Making the case for linguicism: revisiting theoretical concepts and terminologies in linguistic discrimination research

References

Alim, Samy H. 2007. Critical hip-hop language pedagogies: Combat, consciousness, and the cultural politics of communication. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 6(2). 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348450701341378.Search in Google Scholar

Alim, Samy H. 2016. Introducing raciolinguistics: Racing language and languaging race in hyperracial times. In Samy H. Alim, John R. Rickford & Arnetha F. Ball (eds.), Raciolinguistics: How language shapes our ideas about race, 1–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190625696.003.0001Search in Google Scholar

Arksey, Hilary & Lisa O’Malley. 2005. Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8(1). 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.Search in Google Scholar

Asensio, Rubén Fernández. 2014. Language policies in the Kingdom of Hawai‘i: Reassessing linguicism. Language Problems and Language Planning 38(2). 128–148. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.38.2.02fer.Search in Google Scholar

Baker-Bell, April. 2020. Dismantling anti-black linguistic racism in English language arts classrooms: Toward an anti-racist black language pedagogy. Theory into Practice 59(1). 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2019.1665415.Search in Google Scholar

Banton, Michael. 1967. Race relations. New York: Basic Books.Search in Google Scholar

Barwell, Richard. 2003. Linguistic discrimination: An issue for research in mathematics education. For the Learning of Mathematics 23(2). 37–43.Search in Google Scholar

Baugh, John. 1996. Linguistic discrimination. In Hans Goebl, Peter H. Nelde, Zdenek Stary & Wolfgang Woelck (eds.), Contact linguistics: A handbook of contemporary research, 709–714. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110132649.1.6.709Search in Google Scholar

Baugh, John. 2000. Racial identification by speech. American Speech 75(4). 362–364. https://doi.org/10.1215/00031283-75-4-362.Search in Google Scholar

Baugh, John. 2003. Linguistic profiling. In Arnetha Ball, Sinfree Makoni, Geneva Smitherman & Arthur K. Spears (eds.), Black linguistics: Language, society, and politics in Africa and the Americas, 155–168. New York: Routledge.10.1017/9781316597750.006Search in Google Scholar

Blanchet, Philippe. 2019. Discriminations: Combattre la glottophobie. Limoges: Lambert-Lucas.Search in Google Scholar

Blum, Avram & Eric J. Johnson. 2012. Reading repression: Textualizing the linguistic marginalization of nonnative English-speaking teachers in Arizona. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 11(3). 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2012.686379.Search in Google Scholar

Boutte, Gloria Swindler & George L. Johnson. 2013. Funga alafia: Toward welcoming, understanding, and respecting African American speakers’ bilingualism and biliteracy. Equity & Excellence in Education 46(3). 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2013.806850.Search in Google Scholar

Cantone, Jason A., Leslie N. Martinez, Cynthia Willis-Esqueda & Taija Miller. 2019. Sounding guilty: How accent bias affects juror judgments of culpability. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 17(3). 228–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2019.1623963.Search in Google Scholar

Chen-Hayes, Stuart F., Mei-Whei Chen & Naveeda Athar. 1999. Challenging linguicism: Action strategies for counselors and client-colleagues. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED435907.pdf (accessed 22 June 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Chin, William Y. 2010. Linguistic profiling in education: How accent bias denies equal educational opportunities to students of color. Scholar 12. 355.Search in Google Scholar

Cho, Hyesun. 2017. Racism and linguicism: Engaging language minority pre-service teachers in counter-storytelling. Race Ethnicity and Education 20(5). 666–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2016.1150827.Search in Google Scholar

Corona, Víctor & David Block. 2020. Raciolinguistic micro-aggressions in the school stories of immigrant adolescents in Barcelona: A challenge to the notion of Spanish exceptionalism? International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23(7). 778–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1713046.Search in Google Scholar

Coupland, Nikolas. 2007. Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511755064Search in Google Scholar

Craft, Justin T., Kelly E. Wright, Rachel Elizabeth Weissler & Robin M. Queen. 2020. Language and discrimination: Generating meaning, perceiving identities, and discriminating outcomes. Annual Review of Linguistics 6(1). 389–407. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011659.Search in Google Scholar

Cushing, Ian. 2019. Prescriptivism, linguicism and pedagogical coercion in primary school UK curriculum policy. English Teaching: Practice & Critique 19(1). 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1108/etpc-05-2019-0063.Search in Google Scholar

Davies, Alan. 1996. Review article: Ironising the myth of linguicism. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 17(6). 485–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434639608666297.Search in Google Scholar

Davis, Tiffany Y. & Wendy Leo Moore. 2014. Spanish not spoken here: Accounting for the racialization of the Spanish language in the experiences of Mexican migrants in the United States. Ethnicities 14(5). 676–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796814523740.Search in Google Scholar

Derwing, Tracey M., Helen Fraser, Okim Kang & Ron I. Thomson. 2014. L2 accent and ethics: Issues that merit attention. In Ahmar Mahboob & Leslie Barratt (eds.), Englishes in multilingual contexts: Language variation and education, 63–80. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-94-017-8869-4_5Search in Google Scholar

Doan, Ngoc Ba. 2016. To employ or not to employ expatriate non-native speaker teachers: Views from within. Asian Englishes 18(1). 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2015.1132112.Search in Google Scholar

Dovchin, Sender. 2020. The psychological damages of linguistic racism and international students in Australia. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23(7). 804–818. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1759504.Search in Google Scholar

Dryden, Stephanie & Sender Dovchin. 2021. Accentism: English LX users of migrant background in Australia. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1980573.Search in Google Scholar

Endo, Rachel. 2015. From unconscious deficit views to affirmation of linguistic varieties in the classroom: White preservice teachers on building critical self-awareness about linguicism’s causes and consequences. Multicultural Perspectives 17(4). 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2015.1088304.Search in Google Scholar

Flores, Nelson & Jonathan Rosa. 2015. Undoing appropriateness: Raciolinguistic ideologies and language diversity in education. Harvard Educational Review 85(2). 149–171. https://doi.org/10.17763/0017-8055.85.2.149.Search in Google Scholar

Freynet, Nathalie & Richard Clément. 2019. Perceived accent discrimination: Psychosocial consequences and perceived legitimacy. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 38(4). 496–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19865775.Search in Google Scholar

Fürstenau, Sara. 2002. Language and power: Demands on education. European Educational Research Journal 1(3). 604–614. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2002.1.3.13.Search in Google Scholar

Gibbons, John & Elizabeth Ramirez. 2004. Maintaining a minority language: A case study of Hispanic teenagers. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853597428Search in Google Scholar

Gluszek, Agata & John F. Dovidio. 2010. The way they speak: A social psychological perspective on the stigma of nonnative accents in communication. Personality and Social Psychology Review 14(2). 214–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309359288.Search in Google Scholar

Gray, Kishonna L. 2012. Intersecting oppressions and online communities: Examining the experience of women in XBOX Live. Information, Communication & Society 15(3). 411–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2011.642401.Search in Google Scholar

Hanauer, David I., Cheryl L. Sheridan & Karen Englander. 2019. Linguistic injustice in the writing of research articles in English as a second language: Data from Taiwanese and Mexican researchers. Written Communication 36(1). 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088318804821.Search in Google Scholar

Hansen, Karolina, Tamara Rakić & Melanie C. Steffens. 2014. When actions speak louder than words: Preventing discrimination of nonstandard speakers. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 33(1). 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x13499761.Search in Google Scholar

Harris, Marvin. 1993. Culture, people, nature: An introduction to general anthropology. New York: Harper Collins.Search in Google Scholar

Hegarty, Peter. 2020. Strangers and states: Situating accentism in a world of nations. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 39(1). 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19884093.Search in Google Scholar

Higgins, Christina, Richard Nettell, Gavin Furukawa & Sakoda Kent. 2012. Beyond contrastive analysis and codeswitching: Student documentary filmmaking as a challenge to linguicism in Hawai‘i. Linguistics and Education 23(1). 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2011.10.002.Search in Google Scholar

Hinrichs, Lars. 2015. Approaches to language variation. In Alexandra Georgakopoulou & Tereza Spilioti (eds.), The Routledge handbook of language and digital communication, 19–35. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Holliday, Adrian. 2005. The struggle to teach English as an international language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Holliday, Adrian. 2006. Native-speakerism. ELT Journal 60(4). 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl030.Search in Google Scholar

Holliday, Adrian. 2015. Native-speakerism: Taking the concept forward and achieving cultural belief. In Anne Swan, Pamela Aboshiha & Adrian Holliday (eds.), (En)countering native-speakerism: Global perspectives, 11–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137463500_2Search in Google Scholar

Holliday, Adrian. 2018. Native-speakerism. In John I. Liontas (ed.), The TESOL encyclopedia of English language teaching, 1–7. Chichester, UK: Wiley.10.1002/9781118784235.eelt0027Search in Google Scholar

Houghton, Stephanie Ann. 2013. The overthrow of the foreign lecturer positions, and its aftermath. In Stephanie Ann Houghton & Damian J. Rivers (eds.), Native-speakerism in Japan: Intergroup dynamics in foreign language education, 60–74. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847698704-008Search in Google Scholar

Hsu, Funie. 2020. The “native English speaker” as indigenous replacement: California English learner classification policies and settler grammar expressions of immigrant nationhood. Educational Studies 56(3). 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2020.1745805.Search in Google Scholar

Hughes, Claretha & Ketevan Mamiseishvili. 2014. Linguistic profiling in the workforce. In Marilyn Y Byrd & Chaunda L. Scott (eds.), Diversity in the workforce: Current issues and emerging trends, 249–265. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315188980-11Search in Google Scholar

Hyland, Ken. 2016. Academic publishing and the myth of linguistic injustice. Journal of Second Language Writing 31. 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2016.01.005.Search in Google Scholar

Iheduru-Anderson, Kechi. 2020. Accent bias: A barrier to Black African-born nurses seeking managerial and faculty positions in the United States. Nursing Inquiry 27(4). e12355. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12355.Search in Google Scholar

Jean-Pierre, Johanne. 2018. The experiences of and responses to linguicism of Quebec English-speaking and Franco-Ontarian postsecondary students. Canadian Review of Sociology 55(4). 510–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/cars.12220.Search in Google Scholar

Kayaalp, Dilek. 2016. Living with an accent: A sociological analysis of linguistic strategies of immigrant youth in Canada. Journal of Youth Studies 19(2). 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1052050.Search in Google Scholar

Khan, Cristine. 2019. Cultural awareness through linguicism? Questioning the roles of native English speakers in Bogota, Colombia. Language and Intercultural Communication 19(2). 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2018.1486408.Search in Google Scholar

Kirkpatrick, Andy. 1998. Currents of thought on Asian English studies. Asian Englishes 1(2). 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.1999.10801010.Search in Google Scholar

Krieger, Nancy. 2020. Measures of racism, sexism, heterosexism, and gender binarism for health equity research: From structural injustice to embodied harm—An ecosocial analysis. Annual Review of Public Health 41(1). 37–62. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094017.Search in Google Scholar

Kubota, Ryuko. 2019. Confronting epistemological racism, decolonizing scholarly knowledge: Race and gender in applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics 41. 712–732. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amz033.Search in Google Scholar

Levon, Erez, Devyani Sharma, Dominic Watt & Christina Perry. 2020. Accent bias: Implications for professional recruiting. Available at: https://accentbiasbritain.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Accent-Bias-Britain-Report-2020.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Liddicoat, Anthony & Kathleen Heugh. 2014. Educational equity for linguistically marginalised students. In Martha Bigelow & Johanna Ennser-Kananen (eds.), The Routledge handbook of educational linguistics, 79–91. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Liggett, Tonda. 2014. The mapping of a framework: Critical race theory and TESOL. The Urban Review 46(1). 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-013-0254-5.Search in Google Scholar

Lippi-Green, Rosina. 1997. English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Mackenzie, Lee. 2020. Discriminatory job advertisements for English language teachers in Colombia: An analysis of recruitment biases. TESOL Journal 12. e535. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.535.Search in Google Scholar

McPherson, Lionel K. 2015. Deflating “race”. Journal of the American Philosophical Association 1(4). 674–693. https://doi.org/10.1017/apa.2015.19.Search in Google Scholar

Mey, Jacob L. 1972. Linguistic performance and minority groups. Today’s Speech 20(2). 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463377209369037.Search in Google Scholar

Morrison, Keith & Icy Lui. 2000. Ideology, linguistic capital and the medium of instruction in Hong Kong. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 21(6). 471–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630008666418.Search in Google Scholar

Moyer, Alene. 2013. Foreign accent: The phenomenon of non-native speech. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511794407Search in Google Scholar

Murillo, Luz A. & Patrick H. Smith. 2011. “I will never forget that”: Lasting effects of language discrimination on language-minority children in Colombia and on the U.S.-Mexico border. Childhood Education 87(3). 147–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2011.10521714.Search in Google Scholar

Ng, Patrick Chin Leong. 2018. Overcoming institutional native speakerism: The experience of one teacher. In Stephanie Ann Houghton & Kayoko Hashimoto. (eds.), Towards post-native-speakerism: Dynamics and shift. 3–15. Singapore: Springer.10.1007/978-981-10-7162-1_1Search in Google Scholar

Nguyen, Trang Thi Thuy. 2021. Educational linguicism: Linguistic discrimination against minority students in Vietnamese mainstream schools. Language Policy. 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-021-09601-4.Search in Google Scholar

Nomura, Kazuyuki & Takako Mochizuki. 2018. Native-speakerism perceived by “non-native-speaking” teachers of Japanese in Hong Kong. In Stephanie Ann Houghton & Kayoko Hashimoto (eds.), Towards post-native-speakerism: Dynamics and shifts, 79–95. Singapore: Springer.10.1007/978-981-10-7162-1_5Search in Google Scholar

Orelus, Pierre W. 2016. Accentism exposed: An anticolonial analysis of accent discrimination with some implications for minority languages. In Pierre W. Orelus (ed.), Language, race, and power in schools, 137–147. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315536903Search in Google Scholar

Orelus, Pierre W. 2018. Can subaltern professors speak? Examining micro-aggressions and lack of inclusion in the academy. Qualitative Research Journal 18(2). 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1108/qrj-d-17-00057.Search in Google Scholar

Park, Mi Yung. 2017. Resisting linguistic and ethnic marginalization: Voices of Southeast Asian marriage-migrant women in Korea. Language and Intercultural Communication 17(2). 118–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2016.1165240.Search in Google Scholar

Peled, Yael & Matteo Bonotti. 2019. Sound reasoning: Why accent bias matters for democratic theory. The Journal of Politics 81(2). 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1086/701725.Search in Google Scholar

Petrovic, John. 2011. The civics of language diversity: Human rights, citizenship and English-only. In Joseph L. DeVitis (ed.), Critical civic literacy: A reader, 393–404. New York: Peter Lang.Search in Google Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 1988. Linguicism: Structures and ideologies in linguistic imperialism. In Tove Skutnabb-Kangas & Jim Cummins (eds.), Minority education: From shame to struggle, 339–358. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Search in Google Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Piller, Ingrid. 2016. Linguistic diversity and social justice: An introduction to applied sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199937240.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Politzer-Ahles, Stephen, Teresa Girolamo & Samantha Ghali. 2020. Preliminary evidence of linguistic bias in academic reviewing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes 47. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2020.100895.Search in Google Scholar

Pool, Jonathan. 1987. Thinking about linguistic discrimination. Language Problems and Language Planning 11(1). 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.11.1.02poo.Search in Google Scholar

Ramjattan, Vijay A. 2019. Racializing the problem of and solution to foreign accent in business. Applied Linguistics Review. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2019-0058.Search in Google Scholar

Reisigl, Martin & Ruth Wodak. 2005. Discourse and discrimination: Rhetorics of racism and antisemitism. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203993712Search in Google Scholar

Rhee, M. J. 1992. Language planning in Korea under the Japanese colonial administration, 1910–1945. Language, Culture and Curriculum 5(2). 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908319209525118.Search in Google Scholar

Rivers, Damian J. 2017. Native-speakerism and the betrayal of the native speaker language-teaching professional. In Damian J. Rivers & Karin Zotzmann (eds.), Isms in language education: Oppression, intersectionality and emancipation, 74–97. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9781501503085-005Search in Google Scholar

Roche, Gerald. 2019. Articulating language oppression: Colonialism, coloniality and the erasure of Tibet’s minority languages. Patterns of Prejudice 53(5). 487–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2019.1662074.Search in Google Scholar

Roessel, Janin, Christiane Schoel & Dagmar Stahlberg. 2020. Modern notions of accent-ism: Findings, conceptualizations, and implications for interventions and research on nonnative accents. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 39(1). 87–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x19884619.Search in Google Scholar

Román, Diego, Alberto Pastor & Deni Basaraba. 2019. Internal linguistic discrimination: A survey of bilingual teachers’ language attitudes toward their heritage students’ Spanish. Bilingual Research Journal 42(1). 6–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.2018.1563006.Search in Google Scholar

Ronkin, Maggie & Helen E. Karn. 1999. Mock Ebonics: Linguistic racism in parodies of Ebonics on the Internet. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3(3). 360–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9481.00083.Search in Google Scholar

Rosa, Jonathan Daniel. 2016. Standardization, racialization, languagelessness: Raciolinguistic ideologies across communicative contexts. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 26(2). 162–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/jola.12116.Search in Google Scholar

Rosa, Jonathan & Nelson Flores. 2017. Unsettling race and language: Toward a raciolinguistic perspective. Language in Society 46(5). 621–647. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404517000562.Search in Google Scholar

Ruecker, Todd & Lindsey Ives. 2015. White native English speakers needed: The rhetorical construction of privilege in online teacher recruitment spaces. TESOL Quarterly 49(4). 733–756. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.195.Search in Google Scholar

Sabaté-Dalmau, Maria. 2018. “I speak small”: Unequal Englishes and transnational identities among Ghanaian migrants. International Journal of Multilingualism 15(4). 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2018.1428329.Search in Google Scholar

Schaub, Mark. 2000. English in the Arab Republic of Egypt. World Englishes 19(2). 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-971x.00171.Search in Google Scholar

Sethi, Rita Chaudhry. 1998. Smells like racism. In Paula S. Rothenberg (ed.), Race, class, and gender in the United States: An integrated study, 154–164. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Search in Google Scholar

Shankar, Shalini. 2017. Linguistic anthropology in 2016: Now what? American Anthropologist 119(2). 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12865.Search in Google Scholar

Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. Immigrant racialization and the new savage slot: Race, migration, and immigration in the new Europe. Annual Review of Anthropology 34(1). 363–384. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120338.Search in Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 1988. Multilingualism and the education of minority children. In Tove Skutnabb-Kangas & Jim Cummins (eds.), Minority education: From shame to struggle, 9–44. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21670/ref.1989.18-19.a02Search in Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2015a. Language rights. In Wayne E. Wright, Sovicheth Boun & Ofelia García (eds.), The handbook of bilingual and multilingual education, 185–202. Malden, MA: Wiley.10.1002/9781118533406.ch11Search in Google Scholar

Skutnabb‐Kangas, Tove. 2015b. Linguicism. In Carol A. Chapelle (ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics, 1–6. Chichester, UK: Wiley.10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1460Search in Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove. 2016. Linguicism. In Genie Gertz & Patrick Boudreault (eds.), The Sage deaf studies encyclopedia, 185–202. London: Sage.10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal1460Search in Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove & Robert Phillipson. 1996. Linguicide and linguicism. In Hans Goebl, Peter H. Nelde, Zdenek Stary & Wolfgang Wölck (eds.), Contact linguistics: An international handbook of contemporary research, 667–675. Mouton: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110132649.1.6.667Search in Google Scholar

Smedley, Audrey & Brian D. Smedley. 2005. Race as biology is fiction, racism as a social problem is real: Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race. American Psychologist 60(1). 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.16.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Patriann. 2019. (Re)positioning in the Englishes and (English) literacies of a Black immigrant youth: Towards a transraciolinguistic approach. Theory into Practice 58(3). 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2019.1599227.Search in Google Scholar

Smith, Patriann. 2020. “How does a Black person speak English?” Beyond American language norms. American Educational Research Journal 57(1). 106–147. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219850760.Search in Google Scholar

Spolsky, Bernard. 2004. Language policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Squires, Gregory D. & Jan Chadwick. 2006. Linguistic profiling: A continuing tradition of discrimination in the home insurance industry? Urban Affairs Review 41(3). 400–415. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087405281064.Search in Google Scholar

Tomlinson, Delorese. 1975. Bi-dialectism: Solution for American minority members. The Speech Teacher 24(3). 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634527509378164.Search in Google Scholar

Tonelli, Maria Jose, Jussara Pereira, Vanessa Cepellos & João Lins. 2020. Ageing in organizations. RAUSP Management Journal 55. 127–142.10.1108/RAUSP-08-2018-0062Search in Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 2016. Dialect matters: Respecting vernacular language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316418109Search in Google Scholar

Uekusa, Shinya. 2019. Disaster linguicism: Linguistic minorities in disasters. Language in Society 48(3). 353–375. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404519000150.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations. 1966. International covenant on civil and political rights.Search in Google Scholar

van Ostade, Ingrid Tieken-Boon. 2019. Describing prescriptivism: Usage guides and usage problems in British and American English. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780429263088Search in Google Scholar

Wong, K. Laiana. 2004. He hawa’e kai nui a kau ma kula. Educational Perspectives 37(1). 31–39.10.1176/pn.39.7.0037Search in Google Scholar