Abstract
Electric vehicles (EV) are found to be a good alternative for the conventional internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles in transportation sector due to its various advantages. Now-a-days, wireless charging of EV battery is preferred among the various methods used for charging EV battery. In this paper, extensive review is carried out on various methods used for wireless charging of an EV battery. Different techniques used for transferring power in wireless mode to charge the EV battery are static EV charging technique and dynamic EV charging technique. Static wireless EV battery charging technique adopts inductive and capacitive method for transferring power whereas, dynamic wireless EV battery charging technique adopts only inductive method for transferring power. These techniques are discussed thoroughly in this paper and broad review is carried out with a focus on the compensation circuit topologies, types of core for magnetic coupled inductors, different converters and controllers used for wireless power transfer (WPT) system. Also, design aspects of an static wireless EV battery charging system along with its equivalent circuit analysis is presented in this paper. Challenges and future development in wireless charging of EV battery is also explained in this paper.
About the authors

Partha Sarathi Subudhi was born in Bhubaneswar, India in 1991. He received his B.Tech. degree in Electrical Engineering from Konark Institute of Science and Technology, Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India in 2012 and M.Tech. degree in Power Electronics and Drives from Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India in 2015. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. His field of interest includes Power electronic converters, Plug-in and Wireless Power Transfer and Electric Vehicle battery charging applications.

Krithiga S. received the B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from P.S.G. College of Technology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2003 and M.Tech. degree from the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2008. She received Ph.D.degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India, in 2014. From 2004 to 2006, she was a Research Assistant with National Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India and from 2009 to 2010, She was an Assistant professor with Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department in B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science & Technology (formerly B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Since 2014, she is an Associate Professor with the School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Her research interests are Renewable energy systems and its applications, power electronic converters and Electric Vehicle battery charging systems.
List of abbreviations
- AC
Alternating Current
- BEV
Battery Electric Vehicle
- CPT
Capacitive Power Transfer
- DC
Direct Current
- DDQ
Double D Quadrature
- DSP
Digital Signal Processing
- DWPT
Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer
- EV
Electric Vehicle
- G2V
Grid to Vehicle
- HEPM
Half-Equal-Phase Method
- HEV
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
- ICE
Internal Combustion Engine
- IPT
Inductive Power Transfer
- ICPT
Inductively Coupled Power Transfer
- MET
Maximum Efficiency Tracking
- METLAB
Microwave Energy Transmission Laboratory
- MPT
Microwave Power Transfer
- OC
Open Circuit
- OLEV
Online Electric Vehicle
- PI
Proportional Integral
- PS
Parallel Series
- PP
Parallel Parallel
- PPS
Parallel Parallel Series
- SC
Short Circuit
- SS
Series Series
- SP
Series Parallel
- SPS
Series Parallel Series
- TPP
Triplolar Pad
- VCO
Voltage Controlled Oscillator
- V2G
Vehicle to Ground
- WPDS
Wireless Power Distribution System
- WPT
Wireless Power Transfer
List of nomenclatures
- L1, L2
Primary side inductance and secondary side inductance
- M
Mutual Inductance between coils
- C1, C2
Compensating capacitors connected to the primary and secondary coils
- VS
Source Voltage
- RL
Load Resistance
- VL
Load Voltage
- VDC
Input DC voltage
- VBatt
Battery Voltage
- VRef
Reference Voltage
- Ve
Error Signal
- Vci
Generated Control Signal
- fc
Frequency of Converter Switches
- QA – QD
Converter Switches
- IBattRef
Battery Reference Current
- IinRef
Input Reference Current
- Iin
Input Current
- M1 – M4
Inverter Switches
- M5 – M8
AC-DC Converter Switches
- Pl1 – Pl4
Plate 1- Plate 4
- Rbt
Battery Resistance
- R1, R2
Internal resistances of primary and secondary coils respectively
- k
Coupling coefficient
- fr
Resonance Frequency
- Pin
Input Power
References
[1] Khalil A, Rajab Z, Alfergani A, Mohamed O. The impact of the time delay on the load frequency control system in microgrid with plug-in-electric vehicles. Sustainable Cities Soc. 2017;35:365–77.10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.012Search in Google Scholar
[2] Zhang S, Jiang K, Liu D. Passenger transport modal split based on budgets and implication for energy consumption: approach and application in China. Energy Policy. 2007;35:4434–43.10.1016/j.enpol.2007.03.007Search in Google Scholar
[3] Bhatti AR, Salam Z, Aziz MJ, Yee KP. A critical review of electric vehicle charging using solar photovoltaic. Int J Energy Res. 2016;40:439–61.10.1002/er.3472Search in Google Scholar
[4] Gearhart C, Breitenbach A. Connectivity and convergence: transportation for the 21st century. IEEE Electrification Mag. 2014;2:6–13.10.1109/MELE.2014.2314498Search in Google Scholar
[5] Ortmeyer T, Pillay P. Trends in transportation sector technology energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Proc IEEE. 2001;89:1837–47.10.1109/5.975921Search in Google Scholar
[6] Silitonga A, Atabani A, Mahlia T. Review on fuel economy standard and label for vehicle in selected ASEAN countries. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2012;16:1683–95.10.1016/j.rser.2011.12.006Search in Google Scholar
[7] Ardi H, Ajami A, Sabahi M. Analysis and implementation of a novel three input DC-DC boost converter for sustainable energy applications. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst. 2019;29:1–18.10.1002/etep.2801Search in Google Scholar
[8] Berigai Ramaiaha A, Maurya R, Arya SR. Bidirectional converter for electric vehicle battery charging with power quality features. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst. 2018;28:1–19.10.1002/etep.2589Search in Google Scholar
[9] Bilgin B, Emadi A. Electric motors in electrified transportation: a step toward achieving a sustainable and highly efficient transportation system. IEEE Power Electron Mag. 2014;1:10–7.10.1109/MPEL.2014.2312275Search in Google Scholar
[10] Li W, Long R, Chen H, Geng J. A review of factors influencing consumer intentions to adopt battery electric vehicles. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017;78:318–28.10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.076Search in Google Scholar
[11] Schuitema G, Anable J, Skippon S, Kinnear N. The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transp Res Part A: Policy Pract. 2013;48:39–49.10.1016/j.tra.2012.10.004Search in Google Scholar
[12] Chau K, Wong Y, Chan C. An overview of energy sources for electric vehicles. Energy Convers Manage. 1999;40:1021–39.10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00021-7Search in Google Scholar
[13] Chemali E, Preindl M, Malysz P, Emadi A. Electrochemical and electrostatic energy storage and management systems for electric drive vehicles: state-of-the-art review and future trends. IEEE J Emerging Sel Top Power Electron. 2016;4:1117–34.10.1109/JESTPE.2016.2566583Search in Google Scholar
[14] Ng M. Short and long-term cost efficiency analysis of fossil fuel versus alternative energy vehicles. J Bus Stud Q. 2011;3:45–56.Search in Google Scholar
[15] Van den Bossche A, Sergeant P. Inductive coupler for contactless power transmission. IET Electr Power Appl. 2008;2:1–7.10.1049/iet-epa:20070059Search in Google Scholar
[16] Vilathgamuwa DM, Sampath JP. Wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric vehicles (EVs)–present and future trends. In: Rajakaruna S, Shahnia F, Ghosh A, editors. Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids, Power Systems. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015:33–61.10.1007/978-981-287-299-9_2Search in Google Scholar
[17] Covic GA, Boys JT. Modern trends in inductive power transfer for transportation applications. IEEE J Emerging Sel Top Power Electron. 2013;1:28–41.10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2264473Search in Google Scholar
[18] Larminie J, Lowry J. Electric vehicle technology explained. In: Electric vehicle modelling, vol. 42, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003:183–212.10.1002/0470090707.ch7Search in Google Scholar
[19] Halacsy AA. Anyos jedlik, an inventor of the dynamo-electric principle. Electron Power. 1971;17:332.10.1049/ep.1971.0218Search in Google Scholar
[20] Pope FL. The inventions of Thomas Davenport. Trans Am Inst Electr Eng. 1891;VIII:93–7.10.1109/T-AIEE.1891.5570138Search in Google Scholar
[21] Bhajana VV, Drabek P, Aylapogu PK. Design and implementation of a zero voltage transition bidirectional DC-DC converter for DC traction vehicles. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst. 2019;29:1–14.10.1002/2050-7038.2842Search in Google Scholar
[22] Enang W, Bannister C. Modelling and control of hybrid electric vehicles (A comprehensive review). Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017;74:1210–39.10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.075Search in Google Scholar
[23] Krithika V, Subramani C. A comprehensive review on choice of hybrid vehicles and power converters, control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles. Int J Energy Res. 2018;42:1789–12.10.1002/er.3952Search in Google Scholar
[24] Cheng R, Rodemann T, Fischer M, Olhofer M, Jin Y. Evolutionary many-objective optimization of hybrid electric vehicle control: from general optimization to preference articulation. IEEE Trans Emerg Top Comput Intell. 2017;1:97–111.10.1109/TETCI.2017.2669104Search in Google Scholar
[25] Kong P-Y, Karagiannidis GK. Charging schemes for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in smart grid: a survey. IEEE Access. 2016;4:6846–75.10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2614689Search in Google Scholar
[26] Qiu L, Qian L, Zomorodi H, Pisu P. Global optimal energy management control strategies for connected four-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicles. IET Intell Transport Syst. 2017;11:264–72.10.1049/iet-its.2016.0197Search in Google Scholar
[27] Alegre S, Míguez JV, Carpio J. Modelling of electric and parallel-hybrid electric vehicle using Matlab/Simulink environment and planning of charging stations through a geographic information system and genetic algorithms. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. . 2017;74:1020–7.Search in Google Scholar
[28] Chau KT, Chan CC. Emerging energy-efficient technologies for hybrid electric vehicles. Proc IEEE. 2007;95:821–35.10.1109/JPROC.2006.890114Search in Google Scholar
[29] Schell A, Peng H, Tran D, Stamos E, Lin C-C, Kim MJ. Modelling and control strategy development for fuel cell electric vehicles. Annu Rev Control. 2005;29:159–68.10.1016/j.arcontrol.2005.02.001Search in Google Scholar
[30] Liu J, Peng H. Modeling and control of a power-split hybrid vehicle. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol. 2008;16:1242–51.10.1109/TCST.2008.919447Search in Google Scholar
[31] Williamson S, Lukic M, Emadi A. Comprehensive drive train efficiency analysis of hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicles based on motor-controller efficiency modeling. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2006;21:730–40.10.1109/TPEL.2006.872388Search in Google Scholar
[32] Camus C, Farias T. Impacts of electric vehicles’ charging strategies in the electricity prices. In: 2011 8th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), May, IEEE, 2011:833–8.10.1109/EEM.2011.5953125Search in Google Scholar
[33] Pillot C. Micro hybrid, HEV, P-HEV and EV market 2012-2025 Impact on the battery business. In: 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27), IEEE, 2013:1–6.10.1109/EVS.2013.6914818Search in Google Scholar
[34] Chellaswamy C, Ramesh R. Future renewable energy option for recharging full electric vehicles. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017;76:824–38.10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.032Search in Google Scholar
[35] Ivanov V, Savitski D, Shyrokau B. A survey of traction control and antilock braking systems of full electric vehicles with individually controlled electric motors. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2015;64:3878–96.10.1109/TVT.2014.2361860Search in Google Scholar
[36] Kachroudi S, M Grossard, Abroug N. Predictive driving guidance of full electric vehicles using particle swarm optimization. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2012;61:3909–19.10.1109/TVT.2012.2212735Search in Google Scholar
[37] Hu X, Martinez CM, Yang Y. Charging, power management, and battery degradation mitigation in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: a unified cost-optimal approach. Mech Syst Sig Proc. 2017;87:4–16.10.1016/j.ymssp.2016.03.004Search in Google Scholar
[38] Melton N, Axsen J, Goldberg S. Evaluating plug-in electric vehicle policies in the context of long-term greenhouse gas reduction goals: comparing 10 Canadian provinces using the “PEV policy report card”. Energy Policy. 2017;107:381–93.10.1016/j.enpol.2017.04.052Search in Google Scholar
[39] Wirasingha SG, Emadi A. Classification and review of control strategies for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2011;60:111–22.10.1109/VPPC.2009.5289751Search in Google Scholar
[40] Wu D, Aliprantis DC, Gkritza K. Electric energy and power consumption by light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans Power Syst. 2011;26:738–46.10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2052375Search in Google Scholar
[41] Mukherjee A, Krithiga S, Subudhi PS. Investigation of a PV fed improved smart home EV battery charging system using multi output hybrid converter. Int J Renew Energy Res. 2019;9:692–703.Search in Google Scholar
[42] Lu X, Iyer KL, Mukherjee K, Kar NC. A dual purpose triangular neural network based module for monitoring and protection in bi-directional off-board level-3 charging of EV/PHEV. IEEE Trans Smart Grid. 2012;3:1670–8.10.1109/TSG.2012.2205950Search in Google Scholar
[43] Ota Y, Taniguchi H, Suzuki H, Nakajima T, Baba J, Yokoyama A. Implementation of grid-friendly charging scheme to electric vehicle off-board charger for V2G. In: 2012 3rd IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), IEEE, 2012:1–6.10.1109/ISGTEurope.2012.6465880Search in Google Scholar
[44] Sujitha N, Krithiga S. RES based EV battery charging system: a review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017;75:978–88.10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.078Search in Google Scholar
[45] Yilmaz M, Krein PT. Review of battery charger topologies, charging power levels and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles. In: 2012 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference, IEEE, 2012:1–8.10.1109/TPEL.2012.2212917Search in Google Scholar
[46] Bi Z, Kan T, Mi CC, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Keoleian GA. A review of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles: Prospects to enhance sustainable mobility. Appl Energy. 2016;179:413–25.10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.003Search in Google Scholar
[47] Bi Z, Song L, De Kleine R, Mi CC, Keoleian GA. Plug-in vs. wireless charging: life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions for an electric bus system. Appl Energy. 2015;146:11–9.10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.031Search in Google Scholar
[48] Liu H, Wang DZ. Locating multiple types of charging facilities for battery electric vehicles. Transp Res Part B: Methodological, 2017:1–26.10.1016/j.trb.2017.01.005Search in Google Scholar
[49] Nayak PP, Kar DP, Bhuyan S. Stimulation of piezoelectric devices through bidirectional wireless energy transfer. Int J Energy Res. 2016;40:733–8.10.1002/er.3469Search in Google Scholar
[50] Ning P, Miller JM, Onar OC, White CP, Marlino LD. A compact wireless charging system development. In: 2013 Twenty-Eighth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), IEEE, 2013:3045–50.10.1109/APEC.2013.6520733Search in Google Scholar
[51] Li S, Mi CC. Wireless power transfer for electric vehicle applications. IEEE J Emerging Sel Top Power Electron. 2015;3:4–17.10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2319453Search in Google Scholar
[52] Sushil Kumar B, Krithiga S, Sarathi Subudhi P. Wireless electric vehicle battery charging system using PV array. Indian J Sci Technol. 2016;9:1–5.10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i36/98147Search in Google Scholar
[53] Hori Y. Application of electric motor, supercapacitor, and wireless power transfer to enhance operation of future vehicles. In: 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, IEEE, 2010:3633–5.10.1109/ISIE.2010.5637782Search in Google Scholar
[54] Chinthavali M, Wang ZJ. Sensitivity analysis of a wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle application. In: 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), IEEE, 2016:1–8.10.1109/ECCE.2016.7855421Search in Google Scholar
[55] Panchal C, Stegen S, Lu J. Review of static and dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system. Eng Sci Technol Int J. 2018;21:922–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.jestch.2018.06.015.Search in Google Scholar
[56] Lu M, Bagheri M, James AP, Phung T. Wireless charging techniques for UAVs: a review, reconceptualization, and extension. IEEE Access. 2018;6:29865–84.10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2841376Search in Google Scholar
[57] Rozman M, Ikpehai A, Adebisi B, Rabie KM, Gacanin H, Ji H, Fernando M. Smart wireless power transmission system for autonomous EV charging. IEEE Access. 2019;7:112240–8.10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2912931Search in Google Scholar
[58] Jang YJ, Jeong S, Ko YD. System optimization of the On-Line Electric Vehicle operating in a closed environment. Comput Ind Eng. 2015;80:222–35.10.1016/j.cie.2014.12.004Search in Google Scholar
[59] Jung S, Jang G. Design and analysis for SFCL combined system utilizing on-line electric vehicle. Physics Procedia. 2015;65:273–7.10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.149Search in Google Scholar
[60] Miller JM, Jones P, Li J-M, Onar OC. ORNL experience and challenges facing dynamic wireless power charging of EV’s. IEEE Circuits Syst Mag. 2015;15:40–53.10.1109/MCAS.2015.2419012Search in Google Scholar
[61] Schönknecht A, Babik A, Rill V. Electric powertrain system design of BEV and HEV applying a multi objective optimization methodology. Transp Res Procedia. 2016;14:3611–20.10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.429Search in Google Scholar
[62] Deflorio F, Castello L. Dynamic charging-while-driving systems for freight delivery services with electric vehicles: Traffic and energy modelling. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol. 2017;81:342–62.10.1016/j.trc.2017.04.004Search in Google Scholar
[63] Karakitsios I, Karfopoulos E, Hatziargyriou N. Impact of dynamic and static fast inductive charging of electric vehicles on the distribution network. Electr Power Syst Res. 2016;140:107–15.10.1016/j.epsr.2016.06.034Search in Google Scholar
[64] Zhang Z, Pang H, Georgiadis A, Cecati C. Wireless power transfer—an overview. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2019;66:1044–58.10.1109/TIE.2018.2835378Search in Google Scholar
[65] Lukic S, Pantic Z. Cutting the cord: static and dynamic inductive wireless charging of electric vehicles. IEEE Electrification Mag. 2013;1:57–64.10.1109/MELE.2013.2273228Search in Google Scholar
[66] Stamati T-E, Bauer P. On-road charging of electric vehicles. In: 2013 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), IEEE, 2013:1–8.10.1109/ITEC.2013.6573511Search in Google Scholar
[67] Machura P, Li Q. A critical review on wireless charging for electric vehicles. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2019;104:209–34.10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.027Search in Google Scholar
[68] Dai X, Li L, Yu X, Li Y, Sun Y. A novel multi-degree freedom power pickup mechanism for inductively coupled power transfer system. IEEE Trans Magn. 2017;53:1–7.10.1109/TMAG.2016.2550523Search in Google Scholar
[69] Huang K, Zhou X. Cutting the last wires for mobile communications by microwave power transfer. IEEE Commun Mag. 2015;53:86–93.10.1109/MCOM.2015.7120022Search in Google Scholar
[70] Iannuzzi D, Rubino L, Di Noia LP, Rubino G, Marino P. Resonant inductive power transfer for an E-bike charging station. Electr Power Syst Res. 2016;140:631–42.10.1016/j.epsr.2016.05.010Search in Google Scholar
[71] Osepchuk J. Microwave power applications. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech. 2002;50:975–85.10.1109/TMTT.2002.989981Search in Google Scholar
[72] Tomar A, Gupta S. Wireless power transmission : applications and components. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT). 2012;1:1–8.Search in Google Scholar
[73] Zhang W, Wong S-C, Tse CK, Chen Q. Load-Independent duality of current and voltage outputs of a series- or parallel-compensated inductive power transfer converter with optimized efficiency. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron. 2015;3:137–46.10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2348558Search in Google Scholar
[74] Cao Y, Hong W, Deng L, Li S, Yin L. A 2.4GHz circular polarization rectenna with harmonic suppression for microwave power transmission. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), IEEE, 2016:359–63.10.1109/iThings-GreenCom-CPSCom-SmartData.2016.85Search in Google Scholar
[75] Kalwar KA, Aamir M, Mekhilef S. Inductively coupled power transfer (ICPT) for electric vehicle charging – a review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2015;47:462–75.10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.040Search in Google Scholar
[76] Iruretagoyena U, Villar I, Garcia-Bediaga A, Mir L, Camblong H. Design and characterization of a meander type dynamic inductively coupled power transfer coil. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2017;53:3950–9.10.1109/ECCE.2016.7855003Search in Google Scholar
[77] Kuzey S, Balci S, Altin N. Design and analysis of a wireless power transfer system with alignment errors for electrical vehicle applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2017;42:1–12.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.160Search in Google Scholar
[78] Ko YY, Ho SL, Fu WN, Zhang X. A novel hybrid resonator for wireless power delivery in bio-implantable devices. IEEE Trans Magn. 2012;48:4518–21.10.1109/TMAG.2012.2200033Search in Google Scholar
[79] Sallan J, Villa J, Llombart A, Sanz J. Optimal design of ICPT systems applied to electric vehicle battery charge. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2009;56:2140–9.10.1109/TIE.2009.2015359Search in Google Scholar
[80] Santalunai S, Thongsopa C, Thosdeekoraphat T. An increasing the power transmission efficiency of flat spiral coils by using ferrite materials for wireless power transfer applications. In: 2014 11th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/ Electronics,Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), IEEE, 2014:1–4.10.1109/ECTICon.2014.6839838Search in Google Scholar
[81] Santos HM, Pereira MR, Pessoa L, Salgado H. Design and optimization of air core spiral resonators for magnetic coupling wireless power transfer on seawater. In: 2016 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), IEEE, 2016:1–4.10.1109/WPT.2016.7498849Search in Google Scholar
[82] Kline M, Izyumin I, Boser B, Sanders S. Capacitive power transfer for contactless charging. In: 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), IEEE, 2011:1398–404.10.1109/APEC.2011.5744775Search in Google Scholar
[83] Ahmad, F., Alam MS, Asaad M. Developments in xEVs charging infrastructure and energy management system for smart microgrids including xEVs. Sustainable Cities Soc. 2017;35:552–64.10.1016/j.scs.2017.09.008Search in Google Scholar
[84] Kasturi K, Nayak CK, Nayak MR. Electric vehicles management enabling G2V and V2G in smart distribution system for maximizing profits using MOMVO. Int Trans Electr Energy Syst, 2019:1–17.10.1002/2050-7038.12013Search in Google Scholar
[85] Fathabadi H. Novel grid-connected solar/wind powered electric vehicle charging station with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. Energy Convers Manage. 2017;136:229–39.10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.045Search in Google Scholar
[86] Sattarpour T, Nazarpour D, Golshannavaz S. Load serving entity interactions on residential energy management strategy: a two-level approach. Sustainable Cities Soc. 2018;40:440–53.10.1016/j.scs.2018.04.013Search in Google Scholar
[87] Waraich RA, Galus MD, Dobler C, Balmer M, Andersson G, Axhausen KW, Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and smart grids: investigations based on a microsimulation. Trans Res Part C: Emerg Technol. 2013;28:74–86.10.1016/j.trc.2012.10.011Search in Google Scholar
[88] Fields FE. IEEE Standards, 2004.Search in Google Scholar
[89] IEEE. UL 2750. 2017. Available at: http://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/iccom. Accessed 24 Sep 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[90] International, S. SAE TIR J2954. 2016. Available at: http://standards.sae.org/j2954201605/. Accessed 24 Sep 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[91] Shuang Yu IS. IEEE P2100.1. 2013. http://standards.ieee.org/news/2013/ieeehttp://standards.ieee.org/news/2013/ieee_p21001_{p}ma.html. Accessed 24 Sep 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[92] Brown WC. High power, efficient, free-space microwave power transmission systems. In: 1973 3rd European Microwave Conferenc, 1, IEEE, 1973:1–4.10.1109/EUMA.1973.331767Search in Google Scholar
[93] Brown WC, Moreno T. Microwave power generation. IEEE Spectrum. 1964;1:77–81.10.1109/MSPEC.1964.6501192Search in Google Scholar
[94] Shinohara N. Mid-distance wireless power transmission for electric truck via microwaves. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory, 2013:841–3.10.1109/RWS.2013.6486657Search in Google Scholar
[95] Zaldívar Huerta IE, Pérez Montaña DF, Nava PH, Juárez AG, Asomoza JR, Leal Cruz AL. Transmission system for distribution of video over longhaul optical point-to-point links using a microwave photonic filter in the frequency range of 0.01–10GHz. Opt Fiber Technol. . 2013;19:665–70.Search in Google Scholar
[96] Sakaguchi K, Yamashita S, Huang Y, Yamamoto K, Nishio T, Morikura M, Shinohara N. Experiment of power supply method for WLAN sensor using both energy harvesting and microwave power transmission. J Phys Conf Series. 2014;557:012003.10.1088/1742-6596/557/1/012003Search in Google Scholar
[97] Yoo T-W, Chang K. Theoretical and experimental development of 10 and 35 GHz rectennas. IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech. 1992;40:1259–66.10.1109/22.141359Search in Google Scholar
[98] Hannan M, Lipu M, Hussain A, Mohamed A. A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: challenges and recommendations. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev. 2017;78:834–54.10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.001Search in Google Scholar
[99] Hossain MS, Barua A. Charging electric vehicles via microwave energy transmission and analysis of advanced energy storage system. In: 2013 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), IEEE, 2013:1–6.10.1109/ICIEV.2013.6572702Search in Google Scholar
[100] Range S. Beam efficiency of wireless power transmission via radio waves from. J Korean Inst Electromagn Eng Sci. 2010;10:224–30.10.5515/JKIEES.2010.10.4.224Search in Google Scholar
[101] Dixon S, Carter J, Reingold I. Dependence of the resonance line-width of microwave ferromagnetic materials on incident RF power (Correspondence). IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech. 1961;9:195–7.10.1109/TMTT.1961.1125297Search in Google Scholar
[102] Rodenbeck C, Chang K. A limitation on the small-scale demonstration of retrodirective microwave power transmission from the solar power satellite. IEEE Antennas Propag Mag. 2005;47:67–72.10.1109/MAP.2005.1589875Search in Google Scholar
[103] Shinohara N, Miyata Y, Mitani T, Niwa N, Takagi K, Hamamoto K, Ujigawa S, Ao J-P, Ohno Y. New application of microwave power transmission for wireless power distribution system in buildings. In: 2008 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, IEEE, 2008:1–4.10.1109/APMC.2008.4958597Search in Google Scholar
[104] Thamae L, Wu Z, Konrad W. Propagation characteristics of a 2.45 GHz microwave radio frequency identification system. IET Microwaves Antennas Propag. 2009;3:32.10.1049/iet-map:20080032Search in Google Scholar
[105] Shreck S, Latifi S. Wireless power transmission. In: Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems, volume 08544, chapter 2, 2009.Search in Google Scholar
[106] Shinohara N, Niwa N, Takagi K, Hamamoto K, Ujigawa S, Ao J-P, Ohno Y. Microwave building as an application of wireless power transfer. Wireless Power Transfer. 2014;1:1–9.10.1017/wpt.2014.1Search in Google Scholar
[107] Klontz K, Esser A, Bacon R, Divan D, Novotny D, Lorenz R. An electric vehicle charging system with ‘universal’ inductive interface. In Conference Record of the Power Conversion Conference - Yokohama 1993 IEEE. . 1993;227–32.10.1109/PCCON.1993.264219Search in Google Scholar
[108] Wasserstein MP, Caggana M, Bailey SM, Desnick RJ, Edelmann L, Estrella L, et al. The New York pilot newborn screening program for lysosomal storage diseases: report of the First 65,000 Infants. Genet Med. 2019;21:631–40.10.1038/s41436-018-0129-ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[109] Looper M. One last day with an EV1. 2006. http://www.altfuels.org/events/testdriv/farewell.shtml. Accessed 24 Sept 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[110] Masson LJ. Free Eeltricity is problematic foe electric cars. 2013. Available at: http://www.plugincars.com/huge-problem-free-electricity-126427. Accessed 24 Sep 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[111] Wang C-S, Covic G, Stielau O. Power transfer capability and bifurcation phenomena of loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2004;51:148–57.10.1109/TIE.2003.822038Search in Google Scholar
[112] Dai J, Ludois DC. A survey of wireless power transfer and a critical comparison of inductive and capacitive coupling for small gap applications. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2015;30:6017–29.10.1109/TPEL.2015.2415253Search in Google Scholar
[113] Huang L, Hu AP, Swain A, Dai X. Comparison of two high frequency converters for capacitive power transfer. In: 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), IEEE, 2014:5437–43.10.1109/ECCE.2014.6954146Search in Google Scholar
[114] Dai J, Ludois DC. Capacitive power transfer through a conformal bumper for electric vehicle charging. IEEE J Emerging Sel Top Power Electron. 2016;4:1015–25.10.1109/JESTPE.2015.2505622Search in Google Scholar
[115] Department of Energy. Five things you didn’t know about the potential for wireless vehicle charging. 2014. Available at: https://energy.gov/articles. Accessed 24 Sep 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[116] Eberle W, Musavi F. Overview of wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicle battery charging. IET Power Electronics. 2014;7:60–66.10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0047Search in Google Scholar
[117] Hori Y. Novel EV society based on motor/ capacitor/ wireless – application of electric motor, supercapacitors, and wireless power transfer to enhance operation of future vehicles. In: 2012 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on Innovative Wireless Power Transmission: Technologies, Systems, and Applications, IEEE, 2012:3–8.10.1109/IMWS.2012.6215827Search in Google Scholar
[118] Imura, T., H. Okabe, and Y. Hori. Basic experimental study on helical antennas of wireless power transfer for Electric Vehicles by using magnetic resonant couplings. In: 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, volume 24, IEEE, 2009;24:936–940.10.1109/VPPC.2009.5289747Search in Google Scholar
[119] Jiang H, Brazis P, Tabaddor M, Bablo J. Safety considerations of wireless charger for electric vehicles-a review paper. In: 2012 IEEE Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering Proceedings, IEEE, 2012:1–6.10.1109/ISPCE.2012.6398288Search in Google Scholar
[120] Kurs A, Karalis A, Robert M, Joannopoulos JD, Fisher P, Soljacic M. Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances. Science. 2007;317:83–6.10.1126/science.1143254Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[121] Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). 2013. Available at: https://phys.org/news/2013-08-wireless-online-electric-vehicle-olev.htmlhttps://phys.org/news.html. Accessed 24 Sep 2017Search in Google Scholar
[122] Trevisan R, Costanzo A. State-of-the-art of contactless energy transfer (CET) systems: design rules and applications. Wireless Power Transfer. 2014;1:10–20.10.1017/wpt.2014.2Search in Google Scholar
[123] Christ A, Douglas MG, Roman JM, Cooper EB, Sample AP, Waters BH, Smith JR, Kuster N. Evaluation of wireless resonant power transfer systems with human electromagnetic exposure limits. IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat. 2012;55:1–10.10.1109/TEMC.2012.2219870Search in Google Scholar
[124] EMFs.info. Exposure limits for people. 2017. Available at: http://www.emfs.info/limits/. Accessed: 24 Sep 2017.Search in Google Scholar
[125] Moreno-Torres Concha P, Velez P, Lafoz M, Arribas JR. Passenger exposure to magnetic fields due to the batteries of an electric vehicle. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2016;65:4564–71.10.1109/TVT.2015.2490105Search in Google Scholar
[126] Abe H, Sakamoto H, Harada K. A noncontact charger using a resonant converter with parallel capacitor of the secondary coil. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2000;36:444–51.10.1109/APEC.1998.647681Search in Google Scholar
[127] Madawala UK, Thrimawithana DJ, Kularatna N. An ICPT-supercapacitor hybrid system for surge-free power transfer. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2007;54:3287–97.10.1109/TIE.2007.903961Search in Google Scholar
[128] Throngnumchai K, Kai T, Minagawa Y. A study on receiver circuit topology of a cordless battery charger for electric vehicles. In: 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, IEEE, 2011:843–50.10.1109/ECCE.2011.6063858Search in Google Scholar
[129] Villa JL, Sallan J, Sanz Osorio JF, Llombart A. High-misalignment tolerant compensation topology for ICPT systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2012;59:945–51.10.1109/TIE.2011.2161055Search in Google Scholar
[130] Cannon BL, Hoburg JF, Stancil DD, Goldstein SC. Magnetic resonant coupling as a potential means for wireless power transfer to multiple small receivers. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2009;24:1819–25.10.1109/TPEL.2009.2017195Search in Google Scholar
[131] Chao Y-H, Shieh J-J, Pan C-T, Shen W-C. A closed-form oriented compensator analysis for series-parallel loosely coupled inductive power transfer systems. In: 2007 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, IEEE, 2007:1215–20.10.1109/PESC.2007.4342166Search in Google Scholar
[132] Covic GA, Boys JT, Kissin ML, Lu HG. A three-phase inductive power transfer system for roadway-powered vehicles. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2007;54:3370–8.10.1109/TIE.2007.904025Search in Google Scholar
[133] Li W, Zhao H, Deng J, Li S, Mi CC. Comparison study on SS and double-sided LCC compensation topologies for EV/PHEV wireless chargers. IEEE Trans Veh Technol. 2016;65:4429–39.10.1109/TVT.2015.2479938Search in Google Scholar
[134] Wang C-S, Stielau O, Covic G. Design considerations for a contactless electric vehicle battery charger. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2005;52:1308–14.10.1109/TIE.2005.855672Search in Google Scholar
[135] Shevchenko V, Husev O, Strzelecki R, Pakhaliuk B, Poliakov N, Strzelecka N. Compensation topologies in IPT systems: standards, requirements, classification, analysis, comparison and application. IEEE Access. 2019;7:120559–80.10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2937891Search in Google Scholar
[136] Kim KY, Ryu Y-H, Park E, Song K-S, Ahn C-H. Analysis of misalignments in efficiency of mid-range magnetic resonance wireless power link. In: Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, IEEE, 2012:1–2.10.1109/APS.2012.6349068Search in Google Scholar
[137] Liu X, Hui S. Optimal design of a hybrid winding structure for planar contactless battery charging platform. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2008;23:455–63.10.1109/IAS.2006.256900Search in Google Scholar
[138] Rampradesh T, Vignesh R, Nivedha A. Analysis of various inductor core materials for wireless power transfer. Middle-East J Sci Res. 2016;24:1283–8.Search in Google Scholar
[139] Budhia M, Covic GA, Boys JT, Huang C-Y. Development and evaluation of single sided flux couplers for contactless electric vehicle charging. In: 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Dd, IEEE, 2011:614–621.10.1109/ECCE.2011.6063826Search in Google Scholar
[140] Chigira M, Nagatsuka Y, Kaneko Y, Abe S, Yasuda T, Suzuki A. Small-size light-weight transformer with new core structure for contactless electric vehicle power transfer system. In: 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, IEEE, 2011:260–6.10.1109/ECCE.2011.6063778Search in Google Scholar
[141] Elliott G, Raabe S, Covic GA, Boys JT. Multiphase pickups for large lateral tolerance contactless power-transfer systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2010;57:1590–8.10.1109/TIE.2009.2031184Search in Google Scholar
[142] Hirai J, Kim T-W, Kawamura A. Study on intelligent battery charging using inductive transmission of power and information. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2000;15:335–45.10.1109/63.838106Search in Google Scholar
[143] Wu HH, Gilchrist A, Sealy KD, Bronson D. A high efficiency 5 kW inductive charger for EVs using dual side control. IEEE Trans Ind Inf. 2012;8:585–95.10.1109/TII.2012.2192283Search in Google Scholar
[144] Kim S, Covic GA, Boys JT. Tripolar pad for inductive power transfer systems for EV charging. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2017;32:5045–57.10.1109/TPEL.2016.2606893Search in Google Scholar
[145] Kim S, Covic GA, Boys JT. Comparison of tripolar and circular pads for IPT charging systems. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2017;8993:1–11.10.1109/TPEL.2017.2740944Search in Google Scholar
[146] Kim S, Zaheer A, Covic G, Boys J. Tripolar pad for inductive power transfer systems. In: 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2014). 2014;32:3066–72.10.1109/IECON.2014.7048947Search in Google Scholar
[147] Semiconductor F. Coils used for wireless charging. Technical report, 2014.Search in Google Scholar
[148] Ye Z-H, Sun Y, Dai X, Tang C-S, Wang Z-H, Su Y-G. Energy efficiency analysis of U-coil wireless power transfer system. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2015;31:4809–17.10.1109/TPEL.2015.2483839Search in Google Scholar
[149] Kiani M, Jow U-M, Ghovanloo M. Design and optimization of a 3-coil inductive link for efficient wireless power transmission. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2011;5:579–91.10.1109/TBCAS.2011.2158431Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[150] Vijayakumaran Nair V, Choi J. An efficiency enhancement technique for a wireless power transmission system based on a multiple coil switching technique. Energies. 2016;9:1–15.10.3390/en9030156Search in Google Scholar
[151] Zheng C, Lai J-S, Chen R, Faraci WE, Ullah Zahid Z, Gu B, Zhang L, Lisi G, Anderson D. High-efficiency contactless power transfer system for electric vehicle battery charging application. IEEE J Emerging Sel Top Power Electron. 2015;3:65–74.10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2339279Search in Google Scholar
[152] Kan T, Nguyen T-D, White JC, Malhan RK, Mi CC. A new integration method for an electric vehicle wireless charging system using LCC compensation topology: analysis and design. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2017;32:1638–50.10.1109/TPEL.2016.2552060Search in Google Scholar
[153] Lee S-H, Lorenz RD. Development and validation of model for 95%-Efficiency 220-W wireless power transfer over a 30-cm air gap. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2011;47:2495–504.10.1109/TIA.2011.2168555Search in Google Scholar
[154] Sibue J-R, Kwimang G, Ferrieux J-P, Meunier G, Roudet J, Periot R. A global study of a contactless energy transfer system: analytical design, virtual prototyping, and experimental validation. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2013;28:4690–9.10.1109/TPEL.2012.2235858Search in Google Scholar
[155] Wu HH, Gilchrist A, Sealy K, Israelsen P, Muhs J. A review on inductive charging for electric vehicles. In: 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), IEEE, 2011:143–7.10.1109/IEMDC.2011.5994820Search in Google Scholar
[156] Zhao L, Thrimawithana DJ, Madawala UK. Hybrid bidirectional wireless EV charging system tolerant to pad misalignment. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2017;64:7079–86.10.1109/TIE.2017.2686301Search in Google Scholar
[157] Severns R, Yeow E, Woody G, Hall J, Hayes J. An ultra-compact transformer for a 100 W to 120 kW inductive coupler for electric vehicle battery charging. In: Proceedings of Applied Power Electronics Conference. APEC 1996, volume 1, IEEE, 1996:32–8.Search in Google Scholar
[158] Zahid ZU, Dalala ZM, Zheng C, Chen R, Faraci WE, Lai J-S, Lisi G, Anderson D. Modeling and control of series series compensated inductive power transfer system. IEEE J Emerging Sel Top Power Electron. 2015;3:111–23.10.1109/JESTPE.2014.2327959Search in Google Scholar
[159] Colak K, Asa E, Bojarski M, Czarkowski D, Onar OC. A novel phase-shift control of semibridgeless active rectifier for wireless power transfer. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2015;30:6288–97.10.1109/TPEL.2015.2430832Search in Google Scholar
[160] Lee J-Y, Han B-M. A bidirectional wireless power transfer EV charger using self-resonant PWM. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2015;30:1784–7.10.1109/TPEL.2014.2346255Search in Google Scholar
[161] Yeo T-D, Kwon D, Khang S-T, Yu J-W. Design of maximum efficiency tracking control scheme for closed-loop wireless power charging system employing series resonant tank. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2017;32:471–8.10.1109/TPEL.2016.2523121Search in Google Scholar
[162] Rozario D, Azeez NA, Williamson SS. A modified resonant converter for wireless capacitive power transfer systems used in battery charging applications. In: 2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), IEEE, 2016:1–6.10.1109/ITEC.2016.7520272Search in Google Scholar
[163] Chang C-K, Da Silva GG, Kumar A, Pervaiz S, Afridi KK. 30 W capacitive wireless power transfer system with 5.8 pF coupling capacitance. In: 2015 IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference (WPTC), IEEE, 2015:1–4.Search in Google Scholar
[164] Theodoridis MP. Effective capacitive power transfer. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2012;27:4906–13.10.1109/TPEL.2012.2192502Search in Google Scholar
[165] Rozario D, Pathipati VK, Ram A, Azeez NA, Williamson SS. Modified resonant converters for contactless capacitive power transfer systems used in EV charging applications. In: IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE, 2016:4510–7.10.1109/IECON.2016.7793235Search in Google Scholar
[166] Ludois DC, Erickson MJ, Reed JK. Aerodynamic fluid bearings for translational and rotating capacitors in noncontact capacitive power transfer systems. IEEE Trans Ind Appl. 2014;50:1025–33.10.1109/TIA.2013.2273484Search in Google Scholar
[167] Mi C. High power capacitive power transfer for electric vehicle charging applications. In: 2015 6th International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications (PESA), c, IEEE, 2015:1–4.10.1109/PESA.2015.7398937Search in Google Scholar
[168] Lu F, Zhang H, Hofmann H, Mi C. A double-sided LCLC -compensated capacitive power transfer system for electric vehicle charging. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2015;30:6011–4.10.1109/TPEL.2015.2446891Search in Google Scholar
[169] Lu F, Zhang H, Hofmnn H, Mi C. A CLLC-compensated high power and large air-gap capacitive power transfer system for electric vehicle charging applications. In: 2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), IEEE, 2016:1721–5.10.1109/APEC.2016.7468099Search in Google Scholar
[170] Zhang H, Lu F, Hofmann H, Liu W, Mi C. A 4-plate compact capacitive coupler design and LCL-compensated topology for capacitive power transfer in electric vehicle charging applications. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2016;31:8541–51.10.1109/TPEL.2016.2520963Search in Google Scholar
[171] Lu F, Zhang H, Hofmann H, Mi CC. A double-sided LC-compensation circuit for loosely coupled capacitive power transfer. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2018;33:1633–43.10.1109/TPEL.2017.2674688Search in Google Scholar
[172] Zhang H, Lu F, Hofmann H, Liu W, Mi CC. Six-plate capacitive coupler to reduce electric field emission in large air-gap capacitive power transfer. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2018;33:665–75.10.1109/TPEL.2017.2662583Search in Google Scholar
[173] Huang C-Y, Boys JT, Covic GA. LCL pickup circulating current controller for inductive power transfer systems. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2013;28:2081–93.10.1109/TPEL.2012.2199132Search in Google Scholar
[174] Huh J, Lee SW, Lee WY, Cho GH, Rim CT. Narrow-width inductive power transfer system for online electrical vehicles. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2011;26:3666–79.10.1109/TPEL.2011.2160972Search in Google Scholar
[175] Kamineni A, Neath MJ, Zaheer A, Covic GA, Boys JT. Interoperable EV detection for dynamic wireless charging with existing hardware and free resonance. IEEE Trans Transp Electrification. 2017;3:370–9.10.1109/WoW.2016.7772086Search in Google Scholar
[176] Kamineni A, Covic GA, Boys JT. Interoperable EV detection for dynamic wireless charging with existing hardware and free resonance. In: 2016 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), IEEE, 2016:169–73.10.1109/WoW.2016.7772086Search in Google Scholar
[177] Kissin M, Huang C-Y, Covic G, Boys J. Detection of the tuned point of a fixed-frequency LCL resonant power supply. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2009;24:1140–3.10.1109/TPEL.2008.2011641Search in Google Scholar
[178] Hao H, Covic GA, Boys JT. An approximate dynamic model of LCL-T-based inductive power transfer power supplies. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2014;29:5554–67.10.1109/TPEL.2013.2293138Search in Google Scholar
[179] Zhou S, Chris Mi C. Multi-paralleled LCC reactive power compensation networks and their tuning method for electric vehicle dynamic wireless charging. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2016;63:6546–56.10.1109/TIE.2015.2512236Search in Google Scholar
[180] Throngnumchai K, Hanamura A, Naruse Y, Takeda K. Design and evaluation of a wireless power transfer system with road embedded transmitter coils for dynamic charging of electric vehicles. In: 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27), volume 6, IEEE, 2013:1–10.10.1109/EVS.2013.6914937Search in Google Scholar
[181] Zhao L, Ruddell S, Thrimawithana DJ, Madawala UK, Hu PA. A hybrid wireless charging system with DDQ pads for dynamic charging of EVs. In: 2017 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), IEEE, 2017:1–6.10.1109/WoW.2017.7959397Search in Google Scholar
[182] Kamineni A, Neath MJ, Covic GA, Boys JT. A mistuning-tolerant and controllable power supply for roadway wireless power systems. IEEE Trans Power Electron. 2017;32:6689–99.10.1109/ECCE.2016.7854705Search in Google Scholar
[183] Budhia M, Covic G, Boys J. Magnetic design of a three-phase inductive power transfer system for roadway powered electric vehicles. In: 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, IEEE, 2010:1–6.10.1109/VPPC.2010.5728981Search in Google Scholar
[184] Kissin ML, Hao H, Covic GA. A practical multiphase IPT system for AGV and roadway applications. In: 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, volume 1, IEEE, 2010:1844–50.10.1109/ECCE.2010.5618146Search in Google Scholar
[185] Budhia M, Boys JT, Covic GA, Huang C-Y. Development of a single-sided flux magnetic coupler for electric vehicle IPT charging systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron. 2013;60:318–28.10.1109/TIE.2011.2179274Search in Google Scholar
[186] Jedlik A. Electric vehicles history Part II. 1827. Available at: http://www.electricvehiclesnews.com/History/historyearlyII. Accessed 24 Sep 2017.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston