Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter May 24, 2017

Infant mortality and causes of death by birth weight for gestational age in non-malformed singleton infants: a 2002–2012 population-based study

  • Tanja Premru-Srsen ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Ivan Verdenik , Barbara Mihevc Ponikvar , Lili Steblovnik , Ksenija Geršak and Lilijana Kornhauser Cerar

Abstract

Objective:

To explore the associations between birth weight for gestational age (GA) and infant mortality as well as causes of infant death.

Study design:

A population-based observational study conducted between 2002 and 2012 included 203,620 non-malformed singleton live births from Slovenia. Poisson regression analyses were performed to estimate the crude relative risk (RR) and adjusted RR (aRR) for infant mortality by birth weight percentiles stratified by the GA subgroups term, moderate-to-late preterm, very preterm and extremely preterm.

Results:

Compared with appropriate for GA (AGA) term infants (referent-AGA), infant mortality was significantly higher in small for GA (SGA) term infants [aRR=2.79 (1.41–5.50)], with significant cause-specific infant mortality risk for neuromuscular disorders [RR=10.48 (2.62–41.91)]. The differences in infant mortality and cause-specific infant mortality in preterm subgroups between referent-AGA and SGA were insignificant.

Conclusions:

In the Slovenian population, birth weight for GA is significantly associated with infant mortality only in infants born at term.


Corresponding author: Tanja Premru-Srsen, MD, PhD, Department of Perinatology, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Šlajmerjeva 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Tel.: +386 1 522 60 24, Fax: +386 1 439 75 90, GSM: +386 41 521 331

  1. Author’s statement

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Material and Methods: Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  4. Ethical approval: The research related to human subject use has complied with all the relevant national regulations, and institutional policies, and is in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee

  5. Funding: The study received no financial support.

References

[1] Longo S, Bollani L, Decembrino L, Di Comite A, Angelini M, Stronati M. Short-term and long-term sequelae in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2013;26:222–5.10.3109/14767058.2012.715006Search in Google Scholar

[2] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 134: fetal growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121:1122–33.10.1097/01.AOG.0000429658.85846.f9Search in Google Scholar

[3] Facchinetti F, Alberico S, Benedetto C, Cetin I, Cozzolino S, Di Renzo GC, et al. A multicenter, case-control study on risk factors for antepartum stillbirth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24:407–10.10.3109/14767058.2010.496880Search in Google Scholar

[4] Chen H-Y, Chauhan SP, Ward TC, Mori N, Gass ET, Cisler RA. Aberrant fetal growth and early, late, and postneonatal mortality: an analysis of Milwaukee births, 1996–2007. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;204:261.e1–10.10.1016/j.ajog.2010.11.040Search in Google Scholar

[5] Seeds JW, Peng CCT. Does augmented growth impose an increased risk of fetal death? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:316–23.10.1067/mob.2000.107656Search in Google Scholar

[6] Chen XK, Wen SW, Smith G, Yang Q, Walker M. Pregnancy-induced hypertension and infant mortality: roles of birth weight centiles and gestational age. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;114:24–31.10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01177.xSearch in Google Scholar

[7] Altman M, Edstedt Bonamy AK, Wikström AK, Cnattingius S. Cause-specific infant mortality in a population-based Swedish study of term and post-term births: the contribution of gestational age and birth weight. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e001152.10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001152Search in Google Scholar

[8] Katz J, Lee AC, Kozuki N, Lawn JE, Cousens S, Blencowe H, et al. Mortality risk in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants in low-income and middle-income countries: a pooled country analysis. Lancet, 2013;382:417–25.10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60993-9Search in Google Scholar

[9] Xu H, Simonet F, Luo ZC. Optimal birth weight percentile cut-offs in defining small- or large-for-gestational-age. Acta Paediatr, 2010;99:550–5.10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01674.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Zeitlin J, El Ayoubi M, Jarreau PH, Draper ES, Blondel B, Künzel W, et al. Impact of fetal growth restriction on mortality and morbidity in a very preterm birth cohort. J Pediatr. 2010;157:733–9.e1.10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Premru-Srsen T, Verdenik I, Steblovnik L, Ban Frangez H. Early prediction of spontaneous twin very preterm birth: a population based study 2002–2012. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;28:1784–9.10.3109/14767058.2014.968774Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Babnik J, Blejec T, Cetin-Lovšin I, Lovšin B, Lučovnik M, Kavšek G, et al. Perinatalni informacijski sistem RS (PIS) : definicije in metodološka navodila za sprejem podatkov perinatalnega informacijskega sistema preko e-prenosa, v 1.3. Ljubljana: Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije; 2013. [cited 2016 Feb 27] Available from: http://www.nijz.si/sites/www.nijz.si/files/uploaded/podatki/podatkovne_zbirke_raziskave/pis/specifikacije_kontrol_pis-v1.6_pis_3.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Verdenik I. Slovenski referenčni standardi za težo, dolžino in obseg glavice ob rojstvu za določeno gestacijsko starost populacije rojene v letih 1987–96. Zdrav Vestn. 2000;69:153–6.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Kotelchuck M. An evaluation of the Kessner Adequacy of Prenatal Care Index and a proposed adequacy of prenatal care utilization index. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1414–20.10.2105/AJPH.84.9.1414Search in Google Scholar

[15] American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 548: weight gain during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:210–2.10.1097/01.AOG.0000425668.87506.4cSearch in Google Scholar

[16] Harrell FE Jr. rms: Regression Modeling Strategies. R package version; 2013. [cited 2016 Feb 27] Available from: 4.1-0. http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rms.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Health Care Data Collection Act, Official Journal of Republic of Slovenia 2000;65:8093.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Personal Data Protection Act, Official Journal of Republic of Slovenia 2007;94:12707.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Ota E, Ganchimeg T, Morisaki N, Vogel JP, Pileggi C, Ortiz-Panozo E et al. Risk factors and adverse perinatal outcomes among term and preterm infants born small-for-gestational-age: secondary analyses of the WHO Multi-Country Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. PLoS One. 2014;9:e105155.10.1371/journal.pone.0105155Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Zidar N, Cör A, Premru Srsen T, Stajer D. Is there an association between glomerular density and birth weight in healthy humans. Nephron. 1998;80:97–8.10.1159/000045141Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Chien LY, Whyte R, Aziz K, Thiessen P, Matthew D, Lee SK, et al. Improved outcome of preterm infants when delivered in tertiary care centers. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:247–52.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Pilkington H, Blondel B, Papiernik E, Cuttini M, Charreire H, Maier RF, et al. Distribution of maternity units and spatial access to specialised care for women delivering before 32 weeks of gestation in Europe. Health Place 2010;16:531–8.10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.12.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[23] Giapros V, Drougia A, Krallis N, Theocharis P, Andronikou S. Morbidity and mortality patterns in small-for-gestational age infants born preterm. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25:153–7.10.3109/14767058.2011.565837Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Grisaru-Granovsky S, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Boyko V, Hammerman C, Samueloff A, et al. Mortality and morbidity in preterm small-for-gestational-age infants: a population based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:150.e1–7.10.1016/j.ajog.2011.08.025Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Kristensen S, Salihu HM, Keith LG, Kirby RS, Fowler KB, Pass MA. SGA subtypes and mortality risk among singleton births. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83:99–105.10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[26] Sharma P, McKay K, Rosenkrantz TS, Hussain N. Comparisons of mortality and pre-discharge respiratory outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and appropriate-for-gestational-age premature infants. BMC Pediatr. 2004;4:9.10.1186/1471-2431-4-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2017-3-28
Accepted: 2017-4-19
Published Online: 2017-5-24
Published in Print: 2018-7-26

©2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 28.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jpm-2017-0103/html
Scroll to top button