Abstract
A collaborative decision support system has been developed to enhance situation awareness in case of complex disasters. It includes three modules: (1) UAV carrying multiple sensors; (2) Computer-based expert system (CES); (3) 2D-plume dispersion model. This research focuses on how contemporary technology, combined with commercial off-the-shelf-technology, can be used to fuse information and speed up decision-making. The system provides a context based common operational picture for first responders on scene, and incident commanders in control rooms. The research was conducted in close collaboration with different first response teams, to develop an end user oriented system. We present the design process the regulatory requirements, and the end user needs that will help future developers of such systems. We also highlight some of the areas where further research effort is required. The core system has been evaluated by local police and fire departments, and an EU review team including medical and firefighting practitioners.
Funding source: Seventh Framework Programme
Award Identifier / Grant number: 261817
Funding statement: Funding: Seventh Framework Programme, (Grant / Award Number: ‘261817’).
References
AIHA, A.I.H.A., 2013. Emergency Response and Planning Guideline [WWW Document]. Guidel. Values. URL https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/AIHAGuidelineFoundation/EmergencyResponsePlanningGuidelines/Documents/2013ERPGValues.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Al-Akkad, A., L. Ramirez, A. Boden, D. Randall and A. Zimmermann (2014) Help Beacons: Design and Evaluation of an Ad-hoc Lightweight s.O.S. System for Smartphones, in: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI’14. ACM, New York, NY, USA, pp. 1485–1494. doi:10.1145/2556288.2557002.10.1145/2556288.2557002Search in Google Scholar
Alexander, D.A. and S. Klein (2009) “First Responders after Disasters: A Review of Stress Reactions, At-Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience Factors,” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24:87–94.10.1017/S1049023X00006610Search in Google Scholar
A new eye in the sky: Eco-drones, 2013. Environ. Dev., Thematic issue: “Science-based Transboundary Water Management” 7, 155–164. doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2013.05.011.10.1016/j.envdev.2013.05.011Search in Google Scholar
Armagan, E., Z. Engindeniz, A. O. Devay, B. Erdur and A. Ozcakir (2006) “Frequency of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Relief Force Workers After the Tsunami in Asia: Do Rescuers Become Victims?” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 21:168–172.10.1017/S1049023X00003630Search in Google Scholar
Ashish, N., R. Eguchi, R. Hegde, C. Huyck, D. Kalashnikov, S. Mehrotra, P. Smythand N. Venkatasubramanian (2008) “Situational Awareness Technologies for Disaster Response” In: (D. H. Chen, E. Reid, J. Sinai, A. Silke and B. Ganor, eds.) Terrorism Informatics, Integrated Series In Information Systems. Springer US, pp. 517–544.10.1007/978-0-387-71613-8_24Search in Google Scholar
Chin, M.W. (1992) “Disaster Mitigation in the Caribbean Using Expert Systems,” Expert Systems with Applications, 5:437–440.10.1016/0957-4174(92)90027-PSearch in Google Scholar
Clarke, R. and L. B. Moses (2014) “The Regulation of Civilian Drones’ Impacts on Public Safety,” Computer Law and Security Review, 30:263–285.10.1016/j.clsr.2014.03.007Search in Google Scholar
Delin, K.A., E. Small and J. G. Voeller (2008) “The Sensor Web: Advanced Technology for Situational Awareness” In: Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1002/9780470087923.hhs096Search in Google Scholar
DOE, U.S.D. of E., 2015. Protective Action Criteria (PAC): Chemicals with AEGLs, ERPGs, & TEELs. Tables in PDF and Excel format (Rev 28) [WWW Document]. DOE PAC Arch. URL http://www.atlintl.com/DOE/teels/teel/teel_archives.html.Search in Google Scholar
Durkin, J. (1994) Expert Systems: Design and Development. New York, NY, USA: Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar
EASA, 2015. Concept of Operations of Drones, A risk based approach to regulation of unmanned aircrafts. European Aviation Safety Agency.Search in Google Scholar
ECHA, web source. Information on chemicals [WWW Document]. Eur. Chem. Agency ECHA. URL http://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals (accessed 9.29.14).Search in Google Scholar
EMI SIG, Web Source. Protective action crieteria: Chemicals with AEGLs, ERPGs, and TEELs [WWW Document]. Emerg. Manag. Issue Spec. Interest Group EMI SIG. URL http://orise.orau.gov/emi/scapa/chem-pacs-teels/.Search in Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (1995) “Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems,” Human Factors, 37:32–64.10.1518/001872095779049543Search in Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (1988) Design and Evaluation for Situation Awareness Enhancement, in: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society, pp. 97–101.10.1177/154193128803200221Search in Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. and S. S.Connors (2008) Situation awareness: State of the art, in: Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE. IEEE, pp. 1–4.Search in Google Scholar
(EPA), U.S.E.P.A., Web source. Acute Exposure Guideline Limits [WWW Document]. US Environ. Prot. Agency. URL https://www.epa.gov/aegl (accessed 11.5.16).Search in Google Scholar
ERSG, 2013. Roadmap for the integration of civil Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems into the European Aviation System (Roadmap), Final report. European RAPS steering group.Search in Google Scholar
GAO, 2012. Agencies could improve information sharing and end-use monitoring on unmanned aerial vehicle exports., Nonproliferation. United States Government Accountability Office.Search in Google Scholar
Hardin, P. J. and T. J. Hardin (2010) “Small-Scale Remotely Piloted Vehicles in Environmental Research,” Geography Compass 4:1297–1311.10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00381.xSearch in Google Scholar
Harrald, J. and T. Jefferson (2007) Shared situational awareness in emergency management mitigation and response, in: System Sciences, 2007. HICSS 2007. 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on. IEEE, pp. 23–23.Search in Google Scholar
Hasan, S., E. Curry, M. Banduk and S. O’Riain (2011) Toward Situation Awareness for the Semantic Sensor Web: Complex Event Processing with Dynamic Linked Data Enrichment, in: 4th International Workshop on Semantic Sensor Networks 2011 (SSN11). Presented at the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), Bonn, Germany, pp. 69–81.Search in Google Scholar
IAEA, 2006. Fundamental Safety Principles (No. SF-1), IAEA safety standards for protecting people and the environment. International Atomic Energy Commission, Vienna.Search in Google Scholar
ILO, Web Source. International Chemical Safety Cards [WWW Document]. Int. Labor Organ. URL http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/publications/WCMS_113134/lang--en/index.htm (accessed 2.3.15).Search in Google Scholar
IPCS, web source. International Chemical Safety Cards [WWW Document]. Int. Program Chem. Saf. INCHEM. URL http://www.inchem.org/ (accessed 9.24.14).Search in Google Scholar
Kerasidou, X., M. Buscher and M. Liegl (2015) “Don’t Drone?: Negotiating Ethics of RPAS in Emergency Response,” In: (L. Palen, M. Buscher, T. Comes and A. Hughes, eds.) Proceedings of The 12th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management. ISCRAM.Search in Google Scholar
Klein, S. and D. A. Alexander (2006) Epidemiology and presentation of post-traumatic disorders. Psychiatry 5, 225 – 227. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.mppsy.2006.04.009.10.1053/j.mppsy.2006.04.009Search in Google Scholar
Liao, S.-C., M.-B. Lee, Y.-J. Lee, T. Weng, F.-Y. Shih and M. H. Ma (2002) “Association of Psychological Distress with Psychological Factors in Rescue Workers Within Two Months After a Major Earthquake,” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 101: 169–176.Search in Google Scholar
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, Kean, T.H., Hamiltion, L., 2004. The 9/11 Commission report: Final report of the national commission on terrorist attacks upon the United States. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, Washington, D.C.Search in Google Scholar
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health., 2016. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. [WWW Document]. Cent. Dis. Control Prev. URL http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/ (accessed 5.5.14).Search in Google Scholar
Niethammer, U., M. R. James, S. Rothmund, J. Travelletti and M. Joswig (2012) “UAV-Based Remote Sensing of the Super-Sauze Landslide: Evaluation and Results,” Engineering Geology, 128:2–11.10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.03.012Search in Google Scholar
NIH, Web source. Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders(WISER) [WWW Document]. US Nationla Libr. Med. URL https://wiser.nlm.nih.gov/ (accessed 2.3.15).Search in Google Scholar
Norris, F. H., M. J. Friedman, P. J. Watson, C. M. Byrne, E. Diaz and K. Kaniasty (2002) “60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part I. An Empirical Review of the Empirical Literature, 1981–2001,” Psychiatry 65:207–239.10.1521/psyc.65.3.207.20173Search in Google Scholar
North, C. S., L. Tivis, J. C. McMillen, B. Pfefferbaum, E. L. Spitznagel, J. Cox, S. Nixon, K. P. Bunch, E. M. Smith (2002) “Psychiatric Disorders in Rescue Workers After the Oklahoma City Bombing,” The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159:857–859.10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.857Search in Google Scholar
Nouali, N., N. Bouchama, A. Bendjoudi, A. Babakhouya, S. Yahiaoui, Y. Belhoul, H. Zghilet and N. Guellati (2009) Using Information Technology for Enhancing Disaster Management. Presented at the Congrès National des Télécommunications et leurs Applications (CNTA’ 09), University of Bejaia, Algeria.Search in Google Scholar
OSHA, Web source. OSHA Occupational Chemical Database [WWW Document]. US Deartment Labor. URL https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/ (accessed 2.3.15).Search in Google Scholar
Owen, C., C. Bearman, B. Brooks, J. Chapman, D. Paton and L. Hossain (2013) “Developing a Research Framework for Complex Multi–Team Coordination in Emergency Management,” International Journal of Emergency Management, 9:1–17.10.1504/IJEM.2013.054098Search in Google Scholar
Rojas Palma, C., A. Liland, A. N. Jerstad, M. Del Rosario Perez, T. Rahola and K. Smith (2009) TMT Handbook – Triage, Monitoring and Treatment of People Exposed to Ionising Radiation Following a Malevolent Act. Lobo Media AS, Norway.Search in Google Scholar
Showalter, P.S. (2001) “Remote Sensing’s Use in Disaster Research: a Review,” Disaster Prevention Management, 10:21–29.10.1108/09653560110381796Search in Google Scholar
Tralli, D. M., R. G. Blom, V. Zlotnicki, A. Donnellan and D. L. Evans (2005) Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 59, 185–198. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2005.02.002.10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2005.02.002Search in Google Scholar
U.S Department of Energy, 2012. PROTECTIVE ACTION CRITERIA (PAC) WITH AEGLS, ERPGS, & TEELS [WWW Document]. URL http://energy.gov/ehss/protective-action-criteria-pac-aegls-erpgs-teels-rev-27-chemicals-concern-march-2012 (accessed 11.11.13).Search in Google Scholar
U.S Department of health and human services, Web source. Personal protective equipment in a radiation emergency [WWW Document]. Radiat. Emerg. Med. Manag. REMM. URL https://www.remm.nlm.gov/radiation_ppe.htm (accessed 9.29.14).Search in Google Scholar
Volovelsky, U. (2014) “Civilian Uses of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and the Threat to the Right to Privacy – An Israeli Case Study,” Computer Law and Security Review, 30: 306–320.10.1016/j.clsr.2014.03.008Search in Google Scholar
Watts, A. C., V. G. Ambrosia, E. A. Hinkley (2012) “Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Remote Sensing and Scientific Research: Classification and Considerations of Use,” Remote Sens, 4:1671–1692.10.3390/rs4061671Search in Google Scholar
Whalen, J. (1995) “Expert Systems Versus Systems for Experts: Computer-aided Dispatch as a Support System in Real-world Environments,” In: (P. J. Thomas ed.) The Social and Interactional Dimensions of Human-Computer Interfaces. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, pp. 161–183.Search in Google Scholar
Wise, C.R. (2006) “Organizing for Homeland Security After Katrina: is Adaptive Management What’s Missing?” Public Administration Review, 66:302–318.10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00587.xSearch in Google Scholar
©2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston