Abstract
During the period of Arsacid domination, Mesopotamia was characterized by an extraordinarily varied religious landscape. Religion in Arsacid Mesopotamia has not received much attention so far and an all-encompassing study dealing with religious continuity and change in the region is still lacking. For most Assyriologists, religion in the Parthian period is quite different from the preceding periods. Graeco-Roman historians have not shown a great interest in the period either. In short, the study of religion in Parthian Mesopotamia is still split up in diverse cultural and linguistic traditions that are the result of the academic training of the researchers. A profound study of religion in Mesopotamia during this period has to break free from these traditional confines and study the various religious traditions in their social, cultural, and religious context, with a keen eye for religious interaction and diversity on a local level.
In present-day research, the focus is on continuity of Babylonian culture and religion. In the first part of this article, I shall argue that the case for continuity has been overstated of late. In fact, change was equally important and this change set in as early as the Achaemenid period. In the second part I shall argue that Babylonian culture was never confined to temples and cuneiform and that the Babylonian deities always had led a life outside their traditional homes as well.
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Note:
Earlier drafts of this article were presented twice during the spring of 2014: at the international colloquium “The Near East between Seleucids, Parthians and Romans”, held at Durham University, and at the conference on “Hatra, Palmyra and Edessa”, organised by Aram in Oxford. The final article has greatly benefited from discussions at these conferences. I am also greatly indebted to Kristin Kleber and Bert van der Spek, my colleagues at the Amsterdam Centre for Ancient Studies and Archaeology (ACASA), who generously shared their knowledge of cuneiform and Mesopotamian history. Going beyond the limits of one’s own field of expertise is an exciting but precarious undertaking, and I could not have done it without their help. Responsibility for any remaining errors or omissions is, of course, all mine.
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