Abstract
Background
Meteorin-like hormone (Metrnl) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) are protein molecules that stimulate the production of brown adipose tissue to improve diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Metrnl protein and IL-4 in overweight women during exercise in temperate, warm and cold water.
Materials and methods
Thirteen overweight young women (mean age 25.21 ± 3.27 years, body mass index 26.43 ± 1.34 kg/m2) were selected randomly and performed three sessions of interval exercise (40 min per session, 65% of maximum oxygen consumption) in non-consecutive days in temperate (24–25 °C), warm (36.5–37.5 °C) and cold (16.5–17.5 °C) water. Blood sampling was done immediately before and after exercise.
Results
The Metrnl level significantly increased after exercise in temperate and warm water (p = 0.0001) and significantly decreased in cold water (p = 0.0001). IL-4 level significantly increased after exercise in warm water (p = 0.003), while there was no significant change after exercise in temperate and cold water.
Conclusions
Exercise in warm water appears to stimulate and accumulate immune cells compared to temperate and cold water. This feature can be used to stimulate the production of hormones such as Metrnl and IL-4 to enhance brown fat, although more studies are needed in this regard.
Acknowledgments
We are extremely grateful to all the participant in our project. Moreover, the authors would like to especially thank Dr. Mehdi Hedayati, the head of the Molecular Cell Research Center of the Institute of Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, for his sincere cooperation in conducting laboratory tests.
Author Statement
Research funding: Authors state no funding was involved.
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.
Informed consent: Written informed consent about volunteering was received from all participants.
Ethical approval: The research related to human use complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies and was performed in accordance to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved with code of Ir.bums.REC.1396.84 by the Ethics Committee of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology of Birjand University of Medical Sciences.
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