Abstract
Selective logging is very widespread across the tropics and can alter the habitat for myriad wildlife species. But while many studies have assessed the impacts of past logging on forest animals, far fewer have investigated how species respond to logging while the timber operations are actually going on. This is an important knowledge gap because, considering the prevalence of logging across the world, numerous areas will be undergoing active extraction at any given time. We compared the occurrence and diel activity patterns of individual species of medium- to large-bodied terrestrial mammals, as well as the richness of the entire assemblage, among sites that were either unlogged, had been logged historically, or had ongoing ‘reduced impact’ timber extraction in the Kapit Region of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. We found no significant differences in estimated occupancy or activity patterns of particular species, or in overall species richness, among logging treatments. Across sites, species richness in this area appeared to be as high as or higher than in many other parts of the state, including some protected areas. Though monitoring is needed to assess potential long-term impacts, our results suggest that reduced-impact logging could allow economic development that is sustainable for many wildlife populations.
Funding source: Ta Ann Holdings Berhad
Funding source: University Malaysia Sarawak
Award Identifier / Grant number: GL/F07/ERTS/2017
Funding source: University of Montana
Acknowledgments
We thank L.T. Tchi, N. Bijack, L. Ajang, and M. Roy, and N. Juat for assistance and advice. G. Davies provided valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript.
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: Funding for field work was provided by the Ta Ann Holdings Berhad, though their staff did not participate in our analysis or seek to contribute to or influence our inference. In-kind support was also provided by the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (GL/F07/ERTS/2017) and the University of Montana.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
Appendix A: One-way ANOVA for species occupancy between coupes
SUMMARY
| Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Column 1 | 32 | 12.569 | 0.392781 | 0.062379 |
| Column 2 | 32 | 12.205 | 0.381406 | 0.06029 |
| Column 3 | 32 | 12.881 | 0.402531 | 0.062223 |
ANOVA
| Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F | P-value | F crit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Between Groups | 0.007154 | 2 | 0.003577 | 0.058042 | 0.943644 | 3.094337 |
| Within Groups | 5.731637 | 93 | 0.061631 | |||
| Total | 5.738791 | 95 |
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