Abstract
This essay examines Korean American playwright Young Jean Lee’s provocative interrogation of the meanings of blackness in the Obama age with her 2009 play The Shipment. The play demonstrates how certain notions of blackness travel across time as well as aesthetic praxis and, thus, ironically remain inflexible in their mobility. But Lee also moves beyond such critique of stereotypical conceptions of race. Drawing on Michael Fried’s and Fred Moten’s respective theories of theatricality, this essay discusses the ways in which the playwright situates blackness in a complex force field marked by the nodal points of representation and physiognomy, object and subject, onlooker and performer. It argues that what Lee brings into focus by setting up such a relational force field is not blackness as such but the relationality of its deployment and uses. Ultimately, then Lee’s play is also about whiteness, particularly about white audiences’ continued investment in the privileges of looking and interpellating racial Otherness.
About the author
Ilka Saal teaches American literature at the University of Erfurt, Germany. She is the author of New Deal Theater: The Vernacular Tradition in American Political Theater and co-author of Passionate Politics: The Cultural Work of American Melodrama from the Early Republic to the Present. Her essays on 9/11 literature and contemporary American drama have appeared in journals such as Modern Fiction Studies, Arcadia, Journal of American Drama and Theatre, New Theatre Quarterly, and Canadian Review of American Studies. She currently works as a Feodor Lynen Research Fellowship for Experienced Researchers of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the University of Toronto.
Works Cited
Als, Hilton. “By the Skin of our Teeth: The Theatre.” The New Yorker 84.46 (Jan 26, 2009): 76. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Bamboozled. Dir. Spike Lee. Perf. Damon Wayans, Jada Pinkett Smith, Savion Glover, Tommy Davidson and Michael Rapaport. 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, 2000. Film.Search in Google Scholar
Bent, Eliza. “Destroying the Audience: Young Jean Lee talks about the traps she lays for her public.” American Theatre 31.9 (November 2014): 30–4. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Elam, Harry J., and Douglas A. Jones Jr., eds. The Methuen Drama Book of Post-black Plays. London: Methuen Drama, 2013. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. 1903. New York: Penguin Books, 1989. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Ellis, Trey. “The New Black Aesthetic.” Callaloo 12.1 (Winter 1989): 233–43. Print.10.2307/2931157Search in Google Scholar
George, Nelson. Buppies, B-Boys, Baps & Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture. 1992. New York: Da Capo Press, 2001. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Golden, Thelma. “Introduction.” Freestyle. New York: The Studio Museum in Harlem, 2001. 14–5. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Fried, Michael. Art and Objecthood: Essays and Reviews. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1998. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. 1952. London: Pluto Press, 2008. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Hall, Stuart. “The After-life of Frantz Fanon.” The Fact of Blackness: Frantz Fanon and Visual Representation. Ed. Alan Read. London: Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1996. 13–37. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Hatch, Ryan Anthony. “First as Minstrelsy, Then as Farce: On the Spectacle of Race in the Theater of Young Jean Lee.” CR: The New Centennial Review 13.3 (Winter 2013): 89–114. Print.10.1353/ncr.2013.0026Search in Google Scholar
Isherwood, Charles. “Off Center Refractions of African-American Worlds: Theatre Review of The Shipment.” The New York Times 12 January 2009. Web. <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/theater/reviews/13ship.html>. (Date of access: 3 January 2017).Search in Google Scholar
Jones, Jeffrey. “What’s Wrong with These Plays? An Afterword.” Young Jean Lee. Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven and Other Plays. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 2009. 183–201. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Lee, Young Jean. The Shipment, Lear. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 2010. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Mercer, Kobena. “Black Art and the Burden of Representation.” Welcome to the Jungle: New Positions in Black Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge, 1994. 233–58. Print.10.1080/09528829008576253Search in Google Scholar
Moten, Fred. In the Break: The Aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2003. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Osbey, Brenda Marie. “Untitled, or the Post-Blackness of Post-Blackness.” Black Renaissance Noire 15.2 (Fall 2015): 108–13. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Omni, Michael, and Howard Winant. Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960 s to the 1980s. Routledge: New York and London, 1986. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Overbeke, Grace. “An Interview with Young Jean Lee.” Theatre Survey 57.1 (January 2016): 37–42. Print.10.1017/S004055741500054XSearch in Google Scholar
Saal, Ilka. “Theatricality in Contemporary Visual and Performance Art on New World Slavery.” Oxford Handbooks Online: Literature June 2016. Web. <http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935338-e-36>. (Date of access: 3 January 2017).10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.36Search in Google Scholar
Sauter, Wilmar. The Theatrical Event: Dynamics of Performance and Perception. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2000. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Touré. Who’s Afraid of Post-Blackness: What It Means to Be Black Now. New York: Free Press, 2011. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Williams, Raymond. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Wolfe, George C. The Colored Museum. New York: Methuen, 1987. Print.Search in Google Scholar
Young, Harvey. “Afterword: Interview with George C. Wolfe.” Reimagining A Raisin in the Sun. Ed. Rebecca Ann Rugg and Harvey Young. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2012. 415–28. Print.Search in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston