Abstract
Cellulose and hemicelluloses were isolated from birch wood using a dilute alkaline solution and then consolidated into pellets as model compounds of cellulose and hemicelluloses in the wood cell wall. The purity of isolated cellulose and hemicelluloses was examined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The density, thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity were experimentally determined for consolidated birch powder, cellulose, and hemicelluloses in over-dry condition. The thermal degradation kinetic parameters of these materials were successfully calculated using a conversion rate step of 0.01, and the relationship with conversion rate was established. The results show that cellulose and hemicelluloses consolidated under 25 MPa had densities of 1362 kg/m3 and 1464 kg/m3, respectively. The cell wall of birch powder in the oven-dry state was not collapsed under 25 MPa. The thermal diffusivity of consolidated birch powder, cellulose, and hemicelluloses linearly decreased with temperature, with values of 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20 mm2/s at room temperature, respectively. The specific heat capacity (1104, 1209, and 1305 J/(kg·K) at 22 °C, respectively) and thermal conductivity (0.09, 0.24, and 0.38 W/(m·K) at 22 °C, respectively) linearly increased with temperature, except for those for hemicelluloses which exhibited a nonlinear relationship with temperature above 120 °C, and their linear experimental prediction equations were given. Birch cellulose was more thermally stable than hemicelluloses. The thermal degradation kinetic parameters including activation energy and pre-exponential factor of birch powder, cellulose, and hemicelluloses varied with the conversion rate and calculation methods, with average activation energy in a conversion rate range of 0.02–0.15 of 123.2, 159.0, and 147.2 kJ/mol, respectively (using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method), for average natural logarithm pre-exponential factors of 25.0, 33.1, and 28.7 min−1, respectively. Linear and quadratic equations were fitted to describe the relationship between the kinetic parameters and conversion rates. These results give comprehensive thermal properties of the densified cellulose and hemicelluloses isolated from a specific wood.
Funding source: National Natural Science Foundation of China
Award Identifier / Grant number: 31870536
Research funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 31870536).
References
Akahira, T. and Sunose, T. (1971). Joint convention of four electrical institutes. Res. Rep. Chiba Inst. Technol. 16: 22–31.Search in Google Scholar
Araújo, D., Vilarinho, M., and Machado, A. (2019). Effect of combined dilute-alkaline and green pretreatments on corncob fractionation: Pretreated biomass characterization and regenerated cellulose film production. Ind. Crop. Prod. 141: 111785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111785.Search in Google Scholar
Bahcegul, E., Toraman, H.E., Ozkan, N., and Bakir, U. (2012). Evaluation of alkaline pretreatment temperature on a multi-product basis for the co-production of glucose and hemicellulose based films from lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource. Technol. 103: 440–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.138.Search in Google Scholar
Bian, J., Peng, F., Peng, P., Xu, F., and Sun, R.-C. (2010). Isolation and fractionation of hemicelluloses by graded ethanol precipitation from Caragana korshinskii. Carbohyd. Res. 345: 802–809, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2010.01.014.Search in Google Scholar
Bledzki, A.K., Mamun, A.A., and Volk, J. (2010). Physical, chemical and surface properties of wheat husk, rye husk and soft wood and their polypropylene composites. Compos. Part A: Appl. S. 41: 480–488, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.12.004.Search in Google Scholar
Blokhin, A.V., Voitkevich, O.V., Kabo, G.J., Paulechka, Y.U., Shishonok, M.V., Kabo, A.G., and Simirsky, V.V. (2011). Thermodynamic Properties of Plant Biomass Components. Heat Capacity, Combustion Energy, and Gasification Equilibria of Cellulose. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56: 3523–3531, https://doi.org/10.1021/je200270t.Search in Google Scholar
Brown, M.E. and Galwey, A.K. (1979). The distinguishability of selected kinetic models for isothermal solid-state reactions. Thermochim. Acta. 29: 129–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(79)85024-8.Search in Google Scholar
Carballo-Meilan, A., Goodman, A.M., Baron, M.G., and Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J. (2014). A specific case in the classification of woods by FTIR and chemometric: discrimination of Fagales from Malpighiales. Cellulose 21: 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0093-2.Search in Google Scholar
Carvalho, D.M.d., Moser, C., Lindström, M.E., and Sevastyanova, O. (2019). Impact of the chemical composition of cellulosic materials on the nanofibrillation process and nanopaper properties. Ind. Crop. Prod. 127: 203–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.052.Search in Google Scholar
Castro, R.C.d.A., Fonseca, B.G., dos Santos, H.T.L., Ferreira, I.S., Mussatto, S.I., and Roberto, I.C. (2017). Alkaline deacetylation as a strategy to improve sugars recovery and ethanol production from rice straw hemicellulose and cellulose. Ind. Crop. Prod. 106: 65–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.053.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, W.-H. and Kuo, P.-C. (2011). Isothermal torrefaction kinetics of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and xylan using thermogravimetric analysis. Energy 36: 6451–6460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.022.Search in Google Scholar
Coats, A.W. and Redfern, J. (1964). Kinetic parameters from thermogravimetric data. Nature 201: 68–69, https://doi.org/10.1038/201068a0.Search in Google Scholar
Colom, X., Carrillo, F., Nogués, F., and Garriga, P. (2003). Structural analysis of photodegraded wood by means of FTIR spectroscopy. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 80: 543–549, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(03)00051-x.Search in Google Scholar
Comesaña, J., Nieströj, M., Granada, E., and Szlek, A. (2013). TG-DSC analysis of biomass heat capacity during pyrolysis process. J. Energy. Inst. 86: 153–159, https://doi.org/10.1179/1743967112z.00000000055.Search in Google Scholar
Dai, C., Yu, C. (2004). Heat and Mass Transfer in Wood Composite Panels During Hot-Pressing: Part I. A Physical-Mathematical Model. Wood. Fiber. Sci. 36: 585–597, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.013.Search in Google Scholar
Damay, J., Boboescu, I.-Z., Beigbeder, J.-B., Duret, X., Beauchemin, S., Lalonde, O., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2019). Single-stage extraction of whole sorghum extractives and hemicelluloses followed by their conversion to ethanol. Ind. Crop. Prod. 137: 636–645, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.05.028.Search in Google Scholar
Di Blasi, C. (2008). Modeling chemical and physical processes of wood and biomass pyrolysis. Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci. 34: 47–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.12.001.Search in Google Scholar
Díaz, A.R., Saavedra Flores, E.I., Yanez, S.J., Vasco, D.A., Pina, J.C., and Guzmán, C.F. (2019). Multiscale modeling of the thermal conductivity of wood and its application to cross-laminated timber. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 144: 79–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.05.016.Search in Google Scholar
Diaz, J.A., Ye, Z., Wu, X., Moore, A.L., Moon, R.J., Martini, A., Boday, D.J., and Youngblood, J.P. (2014). Thermal Conductivity in Nanostructured Films: From Single Cellulose Nanocrystals to Bulk Films. Biomacromolecules 15: 4096–4101, https://doi.org/10.1021/bm501131a.Search in Google Scholar
Ehrnrooth, E.M.L. (1984). Change in Pulp Fibre Density With Acid-Chlorite Delignification. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 4: 91–109, https://doi.org/10.1080/02773818408062285.Search in Google Scholar
EI-Wahab, M.M.M.A. (1966). Thermal decomposition kinetics of some new unsaturated polyesters. Thermochim. Acta. 256: 271–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(94)02183-o.Search in Google Scholar
Flynn, J.H. and Wall, L.A. (1966). A quick, direct method for the determination of activation energy from thermogravimetric data. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Lett. 4: 323–328, https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.110040504.Search in Google Scholar
Friedman, H.L. (1964). Kinetics of thermal degradation of char-forming plastics from thermogravimetry. Application to a phenolic plastic. J. Polym. Sci. part C: Polym. Sym. 6: 183–195, https://doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070060121.Search in Google Scholar
Füssl, J., Li, M., Lukacevic, M., Eberhardsteiner, J., and Martin, C.M. (2017). Comparison of unit cell-based computational methods for predicting the strength of wood. Eng. Struct. 141: 427–443, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.005.Search in Google Scholar
Gu, J., Liu, B., Zhang, Q.S., Chen, D.Y., and Zhou, J.B. (2015). TG-FT-IR analysis and kinetics study of camellia shell pyrolysis. Biomass Chem. Eng. 49: 7–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(94)02237-i.Search in Google Scholar
Hatakeyama, T., Nakamura, K., and Hatakeyama, H. (1982). Studies on heat capacity of cellulose and lignin by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymer 23: 1801–1804, https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(82)90125-2.Search in Google Scholar
Kalali, E.N., Hu, Y., Wang, X., Song, L., and Xing, W. (2019). Highly-aligned cellulose fibers reinforced epoxy composites derived from bulk natural bamboo. Ind. Crop. Prod. 129: 434–439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.11.063.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Y.-M., Han, T.U., Hwang, B., Lee, Y., Watanabe, A., Teramae, N., Kim, S.-S., Park, Y.-K., and Kim, S. (2017). New approach for the kinetic analysis of cellulose using EGA-MS. Polym. Test. 60: 12–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.02.004.Search in Google Scholar
Kissinger, H.E. (1957). Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis. Anal. Chem. 29: 1702–1706, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60131a045.Search in Google Scholar
Kong, L., Zhao, Z., He, Z., and Yi, S. (2017). Effects of steaming treatment on crystallinity and glass transition temperature of Eucalyptuses grandis×E. urophylla. Results Phys. 7: 914–919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.02.017.Search in Google Scholar
Lei, Z., Wang, S., Fu, H., Gao, W., Wang, B., Zeng, J., and Xu, J. (2019). Thermal pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of hemicellulose isolated from Camellia Oleifera Shell. Bioresource Technol. 282: 228–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.131.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
MacLean, J.D. (1941). Thermal conductivity of wood. Heat. Pip. Air Cond. 13: 380–391, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0761-7_24.Search in Google Scholar
Mikulski, D., Kłosowski, G., Menka, A., and Koim-Puchowska, B. (2019). Microwave-assisted pretreatment of maize distillery stillage with the use of dilute sulfuric acid in the production of cellulosic ethanol. Biores. Technol. 278: 318–328, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.068.Search in Google Scholar
Osong, S.H., Norgren, S., and Engstrand, P.J.C. (2016). Processing of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review. Cellulose 23: 93–123, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0798-5.Search in Google Scholar
Ozawa, T. (1965). A New Method of Analyzing Thermogravimetric Data. B. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 38: 1881–1886, https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.38.1881.Search in Google Scholar
Poletto, M., Pistor, V., Zeni, M., and Zattera, A.J. (2011). Crystalline properties and decomposition kinetics of cellulose fibers in wood pulp obtained by two pulping processes. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 96: 679–685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.007.Search in Google Scholar
Poletto, M., Zattera, A.J., Forte, M.M.C., and Santana, R.M.C. (2012). Thermal decomposition of wood: Influence of wood components and cellulose crystallite size. Bioresource Technol. 109: 148–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.122.Search in Google Scholar
Ponder, G.R. and Richards, G.N. (1991). Thermal synthesis and pyrolysis of a xylan. Carbohyd. Res. 218: 143–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(91)84093-t.Search in Google Scholar
Qi, C. (2018). Multi-model and visual calculation software of thermal degradation kinetic parameters for biomass and wood. Available from: https://js.editorbar.com.Search in Google Scholar
Qi, C., Yadama, V., Guo, K., and Wolcott, M.P. (2013). Thermal conductivity of sorghum and sorghum–thermoplastic composite panels. Ind. Crop. Prod. 45: 455–460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.011.Search in Google Scholar
Qi, C., Yadama, V., Guo, K., and Wolcott, M.P. (2015). Thermal stability evaluation of sweet sorghum fiber and degradation simulation during hot pressing of sweet sorghum–thermoplastic composite panels. Ind. Crop. Prod. 69: 335–343, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.02.050.Search in Google Scholar
Ross, R.J. (2010). Wood handbook: wood as an engineering material. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-190, 2010: 509 p. 1 v. 190.10.2737/FPL-GTR-190Search in Google Scholar
Salmén, L. and Burgert, I. (2009). Cell wall features with regard to mechanical performance. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture. Holzforschung 63: 121–129, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2009.011.Search in Google Scholar
Soares, S., Camino, G., and Levchik, S. (1995). Comparative study of the thermal decomposition of pure cellulose and pulp paper. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 49: 275–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(95)87009-1.Search in Google Scholar
Stefanidis, S.D., Kalogiannis, K.G., Iliopoulou, E.F., Michailof, C.M., Pilavachi, P.A., and Lappas, A.A. (2014). A study of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis via the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 105: 143–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.10.013.Search in Google Scholar
Sugiyama, J., Vuong, R., and Chanzy, H. (1991). Electron diffraction study on the two crystalline phases occurring in native cellulose from an algal cell wall. Macromolecules 24: 4168–4175, https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00014a033.Search in Google Scholar
TenWolde, A., McNatt, J.D., and Krahn, L. (1988). Thermal Properties of wood and wood panel products for use in buildings. Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA); Forest Service, Madison, WI (USA). Forest Products Lab.10.2172/6059532Search in Google Scholar
Tian, M., Qu, L., Zhang, X., Zhang, K., Zhu, S., Guo, X., Han, G., Tang, X., and Sun, Y. (2014). Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of regenerated cellulose/graphene composite fibers. Carbohyd. Polym. 111: 456–462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.016.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Uetani, K., Okada, T., and Oyama, H.T. (2015). Crystallite Size Effect on Thermal Conductive Properties of Nonwoven Nanocellulose Sheets. Biomacromolecules 16: 2220–2227, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00617.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Volbehr, B. (1896). Swelling of wood fibers. Germany: Druck von Schmidt and Klaunig: Kiel.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, S., Lin, H., Zhang, L., Dai, G., Zhao, Y., Wang, X., and Ru, B. (2016). Structural Characterization and Pyrolysis Behavior of Cellulose and Hemicellulose Isolated from Softwood Pinus armandii Franch. Energ. Fuel. 30: 5721–5728, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00650.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, S., Ru, B., Lin, H., and Sun, W. (2015). Pyrolysis behaviors of four O-acetyl-preserved hemicelluloses isolated from hardwoods and softwoods. Fuel 150: 243–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.045.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, S., Ru, B., Lin, H., Sun, W., and Luo, Z. (2015). Pyrolysis behaviors of four lignin polymers isolated from the same pine wood. Bioresource Technol. 182: 120–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.127.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wilkes, G.B. and Wood, C.O. (1942). The specific heat of thermal insulating materials. Heat Pip. Air Cond. 14: 370–374.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, H., Yan, R., Chen, H., Lee, D.H., and Zheng, C. (2007). Characteristics of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin pyrolysis. Fuel 86: 1781–1788, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.12.013.Search in Google Scholar
Yang, H., Yan, R., Chen, H., Zheng, C., Lee, D.H., and Liang, D.T. (2006). In-Depth Investigation of Biomass Pyrolysis Based on Three Major Components: Hemicellulose, Cell. Lignin. Energ. Fuel. 20: 388–393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.084.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yao, F., Wu, Q., Lei, Y., Guo, W., and Xu, Y. (2008). Thermal decomposition kinetics of natural fibers: Activation energy with dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 93: 90–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.10.012.Search in Google Scholar
Yeo, J.Y., Chin, B.L.F., Tan, J.K., and Loh, Y.S. (2019). Comparative studies on the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin based on combined kinetics. J. Energy Inst. 92: 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2017.12.003.Search in Google Scholar
Youssefian, S., Jakes, J., and Rahbar, N. (2017). Variation of nanostructures, molecular interactions, and anisotropic elastic moduli of lignocellulosic cell walls with moisture. Sci. Rep. 7: 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02288-w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhang, L., Xue, W., and Gu, L. (2019). Modification of hyperbranched hemicellulose polymer and its application in adsorbing acid dyes. Cellulose 26: 5583–5601, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02483-0.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
