A review on life cycle assessments of thermally modified wood

References

Altgen, M., Willems, W., and Militz, H. (2015). Wood degradation affected by process conditions during thermal modification of European beech in a high-pressure reactor system. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74: 653–662, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1045-y.Search in Google Scholar

Andre, H. (2014). Study of the environmental opportunity of the development of a thermally modified wood activity in Wallonia as a more sustainable sector for the production of outdoor construction wood: terrace boards and cladding. [In French], Master thesis. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.Search in Google Scholar

Aro, M.D. (2018). Life-cycle assessment of thermally-modified southern pine decking, PhD thesis. Faculty of the University of Minnesota, United States.Search in Google Scholar

Assamoi, B. and Lawryshyn, Y. (2012). The environmental comparison of landfilling versus incineration of MSW accounting for waste diversion. Waste Manag. 32: 1019–1030, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.023.Search in Google Scholar

Beauchemin, P.A. and Tampier, M. (2010). Emissions and Air Pollution Controls for theBiomass Pellet Manufacturing Industry. Envirochem Services Inc., North Vancouver. 2010, Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/123e/6052d7ff2f99d32dece0565d29e14a422b13.pdf?_ga=2.68955473.1349459874.1585642933-293804552.1585642933.Search in Google Scholar

Bédounguindzi, W.F., Candelier, K., Engonga, P.E., Dumarçay, S., Thévenon, M.F., and Gérardin, P. (2020). Anti-termite and anti-fungal bio-sourced wood preservation ingredients from Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam resin. Holzforschung, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0106 (Epub ahead of print).Search in Google Scholar

Bengtsson, C., Jermer, J., Clang, A., and Ek-Olausson, B. (2003). Investigation of some technical properties of heat-treated wood. Document No. IRG/WP 03-40266. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Brisbane, Australia.Search in Google Scholar

Boer, F.D., Pignolet, L., Commandré, J.M., Candelier, K., Fournier, M., and Thévenon, M.F. (2020). Chemical composition and performances of slow pyrolysis by-product from sugarcane bagasse for wood protection. In: IRG/WP 20-YYXXX. IRG51 scientific conference on wood protection, Bled, Slovenia.8–11 June 2020, p. 16.Search in Google Scholar

Boonstra, M.J., Van Acker, J., Tjeerdsma, B.F., and Kegel, E.V. (2008). Strength properties of thermally modified softwoods and its relation to polymeric structural wood constituents. Ann. For. Sci. 64: 679–690, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007048.10.1051/forest:2007048Search in Google Scholar

Bourgois, J., Bartholin, M.C., and Guyonnet, R. (1989). Thermal treatment of wood: analysis of obtained product. Wood Sci. Technol. 23: 303–310, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00353246.Search in Google Scholar

Brelid, P.L. (2013). Benchmarking and state of the art for modified wood. SP wood technology. SP Report 2013:54. ISSN 0284-5172.Search in Google Scholar

Brimstone (2019). Environmental product declaration – Brimstone cladding and decking boards, Registration number S-P-01718, p. 22, Available at: brimstonewood.co.uk.Search in Google Scholar

Brito, J.O., Silva, F.G., Leão, M.M., and Almeida, G. (2008). Chemical composition changes in eucalyptus and pinus woods submitted to heat treatment. Bio Technol. 99: 8545–8548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.069.Search in Google Scholar

Brocco, V.F., Paes, J.B., Costa, L.G.D., Brazolin, S., and Arantes, M.D.C. (2017). Potential of teak heartwood extracts as a natural wood preservative. J. Clean. Prod. 142: 2093–2099, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.074.Search in Google Scholar

Bucko, J., Baloghová, D., and Kacik, F. (1993). Chemical characteristic of hardwood subjected to vacuum drying. In: Procedings of the international conference on wood drying; vacuum drying of wood 93, Slovakia September 27–30, pp. 199–205.Search in Google Scholar

Burnett, R.T., Smith-Doiron, M., Stieb, D., Cakmak, S., and Brook, J.R. (1999). Effects of particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiorespiratory hospitalizations. Arch. Environ. Health. 54: 130–139, https://doi.org/10.1080/00039899909602248.Search in Google Scholar

Candelier, K., Chaouch, M., Dumarçay, S., Petrissans, A., Petrissans, M., and Gérardin, P. (2011). Utilization of thermodesorption coupled to GC-MS to study stability of different wood species to thermodegradation. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 92: 376–383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.07.010.Search in Google Scholar

Candelier, K. (2013a). Characterization of the physico-chemical transformations occurring during the thermodegradation of wood. Influence of the treatment intensity, the essence and the atmosphere. [In French], PhD thesis. Nancy, Université de lorraine.Search in Google Scholar

Candelier, K. (2018). Thermal modification – NIMPF 15. In: RaceWood 2018 technical conference ATIBT – Gabon WoodShow, 20–22 June 2018, Libreville, Gabon, Available at: https://www.atibt.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/5-4_KevinCandelier_Modification-thermique.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Candelier, K., Dumarçay, S., Pétrissans, A., Pétrissans, M., Kamdem, P., and Gérardin, P. (2013b). Thermodesorption coupled to GC-MS to characterize volatiles formation kinetic during wood thermodegradation. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 101: 96–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.02.006.Search in Google Scholar

Candelier, K., Thévenon, M.F., Pétrissans, A., Dumarcay, S., Gérardin, P., and Pétrissans, M. (2016). Control of wood thermal treatment and its effects on decay resistance: a review. Ann. For. Sci. 73: 571–583, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-016-0541-x.Search in Google Scholar

Candelier, K., Thévenon, M.F., Collet, R., Gérardin, P., and Dumarçay, S. (2020). Anti-fungal and anti-termite activity of extractives compounds from thermally modified ash woods. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 22: 223–240, https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2020005000209.Search in Google Scholar

Čech, P. and Tesařová, D. (2015). Comparison of VOC emissions from natural (untreated) poplar wood and heat treated wood. Ann WULS-SGGW For. Wood Technol. 90: 23–28. https://sgw0.bg.sggw.pl/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/KS829963TDINE84UGAFTK7A87X1B25.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, D., Gao, A., Cen, K., Zhang, J., Cao, X., and Ma, Z. (2018). Investigation of biomass torrefaction based on three major components: hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Energy Convers. Manag. 169: 228–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.063.Search in Google Scholar

Chu, D., Zhang, X., Mu, J., Avramidis, S., Xu, L., and Li, Y. (2018). A greener approach to byproducts from the production of heat-treated poplar wood: analysis of volatile organic compound emissions and antimicrobial activities of its condensate. J. Clean. Prod. 213: 521–527, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.163.Search in Google Scholar

CRIQ. (2003). Forest products issued from 2nd transformation processes – Wood heat treatment [in French]. Report to the ministère des Ressources naturelles, de la Faune et des Parcs (MRNFP) by the Centre de recherche industrielle du Québec (CRIQ).Search in Google Scholar

CTBA. (1998). EU project – Upgrading of non‐durable wood species by appropriate pyrolysis thermal treatment. Office for Official Publications of the European Communiti, Luxembourg.Search in Google Scholar

Cuccui, I., Negro, F., Zanuttini, R., Espinoza, M., and Allegretti, O. (2017). Thermo-vacuum modification of teak wood from fast-growth plantation. BioResources. 12: 1903–1915, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.1.1903-1915.Search in Google Scholar

Dagbro, O. (2016). Studies on industrial-scale thermal modification of wood. PhD thesis. Skellefteå, Sweden, Luleå University of Technology.Search in Google Scholar

Dahlen, J., Prewitt, L., Shmulsky, R., and Jones, D. (2011). Hazardous air pollutants and volatile organic compounds emitted during kiln drying of southern pine lumber to interior and export moisture specifications. For. Prod. J. 61: 229–234, https://doi.org/10.13073/0015-7473-61.3.229.Search in Google Scholar

Dautzenberg, G., Gerhardt, M., and Kamm, B. (2011). Bio-based fuels and fuel additives from lignocellulose feedstock via the production of levulinic acid and furfural. Holzforschung. 65: 439–451, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2011.081.Search in Google Scholar

de Oliveira Araújo, S., Vital, B.R., Oliveira, B., de Cássia Oliveira Carneiro, A., Lourenço, A., and Pereira, H. (2016). Physical and mechanical properties of heat treated wood from Aspidosperma populifolium, Dipteryx odorata and Mimosa scabrella. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 18: 143–156, https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2016005000015.Search in Google Scholar

de Vetter, L., Depraetere, G., Janssen, C., Stevens, M., and van Acker, J. (2008). Methodology to assess both the efficacy and ecotoxicology of preservative-treated and modified wood. Ann. For. Sci. 65: 504, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2008030.10.1051/forest:2008030Search in Google Scholar

Dunningham, E. and Sargent, R. (2015). Review of new and emerging international wood modification technologies. Project No: PNA350-1415. Forest and Wood Products Australia Limited. 978-1-925213-24-9, p. 56.Search in Google Scholar

EN 84 (1996). Wood preservatives - Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing. Leaching procedure. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Available at: https://www.cen.eu.Search in Google Scholar

Englund, F. (1999). Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from wood. Rapport I 9901001, Trätek. Swedish Institute for Wood Technology Research, Stockholm, Sweden.Search in Google Scholar

ENV 1250-2 (1994). Wood preservatives - methods for measuring losses of active ingredients and other preservative ingredients from treated timber. Part 2: laboratory method for obtaining samples for analysis to measure losses by leaching into water or synthetic sea water, Brussels, European Committee for Standardization, Available at: https://www.cen.eu.Search in Google Scholar

Espinoza, O., Buehlman, U., and Laguarda-Mallo, M.F. (2015). Thermally modified wood: marketing strategies of US Producers. BioResources. 10: 6942–6952, https://doi.org/10.15276/biores.10.4.6942-6952.Search in Google Scholar

Esteves, B. and Pereira, H. (2009). Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. Bioresources. 4: 370–404. https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_04_1_%23%23%23%23_Esteves_P_Wood_Mod_Heat_Treatment/350.10.15376/biores.4.1.EstevesSearch in Google Scholar

Fagernäs, L., Kuoppala, E., Tiilikkala, K., and Oasmaa, A. (2012). Chemical composition of birch wood slow pyrolysis products. Energy Fuels. 26: 1275–1283, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef2018836.Search in Google Scholar

Fall, R. (1999). Biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds from higher plants. Pages 41–96 in CN Hewitt, ed. Reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.10.1016/B978-012346240-4/50003-5Search in Google Scholar

Felzer, B.S., Cronin, T., Reilly, J.M., Melillo, J.M., and Wang, X. (2007). Impacts of ozone on trees and crops. C. R. Geoscience. 339: 784–798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.08.008.Search in Google Scholar

Ferreira, J., Esteves, B., Nunes, L., and Domingos, I. (2016). Life cycle assessment as a tool to promote sustainable Thermowood boards: a Portuguese case study. Int. Wood Prod. J. 7: 124–129, https://doi.org/10.1080/20426445.2016.1160592.Search in Google Scholar

Ferreira, J., Herrera, R., Labidi, J., Esteves, B., and Domingos, I. (2018). Energy and environmental profile comparison of TMT production from two different companies – a Spanish/Portuguese case study. iFor. Biogeosci. For. 11: 155–161, https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2339-010.Search in Google Scholar

Frühwald, A. and Solberg, B. (1995). Life-cycle analysis – a challenge for forestry and forest industry. In: Proceedings of the international workshop organized by the European Forest Institute and the Federa Lresearch Centre for Forestry and Forest Products. 3–5 May 1995, Hamburg, Germany (online), ISBN 952-9844-78-6.Search in Google Scholar

Gamache, S.L., Espinoza, O., and Aro, M. (2017). Professional consumer perceptions about thermally modified wood. BioRessources. 12: 9487–9501, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.9487-9501.Search in Google Scholar

Gamache, S.L. and Espinoza, O. (2017). Marketing strategy recommendations for the U.S. thermally modified wood industry. Saint Paul, Minnesota, p.54. September 12th, 2017.Search in Google Scholar

Gérardin, P. (2016). New alternatives for wood preservation based on thermal and chemical modification of wood – a review. Ann. For. Sci. 73: 559–570, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0531-4.Search in Google Scholar

Graf, N., Wagner, S., Begander, U., Trinkaus, P., and Boechzelt, H. (2005). Gaseous emissions from thermal wood modification as a source for fine chemical recovery. Joanneum Research GmbH.Search in Google Scholar

Hagen, T., DeRocher, W., Aro, M., and Brashaw, B. (2011). Development of torrefied wood micro-chips as an energy efficient biofuel for pellet stoves and boilers. University of Minnesota Duluth Natural Resources Research Institute, United States. UMD NRRI report number: NRRI/TR-2011/44.Search in Google Scholar

Hakkou, M., Pétrissans, M., Zoulalian, A., and Gérardin, P. (2005). Investigation of wood wettability changes during heat treatment on the basis of chemical analysis. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 89: 1–5https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.017.Search in Google Scholar

Hazrati, S., Rostami, R., Farjaminezhad, M., and Fazlzadeh, M. (2016). Preliminary assessment of BTEX concentrations in indoor air of residential buildings and atmospheric ambient air in Ardabil Iran. Atmos. Environ. 132: 91–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.042.Search in Google Scholar

Heigenmoser, A., Liebner, F., Windeisen, E., and Richter, K. (2013). Investigation of thermally treated beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) by means of multifunctional analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 100: 117–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.005.Search in Google Scholar

Herrera, R., Sandak, J., Robles, E., Krystofiak, T., and Labidi, J. (2018). Weathering resistance of thermally modified wood finished with coatings of diverse formulations. Prog. Org. Coat. 119: 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.02.015.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, C.A.S. (2009). The potential for the use of modified wood products in the built environment. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on non-conventional materials and technologies (NOCMAT 2009, 6–9. September 2009), Bath, UK.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, C.A.S. and Norton, A. (2014). The environmental impacts associated with wood modification balanced by the benefits of life extension. In: Procedings of the the seventh European conference on wood modification, March 10–12, Lisbon, Portugal.Search in Google Scholar

Hofmann, T., Wetzig, M., Rétfalvi, T., Sieverts, T., Bergemann, H., and Niemz, P. (2012). Heat-treatment with the vacuum-press dewatering method: chemical properties of the manufactured wood and the condensation water. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 71: 121–127, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-012-0657-0.Search in Google Scholar

Hyttinen, M., Masalin-Weijo, M., Kalliokoski, P., and Pasanen, P. (2010). Comparison of VOC emissions between air-dried and heat-treated Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvesteris) and European aspen (Populus tremula) wood. Atmos. Environ. 44: 5028–5033, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.018.Search in Google Scholar

ILCD (2010). European Commission-Joint Research Centre-Institute for Environment and Sustainability: International reference life cycle data system (ILCD) handbook-general guide for life cycle assessment-detailed guidance. First edition March 2010. EUR 24708 EN. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. 2010.Search in Google Scholar

ISO 14025 (2006). International standard organisation (ISO). Environmental labels and declarations – type iii environmental declarations – principles and procedures. EN ISO 14025:2006. Geneva: ISO.Search in Google Scholar

ISO 14040 (2006). International standard organisation (ISO). Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework. EN ISO 14040:2006. Geneva; ISO.Search in Google Scholar

ISO 14044 (2006). International standard organisation (ISO). Environmental Management – Life cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines. EN ISO 14044:2006. Geneva: ISO.Search in Google Scholar

Jiang, C., Li, D., Zhang, P., Li, J., Wang, J., and Yu, J. (2017). Formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from particleboard: identification of odorous compounds and effects of heat treatment. Build. Environ. 117: 118–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.004.Search in Google Scholar

Jirouš-Rajković, V. and Miklečić, J. (2018). Weathering resistance of modified wood – a review. In: Jubilee annual 2017–2018 of the Croatian Academy of Engineering, pp. 223–246. Available at: https://www.bib.irb.hr/946536.Search in Google Scholar

Jirouš-Rajković, V. and Miklečić, J. (2019). Heat-treated wood as a substrate for coatings, weathering of heat-treated wood, and coating performance on heat-treated wood. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 9. Article ID 8621486, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8621486.Search in Google Scholar

Jones, D., Sandberg, D., Goli, G., and Todaro, L. (2019). In: Jones, D., Sandberg, D., Goli, G., and Todaro, L. (Eds), Wood modification in Europe: a state–of–art about processes, products and applications. Firenze University Press, Florence, pp. 57–59. (Proceedings e report, 124). ISBN 978-88-6453-970-6. Available at: https://fupress.com/isbn/9788864539706.Search in Google Scholar

Kamperidou, V. (2019). The biological durability of thermally- and chemically-modified black pine and poplar wood against basidiomycetes and mold action. Forest. 10: 1111, https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121111.Search in Google Scholar

Karlsson, O., Torniainen, P., Dagbro, O., Granlund, K., and Morén, T. (2012). Presence of water-soluble compounds in thermally modified wood: carbohydrates and furfurals. BioResources. 7: 3679–3689. https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/presence-of-water-soluble-compounds-in-thermally-modifiedwood-carbohydrates-and-furfurals/.Search in Google Scholar

Kocaefe, D., Poncsak, S., and Boluk, Y. (2008). Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical composition and mechanical properties of birch and aspen. Bioresources. 3: 517–537. https://10.15376/biores.13.1.157-170.Search in Google Scholar

Kučerová, V., Lagaňa, R., and Hýrošová, T. (2019). Changes in chemical and optical properties of silver fir (Abies alba L.) wood due to thermal treatment. J. Wood Sci. 65: 21, https://doi.org/10.1186/s10086-019-1800-x.Search in Google Scholar

Kutnar, A. (2015). Understanding wood modification through an integrated scientific and environmental impact approach (COST action FP1407). In Proceedings of the eighth European conference on wood modification, October 26–27, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 159–162.Search in Google Scholar

Kutnar, A. and Hill, C. (2016). End of life scenarios and the carbon footprint of wood cladding. In: Muthu, S.S. (Ed), The carbon footprint handbook. CRC Press, New York, US.Search in Google Scholar

Kutnar, A. and Sandberg, D. (2015). Next steps in developing thermally modified timber to meet requirements of European low carbon economy. Int. Wood Prod. J. 6: 8–13, https://doi.org/10.1179/2042645314Y.0000000079.Search in Google Scholar

Lande, S., Eikenes, M., and Westin, M. (2004). Chemistry and ecotoxicology of furfurylated wood. Scand. J. For. Res. 19(Suppl. 5): 14–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580410017816.Search in Google Scholar

Linkosalmi, L., Laine, K., and Rautkari, L. (2015). Life cycle impacts of modified wood products. In: COST Action FP1407 1st conference “life cycle assessment, EPDs and modified wood Koper, Slovenia August 25th August 26th, 2015, pp. 24–25.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Z. and Little, J.C. (2012). Materials responsible for formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. In: Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., and Fucic, A. (Eds), Toxicity of building materials. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK, pp. 76–121.10.1533/9780857096357.76Search in Google Scholar

Love, S. (2007). Extended producer responsibility of treated timber waste. In: Scion. SB07 sustainable building conference. New Zealand, (Building Research).Search in Google Scholar

Lu, D.J. and Jiang, Z.H. (2016). Analysis of the condensed volatile organic compounds released from Ailanthus altissima during thermal modification. Forest Products Industry. 43: 17–20. [in Chinese].Search in Google Scholar

Manninen, A.M., Pasanen, P., and Holopainen, J.K. (2002). Comparing the VOC emissions between air-dried and heat-treated Scots pine wood. Atmos. Environ. 36: 1763–1768, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.018.Search in Google Scholar

Marra, M., Allegre, O., and Guercini, S. (2015). Life cycle assessment of thermo vacuum treated softwood timber with comparison to untreated and preserved cladding. In: COST Action FP1407 1st conference “life cycle assessment, EPDs, and modified wood”, University of Primorska Press, Koper, Slovenia.Search in Google Scholar

Masih, A., Lall, A.S., Taneja, A., and Singhvi, R. (2017). Exposure profiles, seasonal variation and health risk assessment of BTEX in indoor air of homes at different microenvironments of a Terai province of northern India. Chemosphere. 176: 8–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.105.Search in Google Scholar

Mathew, S. and Zakaria, Z.A. (2015). Pyroligneous acid—the smoky acidic liquid from plant biomass. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 99: 611–622, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6242-1.Search in Google Scholar

Mayes, D. and Oksanen, O. (2002). ThermoWood Handbook, By: Thermowood, Finnforest, Stora.Search in Google Scholar

Mayes, D. and Oksanen, O. (2003). ThermoWood® Handbook. International ThermoWood Association, Helsinki, Finland, p. 66.Search in Google Scholar

Meija-Feldmane, A. (2016). Leachates of thermally modified pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. Rural Sustain. Res. 34, https://doi.org/10.1515/plua-2015-0010.Search in Google Scholar

Navi, P. and Sandberg, D. (2012). Thermo-hydro-mechanical processing of wood. EPFL Press, Switzerland. p. 376.10.1201/b10143Search in Google Scholar

Nejad, M., Dadbin, M., and Cooper, P. (2019). Coating performance on exterior oil-heat treated wood. Coatings. 9: 225, https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040225.Search in Google Scholar

Niemz, P., Hofmann, T., and Rétfalvi, T. (2010). Investigation of chemical changes in the structure of thermally modified wood. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 12: 69–78, https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2010000200002.Search in Google Scholar

Nordic Ecolabelling (2014) Background to ecolabelling for consultation. Durable wood – alternative to conventionally impregnated wood. Version 2.0, 23 June 2014.Search in Google Scholar

OECD (1984). Guideline for testing of chemicals. Daphnia sp., acute immobilization and reproduction test. Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, France.Search in Google Scholar

Očkajová, A., Kučerka, M., Banski, A., and Rogoziński, T. (2016). Factors affecting the granularity of wood dust particles. Chip and Chipless Woodworking Processes. Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen. 10: 137–144. ISSN 2453-904X (print), ISSN 1339-8350. (online). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308011631.Search in Google Scholar

Očkajová, A., Kučerka, M., Kminial, R., and Rogoziński, T. (2020a) Granulometric composition of chips and dust produced from the process of working thermally modified wood. Acta Fac. Xylologiae 62: 103–111, https://doi.org/10.17423/afx.2020.62.1.09.Search in Google Scholar

Očkajová, A., Kučerka, M., Kminial, R., Krišták, L., Igaz, R., and Réh, R. (2020b). Occupational exposure to dust produced when milling thermally modified wood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 17: 1478, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051478.Search in Google Scholar

Ormondroyd, G., Spear, M., and Curling, S. (2015). Modified wood: review of efficacy and service life testing. In: Construction H7L the Institution of Civil Engineers, Paper 1400072. ICE Publishing, Scotland. p. 18.10.1680/coma.14.00072Search in Google Scholar

Peters, J., Fischer, K., and Fischer, S. (2008). Characterization of emissions from thermally modified wood and their reduction by chemical treatment. BioResources. 3: 491–502.Search in Google Scholar

Pétrissans, M., Pétrissans, A., and Gérardin, P. (2007). Check the durability of heat-treated beech wood. [In French]. Trace Bulletin Technique Technologie du bois de la Suisse Romande 17: 12–16.Search in Google Scholar

Pfriem, A., Horbens, M., Beyer, M., and Peters, J. (2009). Untersuchungen von Extraktstoffen aus thermisch modifizierter Rotbuche (Fagus sylvatica L.) auf ihre fungizide Wirkung. Holztechnologie 50: 32–36. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-39650.Search in Google Scholar

Pohleven, J., Michael, D., Burnard, M.D., and Kutnar, A. (2019). Volatile organic compounds emitted from untreated and thermally modified wood—a review. Wood Fiber Sci. 51: 231–254, https://doi.org/10.22382/wfs-2019-023.Search in Google Scholar

Popescu, M.C., Froidevaux, J., Navi, P., and Popescu, C.M. (2013). Structural modifications of Tilia cordata wood during heat treatment investigated by FT-IR and 2D-IR correlation spectroscopy. J. Mol. Struct. 1033: 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.08.035.Search in Google Scholar

Rathke, J. and Stratev, D. (2013). Analysis of the chemical constituents of dry-kiln condensate and its technological recovery – Part 1: volatile extractives. BioResources. 8: 5783–5793, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.4.5783-5793.Search in Google Scholar

Repellin, V. and Guyonnet, R. (2005). Evaluation of heat-treated wood swelling by differential scanning calorimetry in relation with chemical composition. Holzforschung. 59: 28–34, https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2005.005.Search in Google Scholar

Rossi, T., Silva, P.M.S., Moura, L.F.D., Arajo, M.C., Brito, J.O., and Freeman, H.S. (2017). Waste from eucalyptus wood steaming as a natural dye source for textile fibers. J. Clean. Prod. 143: 303–310https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.109.Search in Google Scholar

Safin, R.R. and Fathullova, R.I. (2014). Modern technological solutions in the field of thermal modification of wood. Woodworking Indust. 2: 32‒36.Search in Google Scholar

Salthammer, T. (2004). Emissions of volatile organic compounds from products and materials in indoor environments. In: Pluschke, P. (Ed), Air pollution. Indoor air pollution The handbook of environmental chemistry, Vol. 4. F. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 37–71.Search in Google Scholar

Sandak, J., Goli, G., Cetera, P., Sandak, A., Cavalli, A., and Todaro, L. (2017). Machinability of minor wooden species before and after modification with thermo-vacuum technology. Materials. 10: 121, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10020121.Search in Google Scholar

Sandberg, D. and Kutnar, A. (2016). Thermally modified timber: recent developments in Europe and North America. Wood Fiber Sci. 48: 28–39. (2015 Convention, Special Issue). https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/2296/2278.Search in Google Scholar

Schäfer, M. and Roffael, E. (2000). On the formaldehyde release of wood. Holz als Roh-Werkst. 58: 259–264, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001070050422.Search in Google Scholar

Scheiding, W., Kruse, K., Plaschkies, K., and Weiß, B. (2005). Thermally modified wood for playground toys: investigations on 13 industrially manufactured products. In: Proceedings of the second European conference on wood modification, October 6-7, Göttingen, Germany.Search in Google Scholar

Shahid, M., Shahid-ul, I., and Mohammad, F. (2013). Recent advancements in natural dye applications: a review. J. Clean. Prod. 53: 310–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.031.Search in Google Scholar

Sillman, S. (1999). The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Atmos. Environ. 33: 1821–1845, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00345-8.Search in Google Scholar

Sivonen, H., Maunu, S.L., Sundholm, F., Jämsä, S., and Viitaniemi, P. (2002). Magnetic resonance studies of thermally modified wood. Holzforschung. 56: 648–654, https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2002.098.Search in Google Scholar

Sivrikaya, H., Can, A., de Troya, T., and Conde, M. (2015). Comparative biological resistance of differently thermal modified wood species against decay fungi, Reticulitermes grassei and Hylotrupes bajulus. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 17: 559–570, https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000050.Search in Google Scholar

Soto-Garcia, L., Ashley, W.J., Bregg, S., Walier, D., LeBouf, R., Hopke, P.K., and Rossner, A. (2015). VOCs emissions from multiple wood pellet types and concentrations in indoor air. Energy Fuel. 29: 6485–6493, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01398.Search in Google Scholar

Srinivasa, K. and Pandey, K.P. (2012). Photodegradation of thermally modified wood. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 117: 140–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.09.013.Search in Google Scholar

Starke, S., Rosenthal, M., Bues, C., Bremer, V., and Fischer, S. (2016). Thermal modification of African alpine bamboo. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74: 901–903, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-016-1092-4.Search in Google Scholar

ThermoWood (2003). ThermoWood® handbook. International ThermoWood Association, Unioninkatu 14, FIN-00130 Helsinki, Finland, p. 66. Available at: www.thermowood.fi.Search in Google Scholar

ThermoWood (2008). Executive summary–ThermoWood®: life cycle assessment (LCA) of Finnish thermally modified wood cladding, Publishing House Koivuniemi Ltd, Finland, p. 12.Search in Google Scholar

Tiilikkala, K., Fagernäs, L., and Tiilikkala, J. (2010). History and use of wood pyrolysis liquids as biocide and plant protection product. Open Agric. 4: 111–118, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010111.Search in Google Scholar

Tiryaki, S., Bardak, S., Aydin, A., and Nemli, G. (2016). Analysis of volumetric swelling and shrinkage of heat treated woods: experimental and artificial neural network modeling approach. Maderas Cienc. Tecnol. 18: 477–492, https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2016005000043.Search in Google Scholar

TRADA (2010). Modified wood products. TRADA, High Wycombe, UK. Wood Information Sheet, Section 2/3. Sheet 63.Search in Google Scholar

Tripathi, S., Pant, H., and Kashyap, A.K. (2014). Decay resistance against basidiomycetes fungi of heat-treated Pinus roxburghii and Mangifera indica wood. J. Trop. For. Sci. 26: 203–207, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23723905.Search in Google Scholar

Tu, D., Liao, L., Yun, H., Zhou, Q., Cao, X., and Huang, J. (2014). Effects of heat treatment on the machining properties of Eucalyptus urophylla x E. camaldulensis. BioResources. 9: 2847–2855, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.2.2847-2855.Search in Google Scholar

Van Eetvelde, G., Marchal, P., and Stevens, M. (1997). Qualifying ecotoxicity research on tropical hardwood leachates. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Sweden, p. 8, Document No. IRG/WP 97–50096.Search in Google Scholar

Van Eetvelde, G., De Geyter, S., Marchal, P., and Stevens, M. (1998). Aquatictoxicity research of structural materials. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Sweden, p. 10, Document No. IRG/WP 98–50114.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, C., Wang, Z., Qin, Y., Yin, X., and Huang, A. (2018). Released volatile organic compounds in southern yellow pine before and after heat treatment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 15: 2579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112579.Search in Google Scholar

Welzbacher, C.R. and Rapp, O.A. (2002). Comparison of thermally modified wood originating from four industrial scale process – durability. Document No. IRG/WP 02–40229. The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Cardiff, Wales.Search in Google Scholar

Werner, F. and Richter, K. (2007). Wooden building products in comparative LCA: a literature review. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 12: 470–479, https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2007.04.317.Search in Google Scholar

Wikberg, H. and Maunu, S.L. (2004). Characterization of thermally modified hard- and softwoods by 13C CPMAS NMR. Carbohydr. Polym. 58: 461–466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.08.008.Search in Google Scholar

Wolpert, B.S.J. (2012). Doctoral dissertation. Emission and abundance of biogenic volatile organic compounds in wind-throw areas of upland spruce forests in Bavaria. Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany, p. 166.Search in Google Scholar

World Health Organization – WHO (1999). Hazard prevention and control in the work environment: airborne dust (WHO/SDE/OEH/99.14). World Health Organization, Geneva. Switzerland.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, J., Zhang, Y., Shen, Y., Li, C., Wang, Y., Ma, Z., & Sun, W. (2019). New perspective on wood thermal modification: relevance between the evolution of chemical structure and physical-mechanical properties, and online analysis of release of VOCs. Polymers. 11: 1145, https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11071145.Search in Google Scholar

Xue, L., Zhao, Z., Zhangn, Y., Chun, D., and Mun, J. (2016). Analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with dynamic headspace sampling on volatile organic compounds of heat-treated poplar at high temperatures. BioResources. 11: 3550–3560, https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.3550-3560.Search in Google Scholar

Yildiz, S., Tomak, E.D., Yildiz, U.C., and Ustaomer, D. (2013). Effect of artificial weathering on the properties of heat treated wood. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 98: 1419–1427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.05.004.Search in Google Scholar

Younsi, R., Kocaefe, D., Poncsak, S., and Kocaefe, Y. (2006). Transient multiphase model for the high-temperature thermal treatment of wood. AIChE J. 52: 2340–2349, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.10860.Search in Google Scholar

Zheng, J.H., Lu, Y.L., Sun, M.M., Cong, W., and Liu, Y.M. (2013). Effect of pyroligneous acid on growth of strawberry. J. Zhejiang Forestry Sci. Technol. 33: 48–51. [In Chinese].Search in Google Scholar