Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Mouton December 8, 2020

Youth language in virtual space in Nigeria: Multimodal affordance, indexicality and youth identities

  • Taiwo Oloruntoba-Oju EMAIL logo
From the journal Linguistics Vanguard

Abstract

Virtual space expressions contribute to the proliferation of African youth lingo within the Nigerian environment. However, beyond the sheer accumulation of lingual features, virtual space in Nigeria is also a site for the projection of both modern and indigenous youth identities, and for the deployment of sundry communication codes and multimodal affordances. This article explores this twin deployment, first as a way of broadening the sociolinguistic profile of African urban and youth languages, and second as a platform for examining aspects of youth identity formations in the Nigerian setting and how these intersect with the larger linguistic and sociolinguistic environment. Employing the methodology of content analysis, the article establishes youth language practice in virtual space in the Nigerian environment as not only multimodal, but also as indexical. Data samples are drawn from multiple discussion threads on Nairaland, a Nigerian youth news and entertainment blog that is hugely representative of the virtual space youth speech community in the country. The article concludes that virtual space and multimodal affordances enable the projection of hybridized and sometimes nondescript youth identities and alter-egos, as well as a display of communicative usages that appear distinctively African.


Corresponding author: Taiwo Oloruntoba-Oju, Department of English, University of Ilorin, Faculty of Arts, University of Ilorin Main Campus, Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria, E-mail:

References

Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2006. Sociolinguistics and computer–mediated communication. Journal of Sociolinguistics 104. 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2006.00286.x.Search in Google Scholar

Androutsopoulos, Jannis. 2016. Theorizing media, mediation and mediatization. In N. Coupland (ed.), Sociolinguistics: Theoretical debates, 282–302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107449787.014Search in Google Scholar

Adjeran, Moufoutaou & Gratien Atindogbe. 2019. Is the term, “youth language” not a misnomer. In Taiwo Oloruntoba–Oju & Josef Schmied (eds.), African urban and youth languages: The rural–urban divide. 87–94. Göttingen: Cuvillier.Search in Google Scholar

Anyefru, Emmanuel. 2008. Cyber-nationalism: The imagined Anglophone Cameroon in cyberspace. African Identities 6(3). 253–274.10.1080/14725840802223572Search in Google Scholar

Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. 1995. Adolescents’ uses of media for self–socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 24. 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01537054.Search in Google Scholar

Bateman, John. 2008. Multimodality and genre: A foundation for the systematic analysis of multimodal documents. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.10.1057/9780230582323Search in Google Scholar

Beck, Rose Marie. 2010. Urban languages in Africa. Africa Spectrum 45(3). 11–41.10.1177/000203971004500302Search in Google Scholar

Bristowe, Anthea, Marcelyn Oostendorp & Christine Anthonissen. 2014. Language and youth identity in a multilingual setting: A multimodal repertoire approach, Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 322. 229–245. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2014.992644.Search in Google Scholar

Bucholtz, Mary. 2009. From stance to style. Oxford Scholarship Online 2012. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.003.0007.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331646.003.0007Search in Google Scholar

Carr, Caleb T. & Rebecca Hayes. 2015. Social media: Defining, developing, and divining. Atlantic Journal of Communication 231. 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.972282.Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, K. & N. Wakeford. 2003. The making of mobility, the making of self. Incite. University of Surrey in collaboration with Sapient.Search in Google Scholar

Crystal, Davy. 2015. Same language but different Global English. http://www.hueber.dee/media/36/global-essay_glo.pdf (accessed 20 July 2017).Search in Google Scholar

Ebele, Okereke & Lucy Oghenetega. 2014. The impact of social media on the academic performance of university students in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice 533. 21–24.Search in Google Scholar

Erastus, Fridah Kanana & Ellen Hurst–Harosh. 2019. Rural and urban metaphors in Sheng Kenya and Tsotsitaal South Africa. In Taiwo Oloruntoba–Oju & Josef Schmied (eds.), African urban and youth languages: The rural–urban divide, 35–52. Göttingen: Cuvillier.Search in Google Scholar

Gibson, James. 1977. The theory of affordances. In Robert Shaw & John Bransford (eds.), Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology, 67–82. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Search in Google Scholar

Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and self-identity. Cambridge, UK: Polity.Search in Google Scholar

Gunnink, Hilde. 2014. The grammatical structure of Sowetan tsotsitaal. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 32(2). 161–171.10.2989/16073614.2014.992648Search in Google Scholar

Hinrichs, Lars. 2012. How to spell the vernacular: A multivariate study of Jamaican e-mails and logs. In Alexandra Jaffe Alexandra, Jannis Androutsopoulos, Mark Sebba, Sally Johnson (eds.), Orthography as social action: Scripts, spelling, identity and power, 325–358. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9781614511038.325Search in Google Scholar

Hollington, Andrea & Nico Nassenstein. 2015. Youth language practices in Africa as creative manifestations of fluid repertoires and markers of speakers’ social identity. In Nico Nassenstein & Andrea Hollington (eds.), Youth Languages in Africa and beyond, 806–828. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9781614518525-003Search in Google Scholar

Holsti, Olle R. 1968. Content analysis for the social sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley.Search in Google Scholar

Hurst, Ellen. 2009. Tsotsitaal, global culture and local style: Identity and recontextualisation in twenty–first century South African townships. Social Dynamics 352. 244–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533950903076196.Search in Google Scholar

Hurst, Ellen & Mithuli Buthelezi. 2014. A visual and linguistic comparison of features of Durban and Cape Town tsotsitaal. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies 322. 185–197. https://doi.org/10.2989/16073614.2014.992645.Search in Google Scholar

Irvine, Judith T. 2001. ‘Style’ as distinctiveness: The culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation. In Penny Eckert & John R. Rickford (eds.), Style and sociolinguistic variation. 21–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511613258.002Search in Google Scholar

Jewitt, Carey. 2009. An introduction to Multimodality. In Carey, Jewitt (ed.), The Routledge handbook of multimodal analysis.14–27. Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Kajee, Leila. 2011. Multimodal representations of identity in the English–as–an–additional language classroom in South Africa. Language Culture and Curriculum 243. 241. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2011.610896.Search in Google Scholar

Kerswill, Paul.2013. Identity, ethnicity and place: The construction of youth language in London. In Peter Auer, Martin Hilpert, Anja Stukenbrock & Benedict Szmrecsanyi (eds.), Space in language and linguistics. Linguae and litterae. 128–164.10.1515/9783110312027.128Search in Google Scholar

Kioko, Erik M. 2015. Regional varieties and ‘ethnic’ registers of Sheng. In Nico Nassenstein & Andrea Hollington (eds.), Youth language practices in Africa and beyond. 119–148. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9781614518525-008Search in Google Scholar

Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen. 2001. Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication. London: Oxford Press.Search in Google Scholar

Kress, Gunther & Theo Van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading images: The grammar of visual design. London & New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203619728Search in Google Scholar

Kress, Gunther. 2009. Multimodality: A social semiotic approach to communication. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203970034Search in Google Scholar

Kress, Gunther. 2011. Multimodal discourse analysis. In The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis, 35–50. Routledge. https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203809068.ch3.10.4324/9780203809068.ch3Search in Google Scholar

Krippendorff, Klauss. 2004. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Kytölä, Samu. 2014. Polylingual language use, framing and entextualization in digital discourse: Pseudonyms and ‘Signatures’ on two Finnish online football forums. In Jukka Tyrkkö & Sirpa Leppänen (eds.), Texts and discourses of new media n.p. Helsinki: Studies in Variation, Contacts and Change in English. http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/series/volumes/15/kytola/.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, Carmen. 2015. Digital discourse @public space: Flows of language online and offline. In R. H. Jones, A. Chik & C. A. Hafner (eds.), Discourse and digital practices. Doing discourse analysis in the digital age, 175–192. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315726465-12Search in Google Scholar

Leppänen, Sirpa, Samu Kytölä, Henna Jousmäki, Saija Peuronen & Elina Westinen. 2014. Entextualization and resemiotization as resources for identification in social media. In Philip Seargeant & Caroline Tagg (eds.), The language of social media: Identity and community on the internet. 112–136. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137029317_6Search in Google Scholar

Leppänen, Sirpa & Samu Kytölä. 2017. Investigating multilingualism and multi–semioticity as communicative resources in social media. In M. Martin–Jones & D. Martin (eds.), Researching multilingualism: critical and ethnographic approaches, 155–171. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Leppänen, Sirpa, Samu Kytölä & ElinaWestinen. 2017. Multilingualism and multimodality in language use and literacies in digital environments. In Steven L. Thorne, & Stephen May (eds.), Language, education and technology, 119–130. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978–3–319–02237–6_9.10.1007/978-3-319-02237-6_9Search in Google Scholar

Malila, Vanessa. 2013. A baseline study of youth identity, the media and the public sphere in South Africa. School of Journalism and Media Studies, Rhodes University.Search in Google Scholar

Mesthrie, Raj & Ellen Hurst. 2013. Slang, code–switching and restructured urban varieties in South Africa: An analytic overview of tsotsitaals with special reference to the Cape Town variety. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 281. 103–130. https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.28.1.04mes.Search in Google Scholar

Nairaland. 2018a. Re: Kizz Daniel sues Vanguard for N100 million over COZA Pastor Biodun rape story. Retrieved from https://www.nairaland.com/5296183/kizz–daniel–sues–vanguard–n100#80177571.Search in Google Scholar

Nairaland. 2018b. Father’s day: Tonto Dikeh celebrates herself, explains how to be a good father – Celebrities. Retrieved from https://www.nairaland.com/4566499/fathers–day–tonto–dikeh–celebrates.Search in Google Scholar

Okoro, Ephraim. 2012. Social networking and pedagogical variations: An integrated approach for effective interpersonal and group communications skills development. American Journal of Business Education 5(2). 219–224.10.19030/ajbe.v5i2.6825Search in Google Scholar

Omenugha, Nelson Obinna & Henry Chigozie Duru. 2019. The new media, the youth and renegotiation of ethnic and religious identity in Nigeria. Digital Culture and Society 4(2). 65–88. https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs–2018–0205.10.14361/dcs-2018-0205Search in Google Scholar

Oloruntoba–Oju, Diekara. 2018/2019. Singing resistance and compliance: Contesting identity and power in West African popular music. Leeds African Studies Bulletin 80 (Winter 2018/19). https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/singing-resistance-and-compliance-contesting-identity-and-power-in-western-african-popular-music-diekara-oloruntoba-oju/.Search in Google Scholar

Oloruntoba–Oju, Taiwo. 2018. Contestant hybridities in African urban/youth languages. In Ellen Hurst–Harosh & Fridah Kanana Erastus (eds.), African youth languages: New media, performing arts and sociolinguistic development, 151–170. London: Palgrave.10.1007/978-3-319-64562-9_9Search in Google Scholar

Sasamoto, Ryoko. 2019. Onomatopoeia and relevance: Communication of impressions via sounds. London: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-030-26318-8Search in Google Scholar

Sasamoto, Ryoko & Rebecca Jackson. 2016. Onomatopoeia: Showing-word or saying-word? Relevance theory, lexis, and the communication of impressions. Lingua 175–176, 36–53.10.1016/j.lingua.2015.11.003Search in Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23. 193–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0271-5309(03)00013-2.Search in Google Scholar

Steinkuehler, Constance & Dmitri Williams. 2006. Where everybody knows your (screen) name: Online games as “third places”. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11(4). 855–909.10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00300.xSearch in Google Scholar

Taiwo, Oluwarotimi. 2010. “The thumb tribe”: Creativity and social change through SMS in Nigeria. California Linguistic Notes XXXV(1). 1–18.Search in Google Scholar

Van Leewen, Theo. 2006. Towards a semiotics of typography. Information Design Journal Communication Design. 142. 139–155.10.1075/idj.14.2.06leeSearch in Google Scholar

Thurlow, Crispin. Laura Lengel & Alice Tomic. 2004. Computer mediated communication: Social interaction and the internet. London: Sage.Search in Google Scholar

Weber, Robert Philip. 1990. Basic content analysis. London: Sage.10.4135/9781412983488Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2020-12-08

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 3.12.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingvan-2019-0082/html
Scroll to top button