Abstract
This paper presents stability enhancement of a test system that is connected with a Wind Farm (WF) by using Power System Stabilizer (PSS) for Synchronous Generator (SG) and Power Oscillation Damper (POD) for Static Var Compensator (SVC). This paper also proposes a coordination mechanism for the controller to effectively damp out the oscillations and make the power system more stable by considering the uncertainties. The uncertainty is considered as wind speed variation and wind power penetration and different locations. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used to overcome the controller parameter tuning drawbacks and controller coordination. The SG rotor speed deviation is selected as an objective function with various constraints for PSO. The transient stability analysis is carried out by considering large disturbance that is a three-phase fault. The nonlinear dynamic simulation results are obtained by integrating WF and SG replacement with the same rating WF. Evaluation and analysis are performed for various cases and different combination of without and with controllers. From the simulation results, it is noticed that oscillations in the system are minimized, and stability is enhanced at the maximum level. It also observed that the capability of SG and DFIG under three-phase fault is intensified by using PSO for optimized coordinated controller parameters. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed approaches are evaluated on the IEEE-11 bus test system.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farm
Stator resistance R s = 0.01 pu; Stator reactance X s = 0.10 pu; Rotor resistance R r = 0.01 pu. Rotor reactance X r = 0.08 pu; Magnetization reactance X m = 3 pu. Inertia constants, H m = 3 kW s/kVA; Pitch control gain = 10 pu; Time constants = 3 s. Voltage control gain K v = 10 pu; Power control time constant T e = 0.01 s. Number of poles = 4; gear box ratio = 1:89; Blade length = 75.0 m; number of blade = 3.
PI controller gain for RSC
PI controller gain for GSC
PSS for SG
SVC at Bus 08
POD for SVC
A min, B min and C min as well as A max, B max, and C max are lower and upper limits respectively.
IEEE-11 bus (two area system)
Synchronous generator data (Power rating = 900 MVA, Voltage rating = 20 kV).
| Variable (p.u.) | SG1 at Bus 1 | SG2 at Bus 2 | SG3 at Bus 3 | SG4 at Bus 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| X 1 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
| R s | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.025 |
| X d | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
|
|
0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
| X q | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
|
|
0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
|
|
8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 |
|
|
0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
| H (sec) | 54 | 54 | 63 | 63 |
| D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Excitation system data.
| Variable | SG1 at Bus 1 | SG2 at Bus 2 | SG3 at Bus 3 | SG4 at Bus 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| K A | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 |
| T A (sec) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| K E | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| T E (sec) | 0.314 | 0.314 | 0.314 | 0.314 |
| K F | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0.063 | 0.063 |
| T F (sec) | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Transmission line data.
| From bus | To bus | Series resistance R (%) |
Series reactance X (%) |
Shunt susceptance B/2 (%) |
Length of transmission line (km) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 6 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.1875 | 25 |
| 5 | 6 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.1875 | 25 |
| 6 | 7 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5833 | 10 |
| 6 | 7 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5833 | 10 |
| 6 | 7 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5833 | 10 |
| 7 | 8 | 1.1 | 11.0 | 19.25 | 110 |
| 7 | 8 | 1.1 | 11.0 | 19.25 | 110 |
| 8 | 9 | 1.1 | 11.0 | 19.25 | 110 |
| 8 | 9 | 1.1 | 11.0 | 19.25 | 110 |
| 9 | 10 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5833 | 10 |
| 9 | 10 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5833 | 10 |
| 9 | 10 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.5833 | 10 |
| 10 | 11 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.1875 | 25 |
| 10 | 11 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 2.1875 | 25 |
Generator step-up transformer data (on Transformer MVA Base).
| From bus | To bus | R (%) | X (%) | MVA base |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 5 | 0.015 | 15 | 900 |
| 2 | 6 | 0.015 | 15 | 900 |
| 3 | 11 | 0.015 | 15 | 900 |
| 4 | 10 | 0.015 | 15 | 900 |
Bus and load data.
| Bus | Type (kV) | P L (MW) | Q L (MVAr) | Q c (MVAr) | P G (MW) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20 | – | – | – | 720 (slack bus) |
| 2 | 20 | – | – | – | 720 |
| 3 | 20 | – | – | – | 720 |
| 4 | 20 | – | – | – | 720 |
| 5 | 230 | – | – | – | – |
| 6 | 230 | – | – | – | – |
| 7 | 230 | 967 | 200 | 100 | – |
| 8 | 230 | – | – | – | – |
| 9 | 230 | 1767 | 350 | 100 | – |
| 10 | 230 | – | – | – | – |
| 11 | 230 | – | – | – | – |
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