Abstract
Background
Obesity in children and adolescents has increased alarmingly, placing them at a higher risk for impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has increased as well. Vitamin D is critical for glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. Studies on adults have reported an inverse association between vitamin D levels and insulin resistance (IR), but the results in children are inconsistent. The aim of our study was to determine the association between IR and serum vitamin D levels in obese Mexican children and adolescents.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed on 227 children and adolescents between 6 and 19 years of age. Obesity was diagnosed through body mass index (BMI) for age, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (2007). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) was measured using an immunoassay technique and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using the Matthews equation. Student’s t-test was carried out.
Results
The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 35.80 ng/mL, and 55.1% of the subjects had levels classified as sufficient, 33.5% as insufficient, and 11.5% as deficient. The mean level of HOMA-IR was 3.16, and 70% of the subjects were diagnosed with IR. Fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR were significantly different in adolescents with hypovitaminosis, compared with adolescents in the vitamin D sufficiency group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively).
Conclusions
The insulin levels and HOMA-IR were higher in adolescents with hypovitaminosis. The girls presented higher levels of insulin and HOMA-IR than the boys.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank everyone who took part in this project, with special thanks to Gusti Gould for the English language editing. We also express our gratitude for the financial support received (FRABA-2014 reference number: 859/13) and to the CONACYT for the doctoral scholarship granted to the first author.
Author contributions: YF and CAS performed the design, execution, data analysis, and drafting of the manuscript. YF and NAJ directed the enrollment in the study and its execution. YFR, NAJ, and MT performed the biochemical analyses. MB and ID supervised the study design and data analysis. All co-authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.
Research funding: FRABA-2014 reference number: 859/13.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest.
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