Abstract
A layered bamboo-plastic composite (BPC) consisting of bamboo (Phyllostachys makinoi) particles and polypropylene was investigated. The influence of the layering conditions, including the thickness and bamboo content in various layers, was the focus in terms of the physicomechanical and creep properties of the BPCs. The results showed that a three-layered BPC (BPC3L) with a 1:3:1 thickness ratio and with top/bottom layer containing 40% bamboo exhibited the best specific flexural properties. An accelerated creep test approach was applied, known as the short-term stepped isostress method (SSM), to predict the long-term creep behavior of BPC3L. The results indicated that the creep master curves, which are constructed from different SSM testing parameters, agree well with the long-term experimental creep data and that the creep resistance of homogeneous single-layered BPC was better than that of BPC3L.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the research grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 105-2628-B-005-002-MY3).
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 105-2628-B-005-002-MY3).
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
References
Abdel-Mohti, A., Garbash, A.N., Almagahwi, S., Shen, H. (2015) Effect of layer and film thickness and temperature on the mechanical property of micro- and nano-layered PC/PMMA films subjected to thermal aging. Materials 8:2062–2075.10.3390/ma8052062Search in Google Scholar
Achereiner, F., Engelsing, K., Bastian, M., Heidemeyer, P. (2013) Accelerated creep testing of polymers using the stepped isothermal method. Polym. Testing 32:447–454.10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.01.014Search in Google Scholar
Adhikary, K.B., Pang, S., Staiger, M.P. (2008) Dimensional stability and mechanical behavior of wood-plastic composites based on recycled and virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Compos. Part B 39:807–815.10.1016/j.compositesb.2007.10.005Search in Google Scholar
Altenbach, H. (1998) Theories for laminated and sandwich plates. Mech. Compos. Mater. 34:243–252.10.1007/BF02256043Search in Google Scholar
Alwis, K.G.N.C., Burgoyne, C.J. (2008) Accelerated creep testing for aramid fibres using the stepped isothermal method. J. Mater. Sci. 43:4789–4800.10.1007/s10853-008-2676-0Search in Google Scholar
Ashori, A., Sheshmani, S. (2010) Hybrid composites made from recycled materials: moisture absorption and thickness swelling behavior. Bioresour. Technol. 101:4717–4720.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.060Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chen, H.C., Chen, T.Y., Hsu, C.H. (2006) Effects of wood particle size and mixing ratios of HDPE on the properties of the composites. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 64:172–177.10.1007/s00107-005-0072-xSearch in Google Scholar
Cheng, H., Gao, J., Wang, G., Shi, S.Q., Zhang, S., Cai, L. (2015) Enhancement of mechanical properties of composites made of calcium carbonate modified bamboo fibers and polypropylene. Holzforschung 69:215–221.10.1515/hf-2014-0020Search in Google Scholar
Clemons, C.M., Idach, R.E. (2004) Effects of processing method and moisture history on laboratory fungal resistance of wood-HDPE composites. Forest Prod. J. 54:50–57.Search in Google Scholar
Das, M., Chakraborty, D. (2008) Evaluation of improvement of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo fibres due to alkali treatment. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 107:522–527.10.1002/app.26155Search in Google Scholar
Dasappa, P., Lee-Sullivan, P., Xiao, X. (2009) Temperature effects on creep behavior of continuous fiber GMT composites. Compos. Part A 40:1071–1081.10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.04.026Search in Google Scholar
Deshpande, A.P., Bhaskar Rao, M., Laksjmana Rao, C. (2000) Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as reinforcement in polymeric composites. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 76:83–92.10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000404)76:1<83::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-LSearch in Google Scholar
Dittenber, D.B., Ganga Rao, H.V.S. (2012) Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Compos. Part A 43:1419–1429.10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.019Search in Google Scholar
Espert, A., Vilaplana, F., Karlsson, S. (2004) Comparison of water absorption in natural cellulosic fibres from wood and one-year crops in polypropylene composites and its influence on their mechanical properties. Compos. Part A 35:1267–1276.10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.04.004Search in Google Scholar
Giannopoulos, I.P., Burgoyne, C.J. (2011) Prediction of the long-term behaviour of high modulus fibres using the stepped isostress method (SSM). J. Mater. Sci. 46:7660–7671.10.1007/s10853-011-5743-xSearch in Google Scholar
Giannopoulos, I.P., Burgoyne, C.J. (2012) Accelerated and real-time creep and creep-rupture results for aramid fibers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 125:3856–3870.10.1002/app.36707Search in Google Scholar
Hadid, M., Rechak, S., Tati, A. (2004) Long-term bending creep behavior prediction of injection molded composite using stress-time correspondence principle. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 385:54–58.10.1016/j.msea.2004.04.023Search in Google Scholar
Hadid, M., Guerira, B., Bahri, M., Zouani, A. (2014) Assessment of the stepped isostress method in the prediction of long term creep of thermoplastics. Polym. Testing 34:113–119.10.1016/j.polymertesting.2014.01.003Search in Google Scholar
Hung, K.-C., Wu, J.-H. (2010) Mechanical and interfacial properties of plastic composite panels made from esterified bamboo particles. J. Wood Sci. 56:216–221.10.1007/s10086-009-1090-9Search in Google Scholar
Hung, K.-C., Wu, T.-L., Chen, Y.-L., Wu, J.-H. (2015) Assessing the effect of wood acetylation on mechanical properties and extended creep behavior of wood/recycled-polypropylene composites. Constr. Build. Master. 108:139–145.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.039Search in Google Scholar
Jones, C.J.F.P., Clarke, D. (2007) The residual strength of geosynthetic reinforcement subjected to accelerated creep testing and simulated seismic events. Geotext. Geomembr. 25:155–169.10.1016/j.geotexmem.2006.12.004Search in Google Scholar
Kazemi, Y., Cloutier, A., Rodrigue, D. (2013) Design analysis of three-layered structural composites based on post-consumer recycled plastics and wood residues. Compos. Part A 53:1–9.10.1016/j.compositesa.2013.06.002Search in Google Scholar
Keener, T.J., Stuart, R.K., Brown, T.K. (2004) Maleated coupling agents for natural fibre composites. Compos. Part A 35:357–362.10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.014Search in Google Scholar
Klyosov, A. Wood-Plastic Composites. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2007.10.1002/9780470165935Search in Google Scholar
Kumar, V., Tyagi, L., Sinha, S. (2011) Wood flour – reinforced plastic composites: a review. Rev. Chem. Eng. 27:253–264.10.1515/REVCE.2011.006Search in Google Scholar
Lee, C.-H., Wu, T.-L., Chen, Y.-L., Wu, J.-H. (2010) Characteristics and discrimination of five types of wood-plastic composites by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis. Holzforschung 64:699–704.10.1515/hf.2010.104Search in Google Scholar
Li, Y., Yin, L., Huang, C., Meng, Y., Fu, F., Wang, S., Wu, Q. (2015) Quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation to determine the influence of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of bamboo cell walls. Holzforschung 69:909–914.10.1515/hf-2014-0112Search in Google Scholar
Li, Y., Huang, C., Wang, L., Wang, S., Wang, X. (2017) The effects of thermal treatment on the nanomechanical behavior of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex H. de Lehaie) cell walls observed by nanoindentation, XRD, and wet chemistry. Holzforschung 71:129–135.10.1515/hf-2016-0124Search in Google Scholar
Liu, H., Jiang, Z., Fei, B., Hse, C., Sun, Z. (2015a) Tensile behaviour and fracture mechanism of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Holzforschung 69:47–52.10.1515/hf-2013-0220Search in Google Scholar
Liu, W., Chen, T., Xie, T., Lai, F., Qiu, R. (2015b) Oxygen plasma treatment of bamboo fibers (BF) and its effects on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of BF-unsaturated polyester composites. Holzforschung 69:449–455.10.1515/hf-2014-0097Search in Google Scholar
Luo, S., Netravail, A.N. (1999) Interfacial and mechanical properties of environment-friendly “green” composites made from pineapple fibers and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) resin. J. Mater. Sci. 34:3709–3719.10.1023/A:1004659507231Search in Google Scholar
Oksman, K., Skrifvars, M., Selin, J.F. (2003) Natural fibres as reinforcement in polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 63:1317–1324.10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00103-9Search in Google Scholar
Okubo, K., Fujii, T., Yamamoto, Y. (2004) Development of bamboo-based polymer composites and their mechanical properties. Compos. Part A 35:377–383.10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.017Search in Google Scholar
Raghavan, J., Meshii, M. (1994) Activation theory for creep of matrix resin and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites. J. Mater. Sci. 29:5078–5084.10.1007/BF01151100Search in Google Scholar
Raghavan, J., Meshii, M. (1998) Creep of polymer composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 57:1673–1688.10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00104-8Search in Google Scholar
Rowell, R.M. (1983) Chemical modification of wood. For. Prod. Abstr. 6:363–382.Search in Google Scholar
Saba, N., Paridah, M.T., Jawaid, M. (2015) Mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composite: a review. Constr. Build. Mater. 76:87–96.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.043Search in Google Scholar
Scurlock, J.M.O., Dayton, D.C., Hames, B. (2000) Bamboo: an overlooked biomass resource? Biomass Bioenerg. 19:229–244.10.2172/754363Search in Google Scholar
Tanks, J.D., Rader, K.E., Sharp, S.R. (2017) Accelerated creep and creep-rupture testing of transverse unidirectional carbon/epoxy lamina based on the stepped isostress method. Compos. Struct. 159:455–462.10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.09.096Search in Google Scholar
Verhey, S.A., Laks, P.E., Richter, D.L. (2001) The effect of composition on the decay resistance of model woodfiber-thermoplastic composites. In: Sixth International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites, Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 79–86.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, H., An, X., Li, W., Wang, H., Yu, Y. (2014) Variation of mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) with respect to age and location in culms. Holzforschung 68:291–297.10.1515/hf-2013-0081Search in Google Scholar
Wang, H., Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., Yu, Z., Yu, Y. (2016) Isolating nanocellulose fibrills from bamboo parenchymal cells with high intensity ultrasonication. Holzforschung 70:401–409.10.1515/hf-2015-0114Search in Google Scholar
Xu, B., Simonsen, J., Rochefort, W.E. (2001) Creep resistance of wood-filled polystyrene/high-density polyethylene blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 79:418–425.10.1002/1097-4628(20010118)79:3<418::AID-APP40>3.0.CO;2-XSearch in Google Scholar
Yang, G., Zhang, Y., Shao, H., Hu, X. (2009) A comparative study of bamboo Lyocell fiber and other regenerated cellulose fibers. Holzforschung 63:18–22.10.1515/HF.2009.005Search in Google Scholar
Yang, T.-C., Wu, T.-L., Hung, K.-C., Chen, Y.-L., Wu, J.-H. (2015) Mechanical properties and extended creep behavior of bamboo fiber reinforced recycled poly(lactic acid) composites using the time-temperature superposition principle. Constr. Build. Master. 93:558–563.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.038Search in Google Scholar
Yeo, S.S., Hsuan, Y.G. (2009) Predicting the creep behavior of high density polyethylene geogrid using stepped isothermal method. In: Service Life Prediction of Polymeric Materials: Global Perspectives. Eds. Martin, J.W., Ryntz, R.A., Chin, J., Dickie, R.A. Springer, New York. pp. 205–218.10.1007/978-0-387-84876-1_13Search in Google Scholar
Yeo, S.S., Hsuan, Y.G. (2010) Evaluation of creep behavior of high density polyethylene and polyethylene-terephthalate geogrids. Geotext. Geomembr. 28:409–421.10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.12.003Search in Google Scholar
Yu, Y., Tian, G., Wang, H., Fei, B., Wang, G. (2011) Mechanical characterization of single bamboo fibers with nanoindentation and microtensile technique. Holzforschung 65:113–119.10.1515/hf.2011.009Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, F., Endo, T., Qiu, W., Yang, L., Hirotsu, T. (2002) Preparation and mechanical properties of composite of fibrous cellulose and maleated polyethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 84: 1971–1980.10.1002/app.10428Search in Google Scholar
©2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston