Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter October 4, 2018

Investigation of a new formaldehyde-free adhesive consisting of soybean flour and Kymene® 736 for interior plywood

  • Nairong Chen , Jian Huang and Kaichang Li EMAIL logo
From the journal Holzforschung

Abstract

A combination of Kymene® 736 (K736) resin [a paper wet strength agent from reactions of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and epichlorohydrin (ECH)] and defatted soy flour (DSF) was investigated as a formaldehyde-free wood adhesive. In focus was the pH influence on the pot life of the adhesive and the water resistance of the plywood prepared with the new adhesive. It was found that the pH of the DSF-K736 adhesive had to be ≥11 before the resulting plywood panels could meet industrial water resistance requirements for interior plywood. The DSF/K736 weight ratio significantly affected the water resistance of the resulting 5-ply plywood. The 11/1 was the highest ratio that still enabled the plywood to meet the water resistance requirements. The hot-pressing temperature of ≥110°C and the hot-pressing time of ≥4 min resulted in 5-ply plywood panels with water resistance properties. The probable mechanism is that K736 reacts with nucleophilic groups in DSF and highly crosslinked adhesive networks are formed. This supposition is supported by the presence of an ester band in the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the cured DSF-K736 adhesive.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: Chen’s 1-year research work at Oregon State University was supported by the China Scholarship Council, Funder Id: 10.13039/501100004543 [grant numbers 201608350029].

  3. Employment or leadership: None declared.

  4. Honorarium: None declared.

References

Alferiev, I., Levy, R. (2005) Biodegradable crosslinking strategies using triglycidyl amine (TGA). U.S. Patent 20050244460Search in Google Scholar

Baumann, M.G.D., Lorenz, L.F., Batterman, S.A., Zhang, G.-Z. (2000) Aldehyde emission from particleboard and medium density fiberboard products. For. Prod. J. 50:75–82.Search in Google Scholar

Connolly, J.M., Alferiev, I., Clark-Gruel, J.N., Eidelman, N., Sacks, M., Palmatory, E., Kronsteiner, A., Defelice, S., Xu, J., Ohri, R., Narula, N., Vyavahare, N., Levy, R.J. (2005) Triglycidylamine crosslinking of porcine aortic valve cusps or bovine pericardium results in improved biocompatibility, biomechanics, and calcification resistance: chemical and biological mechanisms. Am. J. Pathol. 166:1–13.10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62227-4Search in Google Scholar

Fache, M., Montérémal, C., Boutevin, B., Caillol, S. (2015) Amine hardeners and epoxy cross-linker from aromatic renewable resources. Eur. Polym. J. 73:344–362.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.10.032Search in Google Scholar

Formaldehyde (2004). International Agency for Research on Cancer: Press release #153.Search in Google Scholar

Frihart, C.R., Birkeland, M.J. (2014) Soy properties and soy wood adhesives. In: Soy-Based Chemicals and Materials. Vol. 1178. Ed. Brentin, R.P. ACS symposium series. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, USA. pp. 167–192.10.1021/bk-2014-1178.ch008Search in Google Scholar

Frihart, C.R., Wescott, J.M., Chaffee, T.L., Gonner, K.M. (2012) Formaldehyde emissions from ULEF-and NAF-bonded commercial hardwood plywood as influenced by temperature and relative humidity. For. Prod. J. 62:551–558.Search in Google Scholar

Gustafsson, E., Pelton, R., Wågberg, L. (2016) Rapid development of wet adhesion between carboxymethylcellulose modified cellulose surfaces laminated with polyvinylamine adhesive. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8:24161–24167.10.1021/acsami.6b05673Search in Google Scholar PubMed

He, Z., Cheng, H. (2017) Preparation and utilization of water washed cottonseed meal as wood adhesives. In: Bio-based Wood Adhesives: Preparation, Characterization, and Testing. Ed. Zhongqi, H. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. pp. 156–178.10.1201/9781315369242-6Search in Google Scholar

Hettiarachchy, N.S., Kalapathy, U. (1998) Functional properties of soy proteins. ACS Symp. Ser. 708:80–95.10.1021/bk-1998-0708.ch006Search in Google Scholar

Hettiarachchy, N.S., Kalapathy, U., Myers, D.J. (1995) Alkali-modified soy protein with improved adhesive and hydrophobic properties. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72:1461–1464.10.1007/BF02577838Search in Google Scholar

Huang, J., Li, K. (2008) A new soy flour-based adhesive for making interior type II plywood. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 85:63–70.10.1007/s11746-007-1162-1Search in Google Scholar

Huang, W., Sun, X. (2000a) Adhesive properties of soy proteins modified by sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 77:705–708.10.1007/s11746-000-0113-6Search in Google Scholar

Huang, W., Sun, X. (2000b) Adhesive properties of soy proteins modified by urea and guanidine hydrochloride. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 77:101–104.10.1007/s11746-000-0016-6Search in Google Scholar

Huang, J., Li, C., Li, K. (2012) A new soy flour-polyepoxide adhesive system for making interior plywood. Holzforschung 66:427–431.10.1515/hf.2011.169Search in Google Scholar

Huang, J., Gu, K., Li, K. (2013) Development and evaluation of new curing agents derived from glycerol for formaldehyde-free soy-based adhesives in wood composites. Holzforschung 67:659–665.10.1515/hf-2012-0102Search in Google Scholar

Jang, Y., Li, K. (2015) An all-natural adhesive for bonding wood. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 92:431–438.10.1007/s11746-015-2610-ySearch in Google Scholar

Jang, Y., Huang, J., Li, K. (2011) A new formaldehyde-free wood adhesive from renewable materials. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 31:754–759.10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2011.07.003Search in Google Scholar

Karabulut, E., Pettersson, T., Ankerfors, M., Wågberg, L. (2012) Adhesive layer-by-layer films of carboxymethylated cellulose nanofibril-dopamine covalent bioconjugates inspired by marine mussel threads. ACS Nano 6:4731–4739.10.1021/nn204620jSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Lambuth, A.L. (1989) Protein adhesives for wood. In: Wood Adhesives – Chemistry and Technology, vol. 2. Ed. Pizzi, A. Mercel Dekker, Inc., New York. pp. 1–30.10.1201/9780203733721-1Search in Google Scholar

Li, K., Peshkova, S., Geng, X. (2004) Investigation of soy protein-Kymene® adhesive systems for wood composites. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 81:487–491.10.1007/s11746-004-0928-1Search in Google Scholar

Marutzky, R. (1989) Release of formaldehyde by wood products. In: Wood Adhesives – Chemistry and Technology, vol. 2. Ed. Pizzi, A. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. pp. 307–387.10.1201/9780203733721-10Search in Google Scholar

Nielsen, G.D., Larsen, S.T., Wolkoff, P. (2017) Re-evaluation of the WHO (2010) formaldehyde indoor air quality guideline for cancer risk assessment. Arch. Toxicol. 91:35–61.10.1007/s00204-016-1733-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Pizzi, A. (2016) Wood products and green chemistry. Ann. For. Sci. 73:185–203.10.1007/s13595-014-0448-3Search in Google Scholar

Vnučec, D., Kutnar, A., Goršek, A. (2017) Soy-based adhesives for wood-bonding – a review. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 31:910–931.10.1080/01694243.2016.1237278Search in Google Scholar

Wattanakorn, N., Asavapichayont, P., Nunthanid, J., Limmatvapirat, S., Sungthongjeen, S., Chantasart, D., Sriamornsak, P. (2010) Pectin-based bioadhesive delivery of carbenoxolone sodium for aphthous ulcers in oral cavity. AAPS PharmSciTech 11:743–751.10.1208/s12249-010-9424-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2018-03-07
Accepted: 2018-09-03
Published Online: 2018-10-04
Published in Print: 2019-04-24

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 29.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2018-0045/pdf
Scroll to top button