Abstract
Allocutivity is a term coined to describe a phenomenon in Basque whereby, in certain pragmatic (and syntactic) circumstances, an addressee who is not an argument of the verb is systematically encoded in all declarative main clause conjugated verb forms. Although the term has been exclusively applied to Basque, similar phenomena are found in other languages as well. Indeed, despite certain differences in the degree of grammaticalization and usage, allocutive verb forms are attested in at least Pumé (isolate; Venezuela), Nambikwara (isolate; Brazil), Mandan (Siouan; North America), and Beja (Cushitic; Northeast Africa). The aim of this article is to propose a typology of verbal allocutivity in a crosslinguistic perspective, taking into consideration the locus of encoding, the manner in which it is encoded, the information concerning the addressee which is encoded, and the syntactic environments in which it can appear.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Gilles Authier, Balthasar Bickel, Walter Bisang, Hilary Chappell, Denis Creissels, Guillaume Jacques, Enrique Palancar, Thomas Pellard, Françoise Rose, and Dan Trott, as well as the audiences at Sedyl (Paris), ALT 10 (Leipzig), and the members of the Surrey Morphology Group (University of Surrey), for useful comments and corrections on previous versions of this article. I would also like to thank Frans Plank and three anonymous reviewers who have contributed to greatly improve it. All remaining errors are my own.
Abbreviations
- 1/2/3
1st/2nd/3rd person
- a
agent
- abl
ablative
- acc
accusative
- all
allative
- alloc
allocutive
- asp
aspectual marker
- aux
auxiliary
- cvb
converb
- cop
copula
- dat
dative
- decl
declarative
- def
definite
- det
determiner
- dist
distal
- emph
emphatic
- eqat
equative
- erg
ergative
- evid=
evidential
- f
feminine
- fam
familiar
- fut
future
- hon
honorific
- imp
imperative
- imprf
imperfective
- incho
inchoative
- loc
locative
- m
masculine
- neg
negative
- nmlz
nominalizer
- nom
nominative
- obl
oblique
- opt
optative
- p
patient
- pl
plural
- poss
possessive
- pot
potential
- pref
prefix
- prf
perfect(ive)
- prog
progressive
- prox
proximate
- prs
present
- prt
particle
- pst
past
- ptcp
participle
- pv
preverb
- recip
recipient
- refl
reflexive
- rel
relator
- rsp
respect
- s
intransitive subject
- sg
singular
- tr
transitivizer.
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