Abstract
Because of the rising application of nanoparticles in food and food-related products, we investigated the influence of the digestion process on the toxicity and cellular uptake of silver nanoparticles for intestinal cells. The main food components – carbohydrates, proteins and fatty acids – were implemented in an in vitro digestion process to simulate realistic conditions. Digested and undigested silver nanoparticle suspensions were used for uptake studies in the well-established Caco-2 model. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to estimate particle core size, size distribution and stability in cell culture medium. Particles proved to be stable and showed radii from 3.6 to 16.0 nm. Undigested particles and particles digested in the presence of food components were comparably taken up by Caco-2 cells, whereas the uptake of particles digested without food components was decreased by 60%. Overall, these findings suggest that in vivo ingested poly (acrylic acid)-coated silver nanoparticles may reach the intestine in a nanoscaled form even if enclosed in a food matrix. While appropriate for studies on the uptake into intestinal cells, the Caco-2 model might be less suited for translocation studies. Moreover, we show that nanoparticle digestion protocols lacking food components may lead to misinterpretation of uptake studies and inconclusive results.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Richard Palavinkas for excellent technical support with AAS measurements. Verena Holle (Free University Berlin) is kindly acknowledged for performing sample preparation for TEM. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (grant number: LA 1177/9-1).
Conflict of interest disclaimer: The authors declare no competing financial interest.
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The online version of this article (DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0145) offers supplementary material, available to authorized users.
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