Abstract
Background
According to GLOBOCAN 2018, oral cancer was reported as the second highest cancer prevalent in India. Despite the several therapies available for oral cancer treatment, tumor recurrence and distant metastasis persist. This study investigates the anticancer potential of Persicaria odorata, commonly known as Vietnamese coriander, used widely in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of inflammation, stomach ailments, tumors, etc.
Methods
The crude methanolic extract of P. odorata (MPo) was prepared. The anticancer properties of MPo on SAS cells and other human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line were evaluated using in vitro experimental conditions. The phytochemical constituents present in the MPo were also determined.
Results
Persicaria odorata possesses antiproliferative, antisurvival, antimetastatic activities, and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. It inhibited Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and also downregulated the expression of essential proteins that are involved in tumorigenesis such as cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), survivin, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). Moreover, the presence of flavonoids and quinones also revealed the anticancer activity of the plant.
Conclusion
Overall, our study concludes that P. odorata exhibits its anticancer properties through the downregulation of Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India-BT/556/NE/U-EXCEL/2016 dated 31.03.2017 awarded to Dr. Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara. The author Kishore Banik acknowledges UGC New Delhi, India, for providing him the fellowship.
Author contributions: Amrita Devi Khwairakpam and Javadi Monisha designed and supervised the study. The LC/MS analysis was done by Nand Kishor Roy and Kishore Banik. The data analysis and interpretation were done by Amrita Devi Khwairakpam, Ganesan Padmavathi, Devivasha Bordoloi, and Elina Khatoon. The write up was done by Amrita Devi Khwairakpam. All the authors also participated in editing and approving the final manuscript.
Research funding: Department of Biotechnology, Government of India-BT/556/NE/U-EXCEL/2016.
Conflict of interest: The authors expressed no conflict of interest.
References
[1] Chen Y, Jiang Y, Liao L, Zhu X, Tang S, Yang Q, et al. Inhibition of 4NQO-induced oral carcinogenesis by dietary oyster shell calcium. Integr Cancer Ther 2016;1:96–101.10.1177/1534735415596572Search in Google Scholar
[2] Wang R, Xiao S, Niu Z. Anti-cancer activity of Aster tataricus on Scc-9 human oral squamous carcinoma. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2017;2:142–7.10.21010/ajtcam.v14i2.15Search in Google Scholar
[3] Banik K, Harsha C, Bordoloi D, Sailo BL, Sethi G, Leong HC, et al. Therapeutic potential of gambogic acid, a caged xanthone, to target cancer. Cancer Lett 2018;416:75–86.10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.014Search in Google Scholar
[4] Kunnumakkara AB, Bordoloi D, Harsha C, Banik K, Gupta SC, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin mediates anticancer effects by modulating multiple cell signalling pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017;131:1781–99.10.1042/CS20160935Search in Google Scholar
[5] Adedapo AA, Oyagbemi AA, Fagbohun OA, Omobowale TO, Yakubu MA. Evaluation of the anticancer properties of the methanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on HT-29 cell line. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2016;2:52–7.Search in Google Scholar
[6] Gridling M, Stark N, Madlener S, Lackner A, Popescu R, Benedek B, et al. In vitro anti-cancer activity of two ethno-pharmacological healing plants from Guatemala Pluchea odorata and Phlebodium decumanum. Int J Oncol 2009;34:1117–28.10.3892/ijo_00000239Search in Google Scholar
[7] Khwairakpam AD, Damayenti YD, Deka A, Monisha J, Roy NK, Padmavathi G, et al. Acorus calamus: a bio-reserve of medicinal values. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018b;2:107–22.10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0132Search in Google Scholar
[8] Persicaria odorata (PROSEA). 2016. Plant Use English. Available at: https://uses.plantnet-project.org/e/index.php?title=Persicaria_odorata_(PROSEA)&oldid=222052. Accessed: 15 May 2019.Search in Google Scholar
[9] Saad R, Khan J, Krishnanmurthi V, Asmani F, Yusuf E. Effect of different extraction techniques of Persicaria odorata extracts utilizing anti-bacterial bioassay. BJPR 2014;18:2146–54.10.9734/BJPR/2014/12232Search in Google Scholar
[10] Abdul Aris MH, Lee HY, Hussain N, Ghazali H, Nordin WN, Mahyudin NA. Effect of Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and asamgelugor (Garcinia atroviridis) leaf on the microbiological quality of gulaitempoyak paste. Int Food Res J 2015;22:1657–61.Search in Google Scholar
[11] Dash GK, Zakaria ZB. Pharmacognostic studies on Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Sojak. J Pharm Res 2016;6:377–80.Search in Google Scholar
[12] Starkenmann C, Luca L, Niclass Y, Praz E, Roguet D. Comparison of volatile constituents of Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják (Polygonumodoratum Lour.) and Persicariahydropiper L. Spach (Polygonumhydropiper L.). J Agric Food Chem 2006;8:3067–71.10.1021/jf0531611Search in Google Scholar
[13] Ahongshangbam SK, Shantibala Devi GA, Chattopadhyay S. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Polygonum odoratum Lour. Int J Basic Appl Biol (IJBAB) 2014;1:94–7.Search in Google Scholar
[14] Guzmán C, Bagga M, Kaur A, Westermarck J, Abankwa D. Colony area: an ImageJ plugin to automatically quantify colony formation in clonogenic assays. PLoS One 2014;3:e92444.10.1371/journal.pone.0092444Search in Google Scholar
[15] Rodriguez LG, Wu X, Guan JL. Wound-healing assay. Methods Mol Biol 2005;294:23–9.10.1385/1-59259-860-9:023Search in Google Scholar
[16] Chaturvedi S, Joshi A, Dubey BK. Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and cardioprotective activity of Tamarinds indica Linn. Bark. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011;11:3019–27.Search in Google Scholar
[17] Hossain MA, AL-Raqmi KA, AL-Mijizy ZH, Weli AM, Al-Riyami Q. Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013;9:705–10.10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60142-2Search in Google Scholar
[18] Rimjhim S, Kumari N, Kumar J. Preliminary phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Clerodendron infortunatum. IOSR J Appl Chem 2014;7:10–3.10.9790/5736-07121013Search in Google Scholar
[19] Kunnumakkara AB, Nair AS, Ahn KS, Pandey MK, Yi Z, Liu M, et al. Gossypin, a pentahydroxy glucosyl flavone, inhibits the transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1-mediated NF-kappaB activation pathway, leading to potentiation of apoptosis, suppression of invasion, and abrogation of osteoclastogenesis. Blood 2007;109:5112–21.10.1182/blood-2007-01-067256Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[20] Abotaleb M, Samuel SM, Varghese E, Varghese S, Kubatka P, Liskova A, et al. Flavonoids in cancer and apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2018;1:pii:E28.10.3390/cancers11010028Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[21] Cai Y, Zhang J, Chen NG, Shi Z, Qiu J, He C, et al. Recent advances in anticancer activities and drug delivery systems of tannins. Med Res Rev 2017;37:665–701.10.1002/med.21422Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[22] Khwairakpam AD, Bordoloi D, Thakur KK, Monisha J, Arfuso F, Sethi G, et al. Possible use of Punica granatum (Pomegranate) in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2018a;133:53–64.10.1016/j.phrs.2018.04.021Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[23] Saad R, Asmani R, Saad M, Hussain M, Khan J, Kaleemullah M, et al. A new approach for predicting antioxidant property of herbal extracts. Int J Pharmacognosy Phytochem Res 2015;1:166–74.Search in Google Scholar
[24] Farber E. Cell proliferation as a major risk factor for cancer: a concept of doubtful validity. Cancer Res 1995;55:3759–62.Search in Google Scholar
[25] Putthawan P, Poeaim S, Areekul V. Cytotoxic activity and apoptotic induction of some edible Thai local plant extracts against colon and liver cancer cell lines. Trop J Pharm Res 2017;12:2927–33.10.4314/tjpr.v16i12.17Search in Google Scholar
[26] Irene F. Cancer: a cell cycle defect. Radiography 2008;14:144–9.10.1016/j.radi.2006.12.001Search in Google Scholar
[27] Wang H, Khor TO, Shu L, Su ZY, Fuentes F, Lee JH, et al. Plants vs. cancer:a review on natural phytochemicals in preventing and treating cancers and their druggability. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2012;10:1281–305.10.2174/187152012803833026Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[28] Yilmaz M, Christofori G. Mechanisms of motility in metastasizing cells. Mol Cancer Res 2010;8:629–42.10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-10-0139Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[29] Bavle RM, Venugopal R, Konda P, Muniswamappa S, Makarla S. Molecular classification of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;9:ZE18–21.10.7860/JCDR/2016/19967.8565Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[30] Mishra R, Das BR. Activation of STAT 5-cyclin D1 pathway in chewing tobacco mediated oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2005;3:159–66.10.1007/s11033-005-0754-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[31] Pandey M, Prakash O, Santhi WS, Soumithran CS, Pillai RM. Overexpression of COX-2 gene in oral cancer is independent of stage of disease and degree of differentiation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;4:379–83.10.1016/j.ijom.2008.01.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[32] Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Patil S. Antiangiogenic therapy in oral cancer: a thoughtful consideration. World J Dent 2016;2:51–3.10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1363Search in Google Scholar
[33] Wang Q, Zhang X, Song X, Zhang L. Overexpression of T-cadherin inhibits the proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR intracellular signalling pathway. Arch Oral Biol 2018;96:74–9.10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.018Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[34] Gupta B, Ariyawardana A, Johnson NW. Oral cancer in India continues in epidemic proportions: evidence base and policy initiatives. Int Dent J 2013;1:12–25.10.1111/j.1875-595x.2012.00131.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[35] Su L, Wang Y, Xiao M, Lin Y, Yu L. Up-regulation of survivin in oral squamous cell carcinoma correlates with poor prognosis and chemoresistance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;4:484–91.10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.009Search in Google Scholar
[36] Nikitakis NG, Pentenero M, Georgaki M, Poh CF, Peterson DE, Edwards P, et al. Molecular markers associated with development and progression of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions: current knowledge and future implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018;6:650–69.10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[37] Kim YH, Kim SM, Kim YK, Hong SP, Kim MJ, Myoung H. Evaluation of survivin as a prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2010;5:368–75.10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00844.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
[38] Marioni G, D’Alessandro E, Bertolin A, Staffieri A. Survivin multifaceted activity in head and neck carcinoma: current evidence and future therapeutic challenges. Acta Otolaryngol 2010;1:4–9.10.1080/00016480902856588Search in Google Scholar
[39] Mishra R, Das BR. Cyclin D1 expression and its possible regulation in chewing tobacco mediated oral squamous cell carcinoma progression. Arch Oral Biol 2009;10:917–23.10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.07.003Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[40] Rodrigues S, Bruyneel E, Rodrigue CM, Shahin E, Gespach C. Cyclooxygenase and carcinogenesis. Bull Cancer 2004;91(Suppl 2):S61–76.Search in Google Scholar
[41] Lozano-Santos C, Martinez-Velasquez J, Fernandez-Cuevas B, Polo N, Navarro B, Millan I, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) gene polymorphisms have an impact on survival in a subgroup of indolent patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2014;6:e101063.10.1371/journal.pone.0101063Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[42] Bates AM, Gomez Hernandez MP, Lanzel EA, Qian F, Brogden KA. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and immunosuppressive biomarker profiles of seven head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. Transl Cancer Res 2018;3:533–42.10.21037/tcr.2018.05.09Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[43] Hart JR, Vogt PK. Phosphorylation of AKT: a mutational analysis. Oncotarget 2011;2:467–76.10.18632/oncotarget.293Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[44] Kumar A, Rajendran V, Sethumadhavan R, Purohit R. AKT kinase pathway: a leading target in cancer research. Sci World J 2013;2013:756134.10.1155/2013/756134Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[45] Roy NK, Bordoloi D, Monisha J, Padmavathi G, Kotoky J, Golla R, et al. Specific targeting of Akt kinase isoforms: taking the precise path for prevention and treatment of cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2017;4:421–35.10.2174/1389450117666160307145236Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[46] Ilagan E, Manning BD. Emerging role of mTOR in the response to cancer therapeutics. Trends Cancer 2016;2:241–51.10.1016/j.trecan.2016.03.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[47] Xu XH, Li T, Fong CM, Chen X, Chen XJ, Wang YT, et al. Saponins from Chinese medicines as anticancer agents. Molecules 2016;21:pii: E1326.10.3390/molecules21101326Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[48] Chahar MK, Sharma N, Dobhal MP, Joshi YC. Flavonoids: a versatile source of anticancer drugs. Pharmacogn Rev 2011;9:1–12.10.4103/0973-7847.79093Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[49] Nanasomba S, Teckchuen N. Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities of Thai local vegetables. J Med Plants Res 2009;5:443–9.Search in Google Scholar
[50] Potter TL, Fagerson IS, Craker LE. Composition of Vietnamese coriander leaf oil. Acta Horticulturae 1993;344:305–11.10.17660/ActaHortic.1993.344.34Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
