Abstract
The NKG 2008 GPS campaign was carried out in September 28 – October 4, 2008. The purpose was to establish a common reference frame in the Nordic- Baltic-Arctic region, and to improve and update the transformations from the latest global ITRF reference frame to the national ETRS89 realizations of the Nordic/Baltic countries. Postglacial rebound in the Fennoscandian area causes intraplate deformations up to about 10 mm/yr to the Eurasian tectonic plate which need to be taken into account in order to reach centimetre level accuracies in the transformations.
We discuss some possible alternatives and present the most applicable transformation strategy. The selected transformation utilizes the de facto transformation recommended by the EUREF but includes additional intraplate corrections and a new common Nordic-Baltic reference frame to serve the requirements of the Nordic/Baltic countries. To correct for the intraplate deformations in the Nordic-Baltic areawe have used the commonNordic deformation model NKG RF03vel. The new common reference frame, NKG ETRF00, was aligned to ETRF2000 at epoch 2000.0 in order to be close to the national ETRS89 realizations and to coincide with the land uplift epoch of the national height systems. We present here the realization of the NKG ETRF00 and transformation formulae together with the parameters to transform from global ITRF coordinates to Nordic/Baltic realizations of the ETRS89.
References
[1] Boucher C. and Altamimi Z., 1992, The EUREF Terrestrial Reference System and its First Realization, Report on the Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF) held in Florence 28–31 May 1990, Veröffentlichungen der Bayerischen Kommission Heft 52, München. Search in Google Scholar
[2] Boucher C. and Altamimi Z., 2011, Memo: specifications for reference frame fixing in the analysis of a EUREF GPS campaign. Version 8: 18-05-2011 Search in Google Scholar
[3] Lidberg M., Johansson J.M., Scherneck H.-G. and Milne G. A., 2010, Recent results based on continuous GPS observations of the GIA process in Fennoscandia from BIFROST, J. Geodyn, 50:1, 8–18. Doi:10.1016/j.jog.2009.11.010. 10.1016/j.jog.2009.11.010Search in Google Scholar
[4] Fankhauser S. and GurtnerW., 1995, Denmark Euref Densification Campaign EUREF-DK94. In Gubler E., Hornik H. (Eds): IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF). EUREF Publication No 4, p 36. Search in Google Scholar
[5] Rüdja A., 1999, A new ETRS89 system for Estonia, In Gubler E., Torres J.A., Hornik H. (eds): Report on the Symposium of the IAG Subcomission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF) held in Prague 2-5 June 1999, Veröff. Bayr. Komm. Intern. Erdmessung 60, EUREF Publ. No. 8, München. Search in Google Scholar
[6] Khan A.S., Weber M. and Engsager K., 2011, EUREF Densification on the Faroe Islands 2011, Report on the Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF) held in Chisinau, Moldova, 25 – 28 May 2011. Search in Google Scholar
[7] Ollikainen M., Koivula H. and Poutanen M., 1999, The Densification of the EUREF Network in Finland. In Gubler E., Torres J. A., Hornik H. (Eds): Report on the Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF) held in Prague, 2-5 June 1999. EUREF Publication No 8, 114–122. Search in Google Scholar
[8] Madsen F. and Madsen B., 1993, A New GPS-network in the Baltic Countries, Report on the Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for the European Reference Frame (EUREF) (17-19 May 1993, Budapest, Hungary). Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission bei der C.H.Beck’schen Verlagsbuchhandlung, München, 83–91. Search in Google Scholar
[9] Jivall L., Kaminskis J. and Paršeli¯unas E., 2007, Improvement and extension of ETRS 89 in Latvia and Lithuania based on the NKG 2003 GPS campaign, Geodezija ir Kartografija, 33:1, 13–20. 10.3846/13921541.2007.9636710Search in Google Scholar
[10] Kristiansen O. and Harsson B. G., 1999, The New Norwegian National Geodetic Network EUREF 89. In Jonsson B., (Editor) Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Nordic Geodetic Commission, 25–29 May, 1998, ISSN 0280-5731, LMV-rapport 1999.12, 162–195. Search in Google Scholar
[11] Jivall L. and Lidberg M., 2000, SWEREF 99 – an Updated EUREF Realisation for Sweden. In Torres, J. A., Hornik H. (Eds): Report on the Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF) held in Tromsř, 22–24 June 2000. EUREF Publication No 9, 167– 175. Search in Google Scholar
[12] Altamimi Z., Sillard P. and Boucher C., 2002, ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B10), 2214. Doi:10.1029/2001JB000561. 10.1029/2001JB000561Search in Google Scholar
[13] Jivall L., Lidberg M., Nørbech T. and Weber M., 2008, Processing of the NKG2003 GPS Campaign, In: Knudsen P. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 15th General Meeting of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (29 May – 2 June 2006), DTU Space, 52–67 Search in Google Scholar
[14] Nørbech T., Engsager K., Jivall L., Knudsen P., Koivula H., Lidberg M., Madsen B., Ollikainen M. and Weber M., 2008, Transformation from a Common Nordic Reference Frame to ETRS89 in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden – status report, In: Knudsen P. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 15th General Meeting of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (29 May – 2 June 2006), DTU Space, 68– 75 Search in Google Scholar
[15] Milne G.A., Davis J.L., Mitrovica J.X., Scherneck H.-G., Johansson J.M., Vermeer M. and Koivula H., 2001, Space-geodetic constraints on glacial isostatic adjustments in Fennoscandia, Science, 291, 2381–2385. 10.1126/science.1057022Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[16] Altamimi Z., Sillard P., and Boucher C., 2003, The impact of a No- Net-Rotation Condition on ITRF2000, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (2), 1064. Doi:10.1029/2002GL016279. 10.1029/2002GL016279Search in Google Scholar
[17] Lidberg M., Johansson J.M., Scherneck H.-G. and Davis J.L., 2007, An improved and extended GPS-derived 3D velocity field of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in Fennoscandia, J Geodesy, 81, 213–230. Doi:10.1007/s00190-006-0102-4. 10.1007/s00190-006-0102-4Search in Google Scholar
[18] Vestřl O., 2006, Determination of postglacial land uplift in Fennoscandia from leveling, tide-gauges and continuous GPS stations using least squares collocation, J Geodesy, 80, 248– 258. DOI 10.1007/s00190-006-0063-7. 10.1007/s00190-006-0063-7Search in Google Scholar
[19] Ågren J. and Svensson R., 2008, Land Uplift Model and System Definition Used for the RH 2000 Adjustment of theBaltic Levelling Ring, In: Knudsen P. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 15th General Meeting of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (29 May – 2 June 2006), DTU Space, 84–92. Search in Google Scholar
[20] Lidberg M., Johansson J.M. and Scherneck H.-G., 2007, Geodetic reference frames in the presence of crustal deformation - with focus on Nordic conditions, In: Torres J.A. and Hornik H. (Eds.), Report on the Symposium of the IAG Sub-commission 1.3a Europe (EUREF) (14-17 June 2006, Riga, Latvia). Verlag des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt am Main, 189–198. Search in Google Scholar
[21] Häkli P. and Koivula H., 2012, Transforming ITRF Coordinates to National ETRS89 Realization in the Presence of Postglacial Rebound - Evaluation of Nordic Geodynamical Model in Finland, In: Kenyon S. et al. (Eds.), Geodesy for Planet Earth, International Association of Geodesy Symposia 136, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 77–86. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_10. 10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_10Search in Google Scholar
[22] Jivall L., Häkli P., Pihlak P. and Tangen O., 2013, Processing of the NKG 2008 campaign, In: Henriksen S. and Jřrgensen A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th General Assembly of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (27-30 September 2010, Sundvolden, Norway), Norwegian Mapping Authority, 143–149. Search in Google Scholar
[23] Altamimi Z., Collieux X., Legrand J., Garayt B. and Boucher C., 2007, ITRF2005: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on time series of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B09401. Doi:10.1029/2007JB004949. 10.1029/2007JB004949Search in Google Scholar
[24] Altamimi Z., Collilieux X. and Métivier L., 2011, ITRF2008: an improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame, J Geod (2011) 85:457–473. Doi:10.1007/s00190-011-0444-4. 10.1007/s00190-011-0444-4Search in Google Scholar
[25] Lidberg M., Häkli P., Engsager K., Nørbech T. and Pihlak P., 2013, The NKG 2008 GPS campaign – transformation results, In: Henriksen S. and Jřrgensen A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th General Assembly of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (27–30 September 2010, Sundvolden, Norway), NorwegianMapping Authority, 150– 156. Search in Google Scholar
[26] Ågren J., Strykowski G., Bilker-Koivula M., Omang O., Märdla S., Oja T., Aleksejenko I., Paršeli¯unas E., Sjöberg L.E., Forsberg R. and Kaminskis J., 2014, Report from the on-going project to compute the new NKG2014 geoid model, NKG General Assembly 2014, September 1–4, Gothenburg, Sweden. Search in Google Scholar
[27] Sacher M., Ihde J., Liebsch G. and Mäkinen J., 2008, EVRF2007 as Realization of the European Vertical Reference System, Presented at the Symposium of the IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF), 18–21 June, 2008, Brussels, Belgium. Search in Google Scholar
[28] Petit G. and Luzum B. (eds.), 2010, IERS Conventions (2010), IERS Technical Note No. 36, Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, Frankfurt am Main, ISBN 3-89888-989-6. Search in Google Scholar
[29] Altamimi Z., Métivier L. and Collieux X., 2012, ITRF2008 plate motion model, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B07402. Doi:10.1029/2011JB008930. 10.1029/2011JB008930Search in Google Scholar
[30] Kenyeres A., 2010, Categorization of permanent GNSS reference stations, available from http://epncb.oma.be/ _productsservices/coordinates/kenyeres_2010.pdf Search in Google Scholar
[31] Kenyeres A., 2012, The implementation of IGS08 in the EPN ETRS89 maintenance products, available from ftp://epncb.oma. be/pub/station/coord/EPN/IGS08_densification_V4.pdf Search in Google Scholar
[32] EPN, 2015, EPN_A_ETRF2000_C1785.SSC (July 9, 2014), ftp://epncb.oma.be/pub/station/coord/EPN/EPN_A_ ETRF2000_C1785.SSC, cited 2014-08-29. Search in Google Scholar
[33] Bruyninx C., Altamimi Z., Caporali A., Kenyeres A., Lidberg M., Stangl G. and Torres J.A., 2013, Guidelines for EUREF densifications, IAG sub-commission for the European Reference Frame – EUREF, Version 5: 28-05-2013, http://epncb.oma.be/ _documentation/guidelines/, cited 2015-01-15. Search in Google Scholar
© 2016 P. Häkli et al.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
