Abstract
Mecià de Viladestes’ nautical map provides many-faceted incentives to travel down the African west coast, emphasising especially Africa’s riches in gold and the presence of a Christian ruler known as Prester John. Understanding maps not as a conclusive result of the collection of knowledge but as a means of communication, this article aims to explore the relations between contemporary Latin European conceptions about Africa, its representations on maps and their probable argumentative objectives. From Latin-African contacts the idea had arisen to form an alliance to fight the Muslims, attacking from two directions. The representation of sub-Saharan Africa on Mecià’s map can be interpreted as taking up this discussion to argue for further exploration of Africa down its Atlantic coast, which might have influenced future decision makers such as Henry the Navigator.
Bibliography
Manuscripts and Charts
Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ms. Borg. Carte. naut. XVISearch in Google Scholar
(†) Firenze, Archivio di Stato, CN2Search in Google Scholar
London, British Library, Add. 27376*Search in Google Scholar
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et plans, Rés. GE AA 562Search in Google Scholar
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et plans, Rés. GE AA 566Search in Google Scholar
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et plans, Rés. GE AA 751Search in Google Scholar
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et plans, Rés. GE B 696Search in Google Scholar
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Cartes et plans, Rés. GE B 1131Search in Google Scholar
Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ms. esp. 30Search in Google Scholar
Parma, Biblioteca Palatina, Ms. Parm. 1612Search in Google Scholar
Venezia, Biblioteca del Museo Correr, Portolano 30Search in Google Scholar
Texts
Le CanarienSearch in Google Scholar
Le Canarien, trad. Bruno Malfante: Le Canarien ou la conquête des îles Canaries par Jean de Béthencourt (Collection Oblivion), Rouen 2009, 17–139.Search in Google Scholar
Directorium ad passagium faciendumSearch in Google Scholar
Directorium ad passagium faciendum, ed. Recueil des historiens des croisades [4,] 2: Documents Arméniens 2: Documents latins et francais relatifs à l’Arménie, Paris 1906, 367–517.Search in Google Scholar
Gomes Eanesde ZuraraCrónica dos feitosSearch in Google Scholar
Gomes Eanesde Zurara: Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na conquista da Guiné por mandado do infante D. Henrique, ed. Torquatode Sousa Soares: Crónica dos feitos notáveis que se passaram na conquista da Guiné por mandado do infante D. Henrique 2, Lisboa 1981, 27–560.Search in Google Scholar
Guillelmus AdeTractatusSearch in Google Scholar
Guillelmus Ade: Tractatus quomodo Sarraceni sunt expugnandi, ed. Giles Constable: William of Adam, How to defeat the Saracens. Text and translation with notes (Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Humanities), Washington (D.C.) 2012, 22–117.Search in Google Scholar
Henricus IV rex AngliaeEpistolaSearch in Google Scholar
Henricus IV rex Angliae: Epistola, ed. Francis Charles Hingeston: Royal and historical letters during the reign of Henry the Fourth, King of England and of France, and Lord of Ireland 1: A. D. 1399–1404 (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores 18, 1), London 1860, 421 sq.Search in Google Scholar
Isidorus HispalensisEtymologiaeSearch in Google Scholar
Isidorusepiscopus Hispalensis: Etymologiarum sive originum libriXX, ed. Wallace Martin Lindsay: Isidori Hispalensis episcopi etymologiarum sive originum libriXX 1: libros I–X continens (Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis), Oxford 1911 (etc.); … 2: libros XI–XX continens (…), Oxford 1911 (etc.) (without pagination).Search in Google Scholar
La Lettre du Prêtre JeanSearch in Google Scholar
La Lettre du Prêtre Jean, ed. Martin Gosman: La Lettre du Prêtre Jean. Les versions en ancien français et en ancien occitan. Textes et commentaires (Mediaevalia Groningana 2), Groningen 1982, 121–534.Search in Google Scholar
El Libro del conoscimientoSearch in Google Scholar
El Libro del conoscimiento de todos los reinos, ed. Nancy Frances Marino: El Libro del conoscimiento de todos los reinos. The Book of knowledge of all kingdoms. Edition, translation, and study (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 198), Tempe (Ar.) 1999, 2–108.Search in Google Scholar
Preste GiovanniLetteraSearch in Google Scholar
Preste Giovanni: Lettera, ed. Lettera inedita del Preste Giovanni all’imperatore Carlo IV ed altra di Lentulo ai senatori romani …, Lucca 1857, 9–23.Search in Google Scholar
Studies
Alcalá Galve 1999Search in Google Scholar
Ángel Alcalá Galve: “Cristianos y judíos en Aragón. La disputa de Tortosa”, in de Prado Moura 1999, 27–63.Search in Google Scholar
Aurell 1992Search in Google Scholar
Martin Aurell: “Eschatologie, spiritualité et politique dans la confédération catalano-aragonaise (1282–1412)”, in Fin du monde et signes des temps 1992, 191–235.Search in Google Scholar
Bartelink e. a. 1991Search in Google Scholar
Eulogia. Mélanges offerts à Antoon A. R. Bastiaensen à l’occassion de son soixante-cinquième anniversaire, ed. by Gerhardus Johannes Marinus Bartelink e. a. (Instrumenta Patristica 24), Steenbrugge 1991.Search in Google Scholar
Baumgärtner/Kugler 2008Search in Google Scholar
Europa im Weltbild des Mittelalters. Kartographische Konzepte, ed. by Ingrid Baumgärtner/Hartmut Kugler (Orbis Mediaevalis. Vorstellungswelten des Mittelalters 10), Berlin 2008.Search in Google Scholar
Baumgärtner/Stercken 2012Search in Google Scholar
Herrschaft verorten. Politische Kartographie im Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit, ed. by Ingrid Baumgärtner/Martina Stercken (Medienwandel – Medienwechsel – Medienwissen 19), Zürich 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Beckingham 1966Search in Google Scholar
Charles Fraser Beckingham: The achievements of Prester John. An inaugural lecture delivered on 17 May 1966, London 1966 [repr. in Beckingham/Hamilton 1996, 1–22].Search in Google Scholar
Beckingham 1989Search in Google Scholar
Charles Fraser Beckingham: “An Ethopian embassy to Europe c. 1310”, in Journal of Semitic Studies 34 (1989) 337–346 [repr. in Beckingham/Hamilton 1996, 197–206].Search in Google Scholar
Beckingham/Hamilton 1996Search in Google Scholar
Prester John, the Mongols and the Ten Lost Tribes, ed. by Charles Fraser Beckingham/Bernard Hamilton, Aldershot/Brookfield (Vt.) 1996.Search in Google Scholar
Boisson/Pinto-Mathieu 2014Search in Google Scholar
La conversion. Textes et réalités, ed. by Didier Boisson/Élisabeth Pinto-Mathieu (Histoire), Rennes 2014.Search in Google Scholar
Braun e. a. 2013Search in Google Scholar
Das Konstanzer Konzil 1414–1418. Weltereignis des Mittelalters. Essays, ed. by Karl-Heinz Braun e. a., Stuttgart 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Brentjes 2015Search in Google Scholar
Sonja Brentjes: “Fourteenth-century portolan charts. Challenges to our understanding of cross-cultural relationships in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions and of (knowledge?) practices of chart-makers”, in Journal of Transcultural Medieval Studies 2 (2015) 79–122.Search in Google Scholar
BrunnlechnerSearch in Google Scholar
Gerda Brunnlechner: “A cynocephalus at various borders. Mecià de Viladestes’ map and eschatology”, in Katz (in preparation).Search in Google Scholar
Crawford 1958Search in Google Scholar
Osbert Guy Stanhope Crawford (ed.): Ethiopian Itineraries, circa 1400–1524. Including those collected by Alessandro Zorzi at Venice in the years 1519–24 (Works issued by The Hakluyt Society. 2nd Series. 109), Cambridge 1958.Search in Google Scholar
Daston 2001Search in Google Scholar
Lorraine[Jenifer] Daston: Wunder, Beweise und Tatsachen. Zur Geschichte der Rationalität (Fischer 14763. Forum Wissenschaft. Figuren des Wissens), Frankfurt am Main 2001 (etc.).Search in Google Scholar
Dequeker/Verbeke 1998Search in Google Scholar
The expulsion of the Jews and their emigration to the Southern Low Countries (15th–16th c.), ed. by Luc Dequeker/Werner Verbeke (Mediaevalia Lovaniensia. Series 1: Studia. 26), Leuven 1998.Search in Google Scholar
Donavin e. a. 2002Search in Google Scholar
Medieval forms of argument. Disputation and debate [=Disputatio. An International Transdisciplinary Journal of the Late Middle Ages 5 (2002)], ed. by Georgiana Donavin e. a., Eugene (Or.) 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Duchet-Suchaux 2001Search in Google Scholar
L’iconographie. Études sur les rapports entre textes et images dans l’Occident médiéval, ed. by Gaston Duchet-Suchaux (Cahiers du Léopard d’Or 10), Paris 2001.Search in Google Scholar
Edson 2006Search in Google Scholar
Evelyn Edson: “Travelling on the mappamundi. The world of John Mandeville”, in Harvey 2006, 389–403.Search in Google Scholar
Edson 2007Search in Google Scholar
Evelyn Edson: The world map 1300–1492. The persistence of tradition and transformation, Baltimore (Md.) 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Ertl/Limberger 2009Search in Google Scholar
Die Welt 1250–1500, ed. by Thomas Ertl/Michael Limberger (Globalgeschichte. Die Welt 1000–2000), Wien 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Falchetta 2008Search in Google Scholar
Piero Falchetta: “The use of portolan charts in European navigation during the Middle Ages”, in Baumgärtner/Kugler 2008, 269–276.Search in Google Scholar
Fall 1982Search in Google Scholar
Yoro Khary Fall: L’Afrique à la naissance de la cartographie moderne. Les cartes majorquines, xive–xve siècles (Hommes et sociétés 3), Paris 1982.Search in Google Scholar
Fernández-Armesto 1987Search in Google Scholar
Felipe Fernández-Armesto: Before Columbus. Exploration and colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (University of Pennsylvania Middle Ages Series), Philadelphia (Pa.) 1987.Search in Google Scholar
Fin du monde et signes des temps 1992Search in Google Scholar
Fin du monde et signes des temps. Visionnaires et prophètes en France méridionale (fin xiiie–début xve siècle) (Cahiers de Fanjeaux 27), Toulouse/Fanjeaux 1992.Search in Google Scholar
Finkelstein/Silberman 2006Search in Google Scholar
Israel Finkelstein/Neil Asher Silberman: David und Salomo. Archäologen entschlüsseln einen Mythos, München 2006 [repr. München 2009].Search in Google Scholar
Fox-Friedman 2006Search in Google Scholar
Jeanne Fox-Friedman: “Vision of the world. Romanesque art of northern Italy and the Herford mappamundi”, in Harvey 2006, 137–151.Search in Google Scholar
Fried 2001Search in Google Scholar
Johannes Fried: Aufstieg aus dem Untergang. Apokalyptisches Denken und die Entstehung der modernen Naturwissenschaft im Mittelalter, München 2001 [repr. München 2012].Search in Google Scholar
Gadrat 2005Search in Google Scholar
Christine Gadrat (ed.): Une image de l’Orient auxive siècle. Les ’Mirabilia descripta’ de Jordan Catala de Sévérac. Édition, traduction et commentaire (Mémoires et documents de l’École des Chartes 78), Paris 2005.Search in Google Scholar
Gironés Guillem 2008Search in Google Scholar
José Manuel Gironés Guillem: “El portulano de Mecià de Viladestes. Un antiguo tesoro de Valldecrist, de nuevo resplandeciente”, in Hogg e. a. 2008, 183–208.Search in Google Scholar
Gosman 1982Search in Google Scholar
Martin Gosman (ed.): La Lettre du Prêtre Jean. Les versions en ancien français et en ancien occitan. Textes et commentaires (Mediaevalia Groningana 2), Groningen 1982.Search in Google Scholar
Grosjean 1977Search in Google Scholar
Mapamundi. Der katalanische Weltatlas vom Jahre 1375, ed. by Georges Grosjean, Dietikon-Zürich 1977.Search in Google Scholar
Hamilton 1996Search in Google Scholar
Bernard Hamilton: “Continental drift. Prester John’s progress through the Indies”, in Beckingham/Hamilton 1996, 237–269.Search in Google Scholar
Harley/Woodward 1987aSearch in Google Scholar
The history of cartography 1: Cartography in prehistoric, ancient, and medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, ed. by John Brian Harley/David Woodward, Chicago (Il.)/London 1987.Search in Google Scholar
Harley/Woodward 1987bSearch in Google Scholar
John Brian Harley/David Woodward: “Preface”, in Harley/Woodward 1987a, xv–xxi.Search in Google Scholar
Harvey 2006Search in Google Scholar
The Hereford world map. Medieval world maps and their context, ed. by Paul Dean Adshead Harvey, London 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Herbers 2006Search in Google Scholar
Klaus Herbers: Geschichte Spaniens im Mittelalter. Vom Westgotenreich bis zum Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Hillgarth 1978Search in Google Scholar
Jocelyn Nigel Hillgarth: The Spanish kingdoms, 1250–1516 2: 1410–1516: Castilian hegemony, Oxford 1978.Search in Google Scholar
Höfert 2015Search in Google Scholar
Almut Höfert: Kaisertum und Kalifat. Der imperiale Monotheismus im Früh- und Hochmittelalter (Globalgeschichte 21), Frankfurt am Main/New York 2015.Search in Google Scholar
Hogg e. a. 2008Search in Google Scholar
La cartuja de Valldecrist (1405–2005). VI centenario del inicio de la obra mayor, ed. by James Hogg e. a. (Analecta Cartusiana 233), Segorbe 2008.Search in Google Scholar
Hruza/Kaar 2012Search in Google Scholar
Kaiser Sigismund (1368–1437). Zur Herrschaftspraxis eines europäischen Monarchen, ed. by Karel Hruza/Alexandra Kaar (Forschungen zur Kaiser- und Papstgeschichte des Mittelalters 31), Wien e. a. 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Jorga 1896Search in Google Scholar
Nicolae Jorga: “Notes et extraits pour servir à l’histoire des croisades au xve siècle”, in Revue de l’Orient latin 4 (1896) 25–118, 226–320 and 503–622.Search in Google Scholar
Kamal 1926–1951Search in Google Scholar
Monumenta cartographica Africae et Aegypti 1–5, ed. by Youssouf Kamal, Le Caire 1926–1951.Search in Google Scholar
Divination and the strange in pre- and early modernEastAsiaandEurope, ed. by Sophia Katz (in preparation).Search in Google Scholar
Krebs 2014Search in Google Scholar
Verena Krebs: Windows onto the world. Culture contact and Western Christian art in Ethiopia, 1402–1543, Diss. phil. Konstanz 2014.Search in Google Scholar
Kupfer 2013Search in Google Scholar
Marcia[Ann] Kupfer: “The Noachide dispersion in English ‘mappae mundi’ c. 960 – c. 1130”, in Peregrinations. Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 4, 1 (2013) 81–106.Search in Google Scholar
Kurt 2013Search in Google Scholar
Andrew Kurt: “The search for Prester John, a projected crusade and the eroding prestige of Ethiopian kings, c.1200–c.1540”, in Journal of Medieval History 39 (2013) 297–320.Search in Google Scholar
de La Roncière 1924Search in Google Scholar
Charles Bourelde La Roncière: La découverte de l’Afrique au Moyen Âge. Cartographes et explorateurs 1: L’intérieur du continent (Mémoires de la Société Royale de Géographie d’Égypte 5), Le Caire 1924.Search in Google Scholar
Llompart Moragues 2000Search in Google Scholar
Gabriel Llompart Moragues: “La identitat de Jaume Ferrer, el navegant (1346)”, in Memòries de la Reial Acadèmia Mallorquina d’Estudis Genealògics, Heràldics i Històrics 10 (2000) 7–20.Search in Google Scholar
Llompart Moragues/Rierai Sans 1984Search in Google Scholar
Gabriel Llompart[Moragues]/Jaume Rierai Sans: “Jafudà Cresques i Samuel Corcós. Més documents sobre els jueus pintors de cartes de navegar (Mallorca, s. xiv)”, in Bolletí de la Societat Arqueològica Lul·liana. Revista d’estudis històrics 40 (1984) 341–350.Search in Google Scholar
Loimeier 2009Search in Google Scholar
Roman Loimeier: “Afrikas Eintritt ins Weltsystem. Das sub-saharische Afrika”, in Ertl/Limberger 2009, 216–244.Search in Google Scholar
Longhena 1953Search in Google Scholar
Mario Longhena: “La carte dei Pizigano del 1367 (posseduta dalla Biblioteca Palatina di Parma)”, in Archivio storico per le province Parmensi IV 5 (1953) 25–130.Search in Google Scholar
López-Portillo 2013Search in Google Scholar
Spain, Portugal and the Atlantic frontier of medieval Europe, ed. by José-Juan López-Portillo (The Expansion of Latin Europe, 1000–1500 8), Farnham/Burlington (Vt.) 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Maccoby 1998Search in Google Scholar
Hyam Maccoby: “The Tortosa Disputation, 1413–14, and its effects”, in Dequeker/Verbeke 1998, 23–34.Search in Google Scholar
Macpherson/Penny 1997Search in Google Scholar
The medieval mind. Hispanic studies in honour of Alan Deyermond, ed. by Ian[Richard] Macpherson/Ralph Penny (Colección Támesis. Serie A: Monografías. 170), London 1997 [repr. London 1999].Search in Google Scholar
Magnier 2010Search in Google Scholar
Grace Magnier: Pedro de Valencia and the Catholic apologists of the expulsion of the Moriscos. Visions of Christianity and kingship (The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World 38), Leiden/Boston 2010.Search in Google Scholar
Malfante 2009Search in Google Scholar
Bruno Malfante (trad.): Le Canarien ou la conquête des îles Canaries par Jean de Béthencourt (Collection Oblivion), Rouen 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Marino 1999Search in Google Scholar
Nancy Frances Marino: “Introduction”, in eadem (ed.): El Libro del conoscimiento de todos los reinos. The Book of knowledge of all kingdoms. Edition, translation, and study (Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies 198), Tempe (Ar.) 1999, xi–lvii.Search in Google Scholar
Matheus e. a. 2017Search in Google Scholar
Die Päpste der Renaissance. Politik, Kunst und Musik, ed. by Michael Matheus e. a. (Publikation der Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen 75), Regensburg 2017.Search in Google Scholar
Millet 2009Search in Google Scholar
Le concile de Perpignan (15 novembre 1408 – 26 mars 1409). Actes du colloque international (Perpignan, 24–26 janvier 2008), ed. by Hélène Millet (Études roussillonnaises 24), Canet 2009.Search in Google Scholar
Moore 1972Search in Google Scholar
Gilliam Moore: “La spedizione dei fratelli Vivaldi e nuovi documenti d’archivio”, in Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria N. S. 12 (1972) 387–402 [revised English version: Jill Moore: “The expedition of the brothers Vivaldi. New archival evidence”, in López-Portillo 2013, 1–18].Search in Google Scholar
Muldoon 1979Search in Google Scholar
James Muldoon: Popes, lawyers, and infidels. The Church and the non-Christian world 1250–1550 (The Middle Ages), Philadelphia (Pa.) 1979.Search in Google Scholar
Munro-Hay 2006Search in Google Scholar
Stuart[Christopher Hay] Munro-Hay: Ethiopia unveiled. Interaction between two worlds, Hollywood (Ca.) 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Nirenberg 2013Search in Google Scholar
David Nirenberg: Anti-Judaism. The Western tradition, New York/London 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Nordenskjöld 1891Search in Google Scholar
[Nils] Adolf Erik Nordenskjöld: “Om ett aftryck från xv. De seklet af den i metall graverade världskarta, som förvarats i kardinal Stephan Borgias museum i Velletri”, in Ymer 11 (1891) 83–92.Search in Google Scholar
O’Callaghan 1993Search in Google Scholar
Joseph Francis O’Callaghan: “Castile, Portugal, and the Canary Islands. Claims and counterclaims, 1344–1479”, in Viator 24 (1993) 287–309.Search in Google Scholar
O’Doherty 2013Search in Google Scholar
Marianne O’Doherty: The Indies and the medieval West. Thought, report, imagination (Medieval Voyaging 2), Turnhout 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Pauly/Reinert 2006Search in Google Scholar
Sigismund von Luxemburg. Ein Kaiser in Europa. Tagungsband des internationalen historischen und kunsthistorischen Kongresses in Luxemburg, 8.–10. Juni 2005, ed. by Michel Pauly/François Reinert, Mainz 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Paviot 2001Search in Google Scholar
Jacques Paviot: “Une mappemonde génoise disparue de la fin du xive siècle”, in Duchet-Suchaux 2001, 69–97.Search in Google Scholar
Péquignot 2009Search in Google Scholar
Stéphane Péquignot: “À bonne distance. Le pouvoir royal aragonais et le concile de Perpignan”, in Millet 2009, 85–92.Search in Google Scholar
Phillips 1988Search in Google Scholar
John Roland Seymour Phillips: The medieval expansion of Europe (An OPUS Book), Oxford 1988 (etc.).Search in Google Scholar
Pinto 2016Search in Google Scholar
Karen Carol Pinto: Medieval Islamic maps. An exploration, Chicago (Il.)/London 2016.Search in Google Scholar
de Prado Moura 1999Search in Google Scholar
Inquisición y sociedad, ed. by Ángelde Prado Moura (Historia y sociedad 74), Valladolid 1999.Search in Google Scholar
Pujadesi Bataller 2007Search in Google Scholar
Ramon Josep Pujadesi Bataller: Les cartes portolanes. La representació medieval d’una mar solcada, Barcelona 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Quadrado 1967Search in Google Scholar
José María Quadrado (†): La judería en Mallorca en el sigloxiv. Prólogo-estudio de Juan Muntaner Bujosa (Siurell 3), Palma de Mallorca 1967.Search in Google Scholar
Rauschenbach 2002Search in Google Scholar
Sina Rauschenbach: “Joseph Albo, der Messias und die Disputation von Tortosa”, in Donavin e. a. 2002, 53–66.Search in Google Scholar
Relaño 2002Search in Google Scholar
Francesc Relaño: The shaping of Africa. Cosmographic discourse and cartographic science in late medieval and early modern Europe, Aldershot/Burlington (Vt.) 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Relaño 2004Search in Google Scholar
Francesc Relaño: “Paradise in Africa. The history of a geographical myth from its origins in medieval thought to its gradual demise in early modern Europe”, in Terrae Incognitae 36 (2004) 1–11.Search in Google Scholar
Ruiz-Gálvez Priego 2014Search in Google Scholar
Estrella Ruiz-Gálvez Priego: “La conversion, les ‘conversos’ et la prédication de Vincent Ferrer (1391–1418)”, in Boisson/Pinto-Mathieu 2014, 65–85.Search in Google Scholar
Russell 1997Search in Google Scholar
Peter[Edward] Russell: “A quest too far. Henry the Navigator and Prester John”, in Macpherson/Penny 1997, 401–416.Search in Google Scholar
Sáenz-López Pérez 2007Search in Google Scholar
Sandra Sáenz-López Pérez: Imagen y conocimiento del mundo en la Edad Media a través de la cartografía hispana 1–2, Diss. phil. Madrid 2007.Search in Google Scholar
Sáenz-López Pérez 2012Search in Google Scholar
Sandra Sáenz-López Pérez: “La pluralidad religiosa del mundo en el siglo xv a través de la carta náutica de Mecia de Viladestes (1413)”, in Anales de Historia del Arte 22 Número Especial (2012) 389–404.Search in Google Scholar
Sáenz-López Pérez 2017Search in Google Scholar
Sandra Sáenz-López Pérez: “A late medieval tribute to God the Creator. The geographical compendium in the ‘Llibre vermell’ (Library of Montserrat, Barcelona, MS 1, ff. 68r–70r)”, in Word & Image 33 (2017) 183–211.Search in Google Scholar
Salvadore 2010Search in Google Scholar
Matteo Salvadore: “The Ethiopian age of exploration. Prester John’s discovery of Europe, 1306–1458”, in Journal of World History 21 (2010) 593–627.Search in Google Scholar
Scafi 2006Search in Google Scholar
Alessandro Scafi: Mapping paradise. A history of heaven on earth, London 2006.Search in Google Scholar
Schmieder 1994Search in Google Scholar
Felicitas Schmieder: Europa und die Fremden. Die Mongolen im Urteil des Abendlandes vom 13. bis in das 15. Jahrhundert (Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellenkunde des Mittelalters 16), Sigmaringen 1994.Search in Google Scholar
Schmieder 2012Search in Google Scholar
Felicitas Schmieder: “Anspruch auf christliche Weltherrschaft. Die Velletri/Borgia-Karte (15. Jahrhundert) in ihrem ideengeschichtlichen und politischen Kontext”, in Baumgärtner/Stercken 2012, 253–271.Search in Google Scholar
Schmieder 2018Search in Google Scholar
Felicitas Schmieder: “Geographies of salvation. How to read medieval mappae mundi”, in Peregrinations. Journal of Medieval Art and Architecture 6, 3 (2018) 21–42.Search in Google Scholar
Schramm 1929Search in Google Scholar
Percy Ernst Schramm: “Der Titel ‘Servus Jesu Christi’ Kaiser Ottos III.”, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift 30 (1929) 424–429.Search in Google Scholar
SchröderSearch in Google Scholar
Stefan Schröder: Karten als Brücken für Welt-Wissen. Westeuropäische und muslimische Kartographie des Mittelalters im interkulturellen Austausch (in preparation).Search in Google Scholar
Slessarev 1959Search in Google Scholar
Vsevolod Slessarev: Prester John. The letter and the legend, Minneapolis (Mn.) 1959.Search in Google Scholar
Steinicke 2002Search in Google Scholar
Marion Steinicke: Apokalyptische Heerscharen und Gottesknechte. Wundervölker des Ostens vom Untergang der Antike bis zur Entdeckung Amerikas, Diss. phil. Berlin 2002 [http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/receive/FUDISS_thesis_000000001863].Search in Google Scholar
Steinicke 2013Search in Google Scholar
Marion Steinicke: “Zeichen des Antichrist im Fernen Osten. Franziskanische Missionsberichte vom Ende der Welt”, in Wieser e. a. 2013, 477–503.Search in Google Scholar
Tolan 2002Search in Google Scholar
John Victor Tolan: Saracens. Islam in the medieval European imagination, New York 2002.Search in Google Scholar
Unzeitig 2011Search in Google Scholar
Monika Unzeitig: “Mauer und Pforte. Wege ins Paradies in mittelalterlicher Literatur und Kartographie”, in Literaturwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch 52 (2011) 9–29.Search in Google Scholar
Van Duzer 2013Search in Google Scholar
Chet [A.] Van Duzer: Sea monsters on medieval and Renaissance maps, London 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Verlinden/Schmitt 1986Search in Google Scholar
Die mittelalterlichen Ursprünge der europäischen Expansion, ed. by Charles Verlinden/Eberhard Schmitt (Dokumente zur Geschichte der europäischen Expansion 1), München 1986.Search in Google Scholar
Wagner 2000Search in Google Scholar
Bettina Wagner: Die ‘Epistola presbiteri Johannis’ lateinisch und deutsch. Überlieferung, Textgeschichte, Rezeption und Übertragungen im Mittelalter. Mit bisher unedierten Texten (Münchener Texte und Untersuchungen zur deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters 115), Tübingen 2000.Search in Google Scholar
Wieser e. a. 2013Search in Google Scholar
Abendländische Apokalyptik. Kompendium zur Genealogie der Endzeit, ed. by Veronika Wieser e. a. (Kulturgeschichte der Apokalypse 1), Berlin 2013.Search in Google Scholar
Zumkeller 1991Search in Google Scholar
Adolar Zumkeller: “Zum Gebrauch der Termini famulus dei, servus dei, famula dei und ancilla dei bei Augustinus”, in Bartelink e. a. 1991, 437–445.Search in Google Scholar
Note:
This article arose as a byproduct to the work on my PhD project on the so-called ‘Genoese World Map’ dated 1457, which has been kindly supported by scholarships from the Gerda Henkel Stiftung, the German Historical Institute in Rome, the Centro Tedesco di Studi Veneziani in Venice, and the FernUniversität in Hagen, to which I am very grateful.
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston