, France, 2010.Search in Google Scholar
Fang, Z., Smith Jr., R.L., Qi, X. Production of Biofuels and Chemicals with Ionic Liquids. Springer, Berlin, 2014.10.1007/978-94-007-7711-8Search in Google Scholar
Honglu, X., Tiejun, S. (2006). Wood liquefaction by ionic liquids. Holzforschung 60:509–512.10.1515/HF.2006.084Search in Google Scholar
Hörmeyer, H.F., Schwald, W., Bonn, G., Bobleter, O. (1988) Hydrothermolysis of birch wood as pretreatment for enzymatic saccharification. Holzforschung 42:95–98.10.1515/hfsg.1988.42.2.95Search in Google Scholar
Kamiya, N., Matsushita, Y., Hanaki, M., Nakashima, K., Narita, M., Goto, M., Takahashi, H. (2008) Enzymatic in situ saccharification of cellulose in aqueous-ionic liquid media. Biotechn. Letters 30:1037–1040.10.1007/s10529-008-9638-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kim, Y., Kreke, T., Ko, J.K., Ladisch, M.R. (2015) Hydrolysis-determining substrate characteristics in liquid hot water pretreated hardwood. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 112:677–687.10.1002/bit.25465Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ko, J-K., Kim, Y., Ximenes, E., Ladisch, M.R. (2015a) Effect of liquid hot water pretreatment severity on properties of hardwood lignin and enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, Biotechnol. Bioeng.112:252–262.10.1002/bit.25349Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ko, J-K., Ximenes, E., Kim, Y., Ladisch, M.R. (2015b) Adsorption of enzyme onto lignins of liquid hot water pretreated hardwoods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 112:447–456.10.1002/bit.25359Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kumar, P., Barrett, D.M., Delwiche, M.J., Stroeve, P. (2009) Methods for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis and biofuel production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 48:3713–3729.10.1021/ie801542gSearch in Google Scholar
Lee, S.H., Inoue, S., Teramoto, Y., Endo, T. (2010) Enzymatic saccharification of woody biomass micro/nanofibrillated by continuous extrusion process II: Effect of hot-compressed water treatment. Biores. Techn. 101:9645–9649.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.07.068Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lee, H.V., Hamid, S.B.A., Zain, S.K. (2014) Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to nanocellulose: structure and chemical process. Sci. World J. 2014:1–20.10.1155/2014/631013Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Li, X., Geng, Y., Simonsen, J., Li, K. (2004) Application of ionic liquids for electrostatic control in wood, Holzforschung 58:280–285.10.1515/HF.2004.043Search in Google Scholar
Li, D., Sevastyanova, O., Ek, M. (2012) Pretreatment of softwood dissolving pulp with ionic liquids. Holzforschung 66:935–943.10.1515/hf-2011-0180Search in Google Scholar
Liebner, F., Patel, I., Ebner, G., Becker, E., Horix, M., Potthast, A., Rosenau, T. (2010) Thermal aging of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids and its effect on dissolved cellulose. Holzforschung 64:161–166.10.1515/hf.2010.033Search in Google Scholar
Liu, Y., Wang, G., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Yuan, Z. (2011) Effect of sulfite pretreatment to overcome the recalcitrance of lignin (SPORL) on enzymatic saccharification of corn stalk. BioResources 6:5001–5011.Search in Google Scholar
López, Y., Gullón, B., Plus, J., Parajó, J., Martin, C. (2011) Dilute acid pretreatment of starch-containing rice hulls for ethanol production. Holzforschung 65:467–473.10.1515/hf.2011.082Search in Google Scholar
Mood, S.H., Golfeshan, A.H., Tabatabaei, M., Abbasalizadeh, S., Ardjmand, M. (2013) Comparison of different ionic liquids pretreatment for barley straw enzymatic saccharification. 3 Biotech 3:399–406.10.1007/s13205-013-0157-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Naik, S.N., Goud, V.V., Rout, P.K., Dalai, A.K. (2010) Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14:578–597.10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003Search in Google Scholar
Nakamura, A., Miyafuji, H., Saka, S. (2010) Liquefaction behavior of western red cedar and Japanese beech in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Holzforschung 64:289–294.10.1515/hf.2010.042Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, T.A.D., Kim, K.R., Han, S.J., Cho, H.Y., Kim, J.W., Park, S.M., Park, J.C., Sim, S.J. (2010) Pretreatment of rice straw with ammonia and ionic liquid for lignocellulose conversion to fermentable sugars. Bioresour. Technol. 101:7432–7438.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.053Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Nishiyama, Y., Langan, P., Chanzy, H. (2002) Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding system in cellulose I β from synchrotron X-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124:9074–9082.10.1021/ja0257319Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Peleteiro, S., Rivas, S., Alonso, J.L., Santos, V., Parajó, J.C. (2015) Utilization of ionic liquids in lignocellulose biorefineries as agents for separation, derivatization, fractionation, or pretreatment. J. Agric. Food Chem. 63:8093–8102.10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03461Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Plechkova, N.V., Seddon, K.R. (2008) Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37:123–150.10.1039/B006677JSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Ramos, L.P., Carpes, S.T., Silva, F.T., Ganter, J.L.M. (2000) Comparison of the susceptibility of two hardwood species, Mimosa scabrella benth and Eucalyptus viminalis labill, to steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis. Braz. Arch. Biol. Techn. 43:195–206.10.1590/S1516-89132000000200009Search in Google Scholar
Root, D.F., Saeman, J.F., Harris, J.F. (1959) Kinetics of the acid catalyzed conversion of xylose to furfural. Forest Prod. J. 9:158–165.Search in Google Scholar
Sathitsuksanoh, N., George, A., Zhang, Y-H.P. (2013) New lignocellulose pretreatments using cellulose solvents: a review. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 88:169–180.10.1002/jctb.3959Search in Google Scholar
Seoud, O.A.E., Koschella, A., Fidale, L.C., Dorn, S., Heinze, T. (2007) Applications of ionic liquids in carbohydrate chemistry: a window of opportunities. Biomacromolecules 8:2629–2647.10.1021/bm070062iSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Silva, A.S., Lee, S.H., Endo, T., Bon, E.P.S. (2011) Major improvement in the rate and yield of enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse via pretreatment with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][Ac]). Bioresour. Technol. 102:10505–10509.10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.085Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Silva, A.S., Teixeira, R.S.S., Endo, T., Bon, E.P.S., Lee, S.H. (2013) Continuous pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at high loading in an ionic liquid using a twin-screw extruder. Green Chem. 15:1991–2001.10.1039/c3gc40352aSearch in Google Scholar
Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., Crocker, D. (2008) Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. Technical Report NREL/TP-510-42618. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA.Search in Google Scholar
Swatloski, R.P., Holbrey, J.D., Rogers, R.D. (2003) Ionic liquids are not always green: hydrolysis of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. Green Chem. 5:361–363.10.1039/b304400aSearch in Google Scholar
Taige, M.A., Hilbert, D., Schubert, T.J.S. (2012) Mixtures of ionic liquids as possible electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 226:129–139.10.1524/zpch.2012.0161Search in Google Scholar
Teramoto, Y., Lee, S.H., Endo, T. (2008) Pretreatment of woody and herbaceous biomass for enzymatic saccharification using sulfuric acid-free ethanol cooking. Bioresour. Technol. 99:8856–8863.10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.049Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ungurean, M., Csanádi, Z., Gubicza, L., Péter, F. (2014) An integrated process of ionic liquid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with immobilised cellulose. BioResources 9:6100–6116.10.15376/biores.9.4.6100-6116Search in Google Scholar
Weerachanchai, P., Lee, J.M. (2013) Effect of organic solvent in ionic liquid on biomass pretreatment. ACS Sust. Chem. Eng. 1:894–902.10.1021/sc300147fSearch in Google Scholar
Winarni, I., Oikawa, C., Yamada, T., Igarashi, K., Koda, K., Uraki, Y. (2013) Improvement of enzymatic saccharification of unbleached cedar pulp with amphipathic lignin derivatives. BioResources 8:2195–2208.10.15376/biores.8.2.2195-2208Search in Google Scholar
Wise, L.E., Murphy, M., D’Addieco, A. A. (1946) Chlorite holocellulose, its fractionation and bearing on summative wood analysis and on studies on the hemicelluloses. Paper Trade J. 122:35–43.Search in Google Scholar
Wu, L., Lee, S.H., Endo, T. (2013) Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate pretreatment of eucalyptus wood for enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour. Technol. 140:90–96.10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.072Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zeitsch, K.J. The Chemistry and Technology of Furfural and Its Many By-products. Sugar Series Vol. 13. Elsevier, New York, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, S., Sun, N., He, X., Lu, X., Zhang, X. (2006) Physical properties of ionic liquids: database and evaluation. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35:1475–1517.10.1063/1.2204959Search in Google Scholar
Zhu, S., Wu, Y., Chen, Q., Yu, Z., Wang, C., Jin, S., Ding, Y., Wu, G. (2006) Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids and its application: a mini-review. Green Chem. 8:325–327.10.1039/b601395cSearch in Google Scholar
©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston