Understanding Humma-e-Wabai (epidemic fever) and Amraz-e-Wabai (epidemic disease) in the light of Unani medicine

References

1. Ansari, AH, Zulkifle, M, Ali, M. An analytical study of concordance between mizaj and diseases in adult patients of NIUM Hospital Bangalore. Ancient Sci Life 2010;30:7–11.Search in Google Scholar

2. Kabeeruddin, M. Kulliyat-e-Qanoon. New Delhi: Aejaz Publishing House India; 2006:224–5 pp.Search in Google Scholar

3. Abu-Asab, M, Amri, H, Micozzi, MS. Avicenna’s medicine: a new translation of the 11th-century canon with practical applications for integrative health care. Canada: Simon and Schuster; 2013.Search in Google Scholar

4. Ahmed, SI. Introduction to Al-Umur-Al-Tabi’Yah. New Delhi: CCRUM. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2009:75–142 p.Search in Google Scholar

5. Alam, MA, Quamri, MA, Sofi, G, Tarique, BM. Understanding hypothyroidism in Unani medicine. J Integr Med 2019;17:387–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joim.2019.05.006.Search in Google Scholar

6. Nikhat, S, Fazil, M. Overview of Covid-19; its prevention and management in the light of Unani medicine. Sci Total Environ 2020;728:138859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138859.Search in Google Scholar

7. Fares, A. Factors influencing the seasonal patterns of infectious diseases. Int J Prev Med 2013;4:128–32.Search in Google Scholar

8. Razi, A. Kitab al Hawi. New Delhi: CCRUM. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2008, vol 17:9–36 pp.Search in Google Scholar

9. Razi, A. KitabulMansoori (Urdu translation). New Delhi: CCRUM. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 1991:174–7 pp.Search in Google Scholar

10. Majoosi, AIA. Kamilus Sanaa. New Delhi: IdaraKitabusShifa; 2010, vol 1 & 2:428–30, 620–1 pp.Search in Google Scholar

11. Sina, I. Al Qanoon fit Tib. New Delhi: Idara Kitab Us Shifia, YNM, 4:1206–7 pp.Search in Google Scholar

12. Kabeeruddin, HM. Hummiyat-e-Qanoon. Part-II. New Delhi: CCRUM. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2009:39–47 pp.Search in Google Scholar

13. Jurjani, AHI. ZakhirahKhwarzamShahi. Part-V. New Delhi: IdaraKitab-us-Shifa; 2010:94 p.Search in Google Scholar

14. Rushd, I. Kitab ulKulliyat (Urdu translation), 2nd ed. New Delhi: CCRUM. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 1987:81–8, 439 pp.Search in Google Scholar

15. Zuhr, I. Kitab Al-Taiseer fi’ Al-Midawa wo Al-Tadbeer. New Delhi: CCRUM. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 1986:140–70 pp.Search in Google Scholar

16. Khan, HMA. Akseer-e-Azam. New Delhi: IdaraKitabusShifa; 2011:916–20 pp.Search in Google Scholar

17. Samaqandi, AN. Sharah-e-Asbab wa Alamat. New Delh: Aejaz Publishing House; 2007:499–516 pp.Search in Google Scholar

18. Qamari, AMH. GhinaMuna (Urdu translation Minhajul Ilaj). New Delhi: CCRUM. Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India; 2008:584–9 pp.Search in Google Scholar

19. Kabeeruddin, A. Biyaz-e-Kabeer. Hikmat Depo, Hyderabad Dakkan: YNM, vol I & II:13–9, 11–2 pp.Search in Google Scholar

20. Anonymous. The Unani Pharmacopoeia Of India.Part – Ii. New Delhi: Government Of India Ministry Of Health And Family Welfare Department Of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha And Homoeopathy (Ayush); 2009, vol I:5–6 pp.Search in Google Scholar

21. Hong, EH, Song, JH, Kang, KB, Sung, SH, Ko, HJ, Yang, H. Anti-influenza activity of betulinic acid from Zizyphus jujuba on influenza A/PR/8 virus. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015;23:345–9. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2015.019.Search in Google Scholar

22. Zare-Zardini, H, Tolueinia, B, Hashemi, A, Ebrahimi, L, Fesahat, F. Antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of a new peptide from Ziziphus jujuba fruits. Am J Alzheimer’s Dis Other Dementias 2013;28:702–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317513500839.Search in Google Scholar

23. Chi, A, Kang, C, Zhang, Y, Tang, L, Guo, H, Li, H, et al.. Immunomodulating and antioxidant effects of polysaccharide conjugates from the fruits of Ziziphus jujube on chronic fatigue syndrome rats. Carbohydr Polym 2015;122:189–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.082.Search in Google Scholar

24. Afzal, M, Obuekwe, C, Khan, AR, Barakat, H. Antioxidant activity of Cordia myxa L. and its hepatoprotective potential. Electron J Environ Agric Food Chem 2007;8:2236–42.Search in Google Scholar

25. Ali, WR, Al-Asady, ZT, Ibrahim, AA. Immunomodulatory of Cordia myxa (L.) aqueous extract fruit in immunized mice with hydatid cyst fluid. J Nat Sci Res 2015;5:75–83.Search in Google Scholar

26. Salimimoghadam, S, Ashrafi, A, Kianidehkordi, F, Najafzadehvarzi, H. Hypoglycemic, antitussive and analgesic effects of nanoparticles of Cordia myxa fruits extract. Int J Pharmaceut Invest 2019;9:205–9. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijpi.2019.4.38.Search in Google Scholar

27. Hamauzu, Y, Yasui, H, Inno, T, Kume, C, Omanyuda, M. Phenolic profile, antioxidant property, and anti-influenza viral activity of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and apple (Malus domestica Mill.) fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:928–34. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0494635.Search in Google Scholar

28. Shinomiya, F, Hamauzu, Y, Kawahara, T. Anti-allergic effect of a hot-water extract of quince (Cydonia oblonga). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009;73:1773–8. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.90130.Search in Google Scholar

29. Fattouch, S, Caboni, P, Coroneo, V, Tuberoso, CI, Angioni, A, Dessi, S, et al.. Antimicrobial activity of Tunisian quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) pulp and peel polyphenolic extracts. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:963–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf062614e.Search in Google Scholar

30. Jamshed, H, Siddiqi, HS, Gilani, AU, Arslan, J, Qasim, M, Gul, B. Studies on antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and vasculoprotective potential of Viola odorata and Wrightia tinctoria. Phytother Res 2019;33:2310–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6411.Search in Google Scholar

31. Gautam, SS, Kumar, S. The antibacterial and phytochemical aspects of Violaodorata Linn. Extracts against respiratory tract pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B 2012;82:567–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-012-0064-7.Search in Google Scholar

32. Feyzabadi, Z, Jafari, F, Kamali, SH, Ashayeri, H, Aval, SB, Esfahani, MM, et al.. Efficacy of Viola odorata in treatment of chronic insomnia. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2014;16:e17511. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.17511.Search in Google Scholar

33. Ireland, DC, Wang, CK, Wilson, JA, Gustafson, KR, Craik, DJ. Cyclotides as natural anti‐HIV agents. Biopolymers 2008;90:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.20886.Search in Google Scholar

34. Benso, B, Rosalen, PL, Pasetto, S, Marquezin, MC, Freitas-Blanco, V, Murata, RM. Malva sylvestris derivatives as inhibitors of HIV-1 BaL infection. Nat Prod Res 2019;1:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1619720.Search in Google Scholar

35. Benso, B, Rosalen, PL, Alencar, SM, Murata, RM. Malva sylvestris inhibits inflammatory response in oral human cells. An in vitro infection model. PloS One 2015;10:e0140331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140331.Search in Google Scholar

36. Ayrle, H, Mevissen, M, Kaske, M, Nathues, H, Gruetzner, N, Melzig, M, et al.. Medicinal plants–prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review. BMC Vet Res 2016;12:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0714-8.Search in Google Scholar

37. Sadighara, P, Gharibi, S, Jafari, AM, Khaniki, GJ, Salari, S. The antioxidant and flavonoids contents of Althaea officinalis L. flowers based on their color. Avicenna J Phytomed 2012;2:113–7.Search in Google Scholar

38. Benbassat, N, Yoncheva, K, Hadjimitova, V, Hristova, N, Konstantinov, S, Lambov, N. Influence of the extraction solvent on antioxidant activity of Althaea officinalis L. root extracts. Cent Eur J Biol 2014;9:182–8. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0245-2.Search in Google Scholar

39. Rezaei, M, Dadgar, Z, Noori-Zadeh, A, Mesbah-Namin, SA, Pakzad, I, Davodian, E. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the Althaea officinalis L. leaf extract and its wound healing potency in the rat model of excision wound creation. Avicenna J Phytomed 2015;5:105–12.Search in Google Scholar

40. Nosal’ova, G, Strapkova, A, Kardosova, A, Capek, P, Zathurecký, L, Bukovská, E. Antitussive action of extracts and polysaccharides of marsh mallow (Althea officinalis L., var. robusta). Pharmazie 1992;47:224–6.Search in Google Scholar

41. Shah, S, Akhtar, N, Akram, M, Shah, PA, Saeed, T, Ahmed, K, et al.. Pharmacological activity of Althaea officinalis L. J Med Plants Res 2011;5:5662–6.Search in Google Scholar

42. Alani, B, Zare, M, Noureddini, M. Bronchodilatory and B-adrenergic effects of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Althaea root on isolated tracheobronchial smooth rat muscle. Adv Biomed Res 2015;4:78. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.153905.Search in Google Scholar

43. Cinatl, J, Morgenstern, B, Bauer, G, Chandra, P, Rabenau, H, Doerr, HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet 2003;361:2045–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13615-x.Search in Google Scholar

44. Wang, L, Yang, R, Yuan, B, Liu, Y, Liu, C. The antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice, a widely-used Chinese herb. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015;5:310–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.005.Search in Google Scholar

45. Fiore, C, Eisenhut, M, Krausse, R, Ragazzi, E, Pellati, D, Armanini, D, et al.. Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytother Res 2008;22:141–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2295.Search in Google Scholar

46. Frattaruolo, L, Carullo, G, Brindisi, M, Mazzotta, S, Bellissimo, L, Rago, V, et al.. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of flavanones from Glycyrrhiza glabra L.(licorice) leaf phytocomplexes: identification of licoflavanone as a modulator of NF-kB/MAPK pathway. Antioxidants 2019;8:186. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8060186.Search in Google Scholar

47. Kalikar, MV, Thawani, VR, Varadpande, UK, Sontakke, SD, Singh, RP, Khiyani, RK. Immunomodulatory effect of Tinosporacordifolia extract in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patients. Indian J Pharmacol 2008;40:107–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.42302.Search in Google Scholar

48. Alsuhaibani, S, Khan, MA. Immune-stimulatory and therapeutic activity of Tinosporacordifolia: double-edged sword against salmonellosis. J Immunol Res 2017;2017:1787803. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1787803.Search in Google Scholar

49. Sharma, P, Dwivedee, BP, Bisht, D, Dash, AK, Kumar, D. The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinosporacordifolia. Heliyon 2019;5:e02437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02437.Search in Google Scholar

50. Hussain, L, Akash, MS, Ain, NU, Rehman, K, Ibrahim, M. The analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of Tinospora cordifolia. Adv Clin Exp Med 2015;24:957–64. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/27909.Search in Google Scholar

51. Jadhav, P, Lal, H, Kshirsagar, N. Assessment of potency of PC-complexed Ocimum sanctum methanol extract in embryonated eggs against Influenza virus (H1N1). Phcog Mag 2014;10(1 Suppl):S86–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.127352.Search in Google Scholar

52. Kumar, A, Agarwal, K, Maurya, AK, Shanker, K, Bushra, U, Tandon, S, et al.. Pharmacological and phytochemical evaluation of Ocimum sanctum root extracts for its antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. Phcog Mag 2015;11(1 Suppl):S217–24. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.157743.Search in Google Scholar

53. Mondal, S, Varma, S, Bamola, VD, Naik, SN, Mirdha, BR, Padhi, MM, et al.. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial for immunomodulatory effects of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract on healthy volunteers. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;136:452–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.012.Search in Google Scholar

54. Ghoke, SS, Sood, R, Kumar, N, Pateriya, AK, Bhatia, S, Mishra, A, et al.. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Ocimum sanctum and Acacia arabica leaves extracts against H9N2 virus using embryonated chicken egg model. BMC Compl Alternative Med 2018;18:174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2238-1.Search in Google Scholar

55. Saini, A, Sharma, S, Chhibber, S. Induction of resistance to respiratory tract infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice fed on a diet supplemented with tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and clove (Syzgium aromaticum) oils. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2009;42:107–13.Search in Google Scholar

56. Jamshidi, N, Cohen, MM. The clinical efficacy and safety of Tulsi in humans: a systematic review of the literature. Evid base Compl Alternative Med 2017;2017:9217567. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9217567.Search in Google Scholar

57. Ulasli, M, Gurses, SA, Bayraktar, R, Yumrutas, O, Oztuzcu, S, Igci, M, et al.. The effects of Nigella sativa (Ns), Anthemishyalina (Ah) and Citrus sinensis (Cs) extracts on the replication of coronavirus and the expression of TRP genes family. Mol Biol Rep 2014;41:1703–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3019-7.Search in Google Scholar

58. Koshak, AE, Yousif, NM, Fiebich, BL, Koshak, EA, Heinrich, M. Comparative immunomodulatory activity of Nigella sativa L. Preparations on proinflammatory Mediators: a focus on asthma. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:1075. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01075.Search in Google Scholar

59. Forouzanfar, F, Bazzaz, BS, Hosseinzadeh, H. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its constituent (thymoquinone): a review on antimicrobial effects. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2014;17:929.Search in Google Scholar

60. Yimer, EM, Tuem, KB, Karim, A, Ur-Rehman, N, Anwar, F. Nigella sativa L.(black cumin): a promising natural remedy for wide range of illnesses. Evid base Compl Alternative Med 2019;2019:1528635. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1528635.Search in Google Scholar

61. Ghannadi, A, Hajhashemi, V, Jafarabadi, H. An investigation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Nigella sativa seed polyphenols. J Med Food 2005;8:488–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2005.8.488.Search in Google Scholar

62. Gilani, AH, Aziz, N, Khurram, IM, Chaudhary, KS, Iqbal, A. Bronchodilator, spasmolytic and calcium antagonist activities of Nigella sativa seeds (Kalonji): a traditional herbal product with multiple medicinal uses. Pak Med Assoc 2001;51:115–20.Search in Google Scholar

63. San Chang, J, Wang, KC, Yeh, CF, Shieh, DE, Chiang, LC. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;145:146–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.043.Search in Google Scholar

64. Jin, YH, Cai, L, Cheng, ZS, Cheng, H, Deng, T, Fan, YP, et al.. A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Mil Med Res 2020;7:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-0233-6.Search in Google Scholar

65. Danciu, C, Vlaia, L, Fetea, F, Hancianu, M, Coricovac, DE, Ciurlea, SA, et al.. Evaluation of phenolic profile, antioxidant and anticancer potential of two main representants of Zingiberaceae family against B164A5 murine melanoma cells. Biol Res 2015;48:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/0717-6287-48-1.Search in Google Scholar

66. Mashhadi, NS, Ghiasvand, R, Askari, G, Hariri, M, Darvishi, L, Mofid, MR. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence. Int J Prev Med 2013;4(1 Suppl):S36–42.Search in Google Scholar

67. Carrasco, FR, Schmidt, G, Romero, AL, Sartoretto, JL, Caparroz‐Assef, SM, Bersani‐Amado, CA, et al.. Immunomodulatory activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Salvia officinalis L. and Syzygium aromaticum L. essential oils: evidence for humor‐and cell‐mediated responses. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;61:961–7. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp/61.07.0017.Search in Google Scholar

68. Bera, K, Nosalova, G, Sivova, V, Ray, B. Structural elements and cough suppressing activity of polysaccharides from Zingiber officinale rhizome. Phytother Res 2016;30:105–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5508.Search in Google Scholar

69. Townsend, EA, Siviski, ME, Zhang, Y, Xu, C, Hoonjan, B, Emala, CW. Effects of ginger and its constituents on airway smooth muscle relaxation and calcium regulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013;48:157–63. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2012-0231oc.Search in Google Scholar

70. Jiang, ZY, Liu, WF, Zhang, XM, Luo, J, Ma, YB, Chen, JJ. Anti-HBV active constituents from Piper longum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013;23:2123–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.118.Search in Google Scholar

71. Timbadiya, MJ, Nishteswar, K, Acharya, R, Nariya, MB. Experimental evaluation of antipyretic and analgesic activities of AmalakyadiGana: an Ayurvedic formulation. Ayu 2015;36:220–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.175554.Search in Google Scholar

72. Kumar, S, Malhotra, S, Prasad, AK, Van der Eycken, EV, Bracke, ME, Stetler-Stevenson, WG, et al.. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Piper species: a perspective from screening to molecular mechanisms. Curr Top Med Chem 2015;15:886–93. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150220120651.Search in Google Scholar

73. Sunila, ES, Kuttan, G. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum Linn. and piperine. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90:339–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.10.016.Search in Google Scholar

74. Kaushik, D, Rani, R, Kaushik, P, Sacher, D, Yadav, J. In vivo and in vitro antiasthmatic studies of plant Piper longum Linn. Int J Pharmacol 2012;8:192–7. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2012.192.197.Search in Google Scholar

75. Ninave, PB, Patil, SD. Antiasthmatic potential of Zizyphus jujuba Mill and Jujuboside B.–Possible role in the treatment of asthma. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019;260:28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2018.12.001.Search in Google Scholar

76. Mohebbati, R, Bavarsad, K, Rahimi, M, Rakhshandeh, H, Rad, AK, Shafei, MN. Protective effects of long-term administration of Ziziphus jujuba fruit extract on cardiovascular responses in L-NAME hypertensive rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 2018;8:143–51.Search in Google Scholar

77. Mahmood, N, Piacente, S, Pizza, C, Burke, A, Khan, AI, Hay, AJ. The anti-HIV activity and mechanisms of action of pure compounds isolated from Rosadamascena. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;229:73–9. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1996.1759.Search in Google Scholar

78. Hajhashemi, V, Ghannadi, A, Hajiloo, M. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Rosa damascena hydroalcoholic extract and its essential oil in animal models. Iran J Pharm Res 2010;9:163–8.Search in Google Scholar

79. Achuthan, CR, Babu, BH, Padikkala, J. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Rosa damascena. Pharm Biol 2003;41:357–61. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.5.357.15945.Search in Google Scholar

80. Verma, H, Patil, PR, Kolhapure, RM, Gopalkrishna, V. Antiviral activity of the Indian medicinal plant extract, Swertia chirata against herpes simplex viruses: a study by in-vitro and molecular approach. Indian J Med Microbiol 2008;26:322–6.10.1016/S0255-0857(21)01807-7Search in Google Scholar

81. Bhargava, S, Rao, PS, Bhargava, P, Shukla, S. Antipyretic potential of Swertia chirata Buch Ham. root extract. Sci Pharm 2009;77:617–24. https://doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0812-10.Search in Google Scholar

82. Lad, H, Bhatnagar, D. Amelioration of oxidative and inflammatory changes by Swertia chirayita leaves in experimental arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2016;24:363–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-016-0290-3.Search in Google Scholar

83. Rizvi, W, Fayazuddin, M, Singh, O, Syed, SN, Moin, S, Akhtar, K, et al.. Anti-inflammatory effect of Fumaria parviflora leaves based on TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and antioxidant potential. Avicenna J Phytomed 2017;7:37–45.Search in Google Scholar

84. Păltinean, R, Mocan, A, Vlase, L, Gheldiu, AM, Crișan, G, Ielciu, I, et al.. Evaluation of polyphenolic content, antioxidant and diuretic activities of six Fumaria species. Molecules 2017;22:639. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040639.Search in Google Scholar

85. Rehman, S. Antibacterial activity of Fumaria officinales Linn. Extracts against MRSA (Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Int J Unani 2010;2:1–10.Search in Google Scholar

86. Sun, Z, Yu, C, Wang, W, Yu, G, Zhang, T, Zhang, L, et al.. Aloe polysaccharides inhibit influenza A virus infection—a promising natural anti-flu drug. Front Microbiol 2018;9:2338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.003.Search in Google Scholar

87. Choi, JG, Lee, H, Kim, YS, Hwang, YH, Oh, YC, Lee, B, et al.. Aloe vera and its components inhibit influenza A virus-induced autophagy and replication. Am J Chin Med 2019;47:1307–24. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x19500678.Search in Google Scholar

88. Ho, TY, Wu, SL, Chen, JC, Li, CC, Hsiang, CY. Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. Antivir Res 2007;74:92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.014.Search in Google Scholar

89. Rezazadeh, F, Moshaverinia, M, Motamedifar, M, Alyaseri, M. Assessment of anti HSV-1 activity of Aloe vera gel extract: an in vitro study. J Dent 2016;17:49–54.Search in Google Scholar

90. Rahmani, AH, Aldebasi, YH, Srikar, S, Khan, AA, Aly, SM. Aloe vera: potential candidate in health management via modulation of biological activities. Pharmacogn Rev 2015;9:120–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.162118.Search in Google Scholar

91. Soleymani, S, Zabihollahi, R, Shahbazi, S, Bolhassani, A. Antiviral effects of saffron and its major ingredients. Curr Drug Deliv 2018;15:698–704. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201814666171129210654.Search in Google Scholar

92. Karimi, E, Oskoueian, E, Hendra, R, Jaafar, HZ. Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. stigma phenolic and flavonoid compounds and its antioxidant activity. Molecules 2010;15:6244–56. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096244.Search in Google Scholar

93. Mahmoudabady, M, Neamati, A, Vosooghi, S, Aghababa, H. Hydroalcoholic extract of Crocus sativus effects on bronchial inflammatory cells in ovalbumin sensitized rats. Avicenna J Phytomed 2013;3:356–63.Search in Google Scholar

94. Boskabady, MH, Gholamnezhad, Z, Ghorani, V, Saadat, S. The effect of Crocus sativus (Saffron) on the respiratory system. Trad Exp Evid 2019;29:30–54. https://doi.org/10.2174/9781681087511119010004.Search in Google Scholar

95. Pourmasoumi, M, Hadi, A, Najafgholizadeh, A, Kafeshani, M, Sahebkar, A. Clinical evidence on the effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2019;139:348–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.038.Search in Google Scholar

96. Germano, A, Occhipinti, A, Barbero, F, Maffei, ME. A pilot study on bioactive constituents and analgesic effects of MyrLiq®, a Commiphoramyrrha extract with a high furanodiene content. BioMed Res Int 2017;2017:3804356. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3804356.Search in Google Scholar

97. Su, S, Wang, T, Duan, JA, Zhou, W, Hua, YQ, Tang, YP, et al.. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of different extracts of Commiphoramyrrha. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;134:251–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.003.Search in Google Scholar

98. Fatani, AJ, Alrojayee, FS, Parmar, MY, Abuohashish, HM, Ahmed, MM, Al-Rejaie, SS. Myrrh attenuates oxidative and inflammatory processes in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis. Exp Ther Med 2016;12:730–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3398.Search in Google Scholar

99. Ahmad, A, Raish, M, Ganaie, MA, Ahmad, SR, Mohsin, K, Al-Jenoobi, FI, et al.. Hepatoprotective effect of Commiphoramyrrha against d-GalN/LPS-induced hepatic injury in a rat model through attenuation of pro inflammatory cytokines and related genes. Pharm Biol 2015;53:1759–67. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2015.1005754.Search in Google Scholar

100. Khalil, N, Fikry, S, Salama, O. Bactericidal activity of Myrrh extracts and two dosage forms against standard bacterial strains and multidrug-resistant clinical isolates with GC/MS profiling. AMB Express 2020;10:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-020-0958-3.Search in Google Scholar

101. Alhussaini, MS, Saadabi, AM, Alghonaim, MI, Ibrahim, KE. An evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Commiphora myrrha Nees (Engl.) oleo-gum resins from Saudi Arabia. Res J Med Sci 2015;15:198. https://doi.org/10.3923/jms.2015.198.203.Search in Google Scholar