Abstract
While the earliest evidence for ochre use is very sparse, the habitual use of ochre by hominins appeared about 140,000 years ago and accompanied them ever since. Here, we present an overview of archaeological sites in southwestern Germany, which yielded remains of ochre. We focus on the artifacts belonging exclusively to anatomically modern humans who were the inhabitants of the cave sites in the Swabian Jura during the Upper Paleolithic. The painted limestones from the Magdalenian layers of Hohle Fels Cave are a particular focus. We present these artifacts in detail and argue that they represent the beginning of a tradition of painting in Central Europe.
References
Barham, L. S. (2002). Systematic Pigment Use in the Middle Pleistocene of South‐Central Africa. Current Anthropology, 4(1), 181-190.10.1086/338292Search in Google Scholar
Barham, L. S., Pinto, A. C., Andrews, P. (2000). The Mumbwa Caves behavioural record. In L. S. Barham (Ed.), The Middle Stone Age of Zambia, South Central Africa (pp. 81-148). Bristol: Western Academic & Specialist Press.Search in Google Scholar
Barham, L., Tooth, S., Duller, G. A., Plater, A. J., & Turner, S. (2015). Excavations at Site C North, Kalambo Falls, Zambia: New Insights into the Mode 2/3 Transition in South-Central Africa. Journal of African Archaeology, 13(2), 10.10.3213/2191-5784-10270Search in Google Scholar
Bar-Yosef Mayer, D. E., Vandermeersch, B., & Bar-Yosef, O. (2009). Shells and ochre in Middle Paleolithic Qafzeh Cave, Israel: Indications for Modern Behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 56, 307-314.10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.10.005Search in Google Scholar
Beck, L., Salomon, H., Lahlil, S., Lebon, M., Odin, G. P., Coquinot, Y., & Pichon, L. (2012). Non-destructive provenance differentiation of prehistoric pigments by external PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 273, 173-177.10.1016/j.nimb.2011.07.068Search in Google Scholar
Bodu, P., Salomon, H., Leroyer, M., Naton, H.-G., Lacarriere, J., & Dessoles, M. (2014). An open-air site from the recent Middle Palaeolithic in the Paris Basin (France): Les Bossats at Ormesson (Seine-et-Marne). Quaternary International, 331, 39-59.10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.029Search in Google Scholar
Borger, H. & Widdowson, M. (2001). Indian laterites, and lateritious residues of southern Germany: A petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical comparison. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 45(2), 177-200.10.1127/zfg/45/2001/177Search in Google Scholar
Bouzouggar, A., Barton, R. N. E., Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., Collcutt, S. N., Higham, T. F. G., Hodge, R., Parfitt, S., Rhodes, E., Schwenninger, J.-L., Stringer, C. B., Turner, E., Ward, S., Moutmir, A., & Stambouli, A. (2007). 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behaviour. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 104(24), 9964-9969.10.1073/pnas.0703877104Search in Google Scholar
Broglio, A. & Gurioli, F. (2004). The symbolic behaviour of the first modern humans: The Fumane cave evidence (Venetian Pre-Alps). In M. Otte (Ed.), La Spiritualité, Actes du colloque de l’UISPP, commission VIII, Paléolithique supérieur (pp. 97-102). Liege, 10-12 décembre 2003, Études et recherches archéologiques de l’Université de Liege, 106.Search in Google Scholar
Broglio, A., Giachi, G., Gurioli, F. & Pallecchi, P. (2007). Les peintures aurignaciennes de la grotte de Fumane (Italie). Die aurignacienzeitlichen Malereien aus der Grotta di Fumane (Italien). In H. Floss & N. Rouquerol (Eds.), Les chemins de l’Art aurignacien en Europe - Das Aurignacien und die Anfänge der Kunst in Europa. Colloque international (pp. 157-170). Aurignac 2005: Éditions Musée-forum Aurignac, 4.Search in Google Scholar
Brooks, A. S. (2011). What is a Human? Anthropological Perspectives on the Origins of Humanness. In M. A. Jeeves (Ed.), Rethinking human nature. A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 227-268). Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Pub.Search in Google Scholar
Burkert, W. & Floss, H. (2005). Lithic exploitation areas in the Upper Paleolithic of West and Southwest Germany: a comparative study. In G. Körlin & G. Weisgerber (Eds.), Stone Age - Mining Age. Proceedings of the VIII International Flint Symposium, Bochum, 13-17 September 1999. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 19. (pp. 329-343). Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum.Search in Google Scholar
Butzer, K. W. (1980). Comment on “Red ochre and human evolution” by Ernest E. Wreschner. Current Anthropology, 21, 635.Search in Google Scholar
Çep, B. (2013). Ausgangsbasis oder Versorungsstandort? Raumnutzung im Mittel- und Jungpaläolithikum des Ach- und Blautals bei Blaubeuren. Quartär, 2013, 61-83.Search in Google Scholar
Changizi, M. A., Zhang, Q., & Shimojo, S. (2006). Bare skin, blood and the evolution of primate colour vision. Biology Letters, 2(2), 217-221.10.1098/rsbl.2006.0440Search in Google Scholar
Chauvet, J.-M., Brunel-Deschamps, E., & Hillaire, C. (1995). Grotte Chauvet. Altsteinzeitliche Höhlenkunst im Tal der Ardèche. Mit einem Nachwort von J. Clottes. Sigmaringen: Speläo 1.Search in Google Scholar
Chavaillon, J. & Berthelet, A. (2004). The archaeological sites of Melka Kunture. In J. Chavaillon & M. Piperno (Eds.), Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia (pp. 25-80). Florence: Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protostoria.Search in Google Scholar
Clark, J. D. (2001). Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Clottes, J. (1995). Les cavernes de Niaux. Art préhistorique en Ariège. Paris: Éditions de Seuil.Search in Google Scholar
Clottes, J. (2001). La Grotte Chauvet. L’art des origines. Paris: Éditions de Seuil.Search in Google Scholar
Clottes, J. & Geneste, J.-M. (2007). Le contexte archéologique et la chronologie de la grotte Chauvet. Der archäologische Kontext und die Chronologie der Grotte Chauvet. In H. Floss & N. Rouquerol (Eds.), Les chemins de l’Art aurignacien en Europe - Das Aurignacien und die Anfänge der Kunst in Europa. Colloque international. (pp. 363-378). Aurignac 2005: Éditions Musée-forum Aurignac, 4.Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. (2007). De nouvelles sculptures en ivoire aurignaciennes du Jura souabe et la naissance de l’art figuratif. In H. Floss & N. Rouquerol (Eds.), Les chemins de l’Art aurignacien en Europe - Das Aurignacien und die Anfänge der Kunst in Europa. Colloque international. (pp. 317-330). Aurignac 2005: Éditions Musée-forum Aurignac 4.Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. (2009). A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany. Nature, 459, 248-252.10.1038/nature07995Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Bolus, M. (2003). Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: new results and new challenges. Journal of Human Evolution, 44, 331-371.10.1016/S0047-2484(02)00202-6Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Bolus, M. (2008). Radiocarbon dating the late Middle Palaeolithic and the Aurignacian of the Swabian Jura. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 886-897.10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.006Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Floss, H. (1999). Une pierre peinte du Hohle Fels (Baden-Württemberg, Allemagne) et la question de l’art pariétal en Europe centrale. PALEO, 11, 167-176Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Floss, H. (2001). Neue Eiszeit-Kunstwerke von der Schwäbischen Alb. Begleitheft zur Sonderausstellung im Schloßmuseum Hohentübingen 16. Februar bis 1. Juli 2001. Museumsheft 4, Urgeschichtliches Museum Blaubeuren.Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Malina, M. (2010). Neue Belege für Malerei aus dem Magdalénien vom Hohle Fels. Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Württemberg, 2009, 52-56.Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Malina, M. (2011). Neue Eiszeitkunst und weitere Erkenntnisse über das Magdalénien vom Hohle Fels bei Schelklingen. Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Württemberg, 2010, 56-60.Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J. & Uerpmann, H.-P. (1999). Die Ausgrabungen 1997 und 1998 im Hohle Fels bei Schelklingen, Alb-Donau-Kreis. Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Württemberg, 1998, 47-53.Search in Google Scholar
Conard, N. J., Janas, A. & Malina, M. (2014). Vielfältige Funde aus dem Aurignacien und ein bemalter Stein aus dem Magdalénien vom Hohle Fels bei Schelklingen. Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Baden-Württemberg, 2013, 60-65.Search in Google Scholar
Cooke, C. K. (1963). Report on Excavations at Pomongwe and Tshangula Caves, Matopo Hills, Southern Rhodesia. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 18(71), 73-151.10.2307/3886481Search in Google Scholar
Cordwell, J. M. (1985). Ancient beginnings and modern diversity of the use of cosmetics. In J. A. Graham & A. M. Kligman (Eds.), The Psychology of Cosmetic treatments. New York: Praeger Scientific.Search in Google Scholar
Coulson, S., Staurset, S., & Walker, N. (2011). Ritualized Behavior in the Middle Stone Age: Evidence from Rhino Cave, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. PaleoAnthropology, 18-61.Search in Google Scholar
Couraud, C. (1991). Les pigments des grottes d’Arcy-sur-Cure (Yvonne). Gallia Préhistoire, 33, 17-52.10.3406/galip.1991.2284Search in Google Scholar
Cremaschi, M. & Peretto, C. (1988). Les sols d’habitat du site Paléolithique d’Isernia La Pineta (Molise, Italie Centrale). L’Anthropologie, 92(4), 1017-1040.Search in Google Scholar
Dapschauskas, R. (2015). Der älteste Schmuck der Menschheit: Implikationen für die kognitive Evolution von Homo sapiens. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte, 24, 29-96.Search in Google Scholar
Dayet, L., d‘Errico, F., & Garcia-Moreno, R. (2014). Searching for consistencies in Châtelperronian pigment use. Journal of Archaeological Science, 44, 180-193.10.1016/j.jas.2014.01.032Search in Google Scholar
de Lumley, H. (1966). Les fouilles de Terra Amata, Nice: Premiers resultats. Bulletin du Musee d ‘Anthropologie Prehistorique de Monaco, 14, 29-51.Search in Google Scholar
de Lumley, H. (1969). A Palaeolithic camp site at Nice. Scientific American, 220, 42-50.10.1038/scientificamerican0569-42Search in Google Scholar
Demars, P.-Y. (1992). Les colorants dans le Moustérien du Périgord: l’apport des fouilles de F. Bordes. Préhistoire Ariegeoise, 47, 185-194.Search in Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. (2003). The invisible frontier: A multiple species model for the origin of behavioural modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 12, 188-202.10.1002/evan.10113Search in Google Scholar
d’Errico, F. (2008). Le Rouge et le Noir: Implications of early pigment use in Afrika, the Near East and Europe for the origin of cultural modernity. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series, 10, 168-174.Search in Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., & Backwell, L. (2016). Earliest evidence of personal ornaments associated with burial: The Conus shells from Border Cave. Journal of Human Evolution, 93, 91-108.10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.01.002Search in Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., García Moreno, R., & Rifkin, R. F. (2012). Technological, elemental and colorimetric analysis of an engraved ochre fragment from the Middle Stone Age levels of Klasies River Cave 1, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 942-952.10.1016/j.jas.2011.10.032Search in Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C. S., Vanhaeren, M., & van Niekerk,, K. L. (2005). Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: Evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution, 48, 3-24.10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002Search in Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., & Wadley, L. (2008). Possible shell beads from the Middle Stone Age layers of Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(10), 2675-2685.10.1016/j.jas.2008.04.023Search in Google Scholar
d’Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M., Barton, N., Bouzouggar, A., Mienis, H. K., Richter, D., Hublin, J.-J., McPherron, S. P., & Lozoueth, P. (2009). Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 106(38), 16051-16056.10.1073/pnas.0903532106Search in Google Scholar
Elliot, A. J. (2015). Color and psychological functioning: A review of theoretical and empirical work. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00368.Search in Google Scholar
Elliot, A. J., Fairchild, M. D., & Franklin, A. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of Color Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107337930Search in Google Scholar
Elliot, A. J., & Niesta, D. (2008). Romantic red: red enhances men’s attraction to women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1150-1164.10.1037/0022-3514.95.5.1150Search in Google Scholar
Elliot, A. J., Tracy, J. L., Pazda, A. D., & Beall, A. T. (2013). Red enhances women’s attractiveness to men: First evidence suggesting universality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 165-168.10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.017Search in Google Scholar
Floss, H. (1994). Rohmaterialversorgung im Paläolithikum des Mittelrheingebietes. Monographien des RGZM 21. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Floss, H. (2007). L’art mobilier aurignacien du Jura souabe et sa place dans l’art paléolithique - Die Kleinkunst des Aurignacien auf der Schwäbischen Alb und ihre Stellung in der paläolithischen Kunst. In H. Floss & N. Rouquerol (Eds.), Les chemins de l’Art aurignacien en Europe - Das Aurignacien und die Anfänge der Kunst in Europa. Colloque international. (pp. 295-316). Aurignac 2005: Éditions Musée-forum Aurignac 4.Search in Google Scholar
Floss, H. & Conard, N. J. (2001). Malerei in der Eiszeitkunst des Süddeutsch-Schweizerischen Jura. In H. Müller-Beck, N. J. Conard & W. Schürle (Eds.), Eiszeitkunst im Süddeutsch-Schweizerischen Jura, Anfänge der Kunst (pp. 75-87). Alb und Donau Kunst und Kultur 28, Ausstellung Landratsamt Ulm 2001.Search in Google Scholar
Floss, H. & Kieselbach, P. (2004). The Danube Corridor after 29,000 BP - New results on raw material procurement patterns in the Gravettian of southwestern Germany. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte, 13, 61-78.Search in Google Scholar
Floss, H., Sedlmeier, J., & Thévenin, A. (2009.) Bemalte Steine- Die Kunst des Aziliens. In N. J. Conard, H. Floss, M. Barth & J. Serangeli (Eds.), Eiszeit, Kunst und Kultur. Grosse Landesausstellung Baden-Württemberg (pp. 312-316). Stuttgart: Jan Thorbecke Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Floss, H. & Ostheider, M. (2013). Die Farbe Rot in der paläolithischen Kunst. In H. Meller, Chr.-H. Wunderlich &. F. Knoll (Eds.), Rot - Die Archäologie bekennt Farbe. 5 (pp. 89-98). Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag, 4.-6.10.2012 in Halle (Saale), Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle 10. Halle: Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte.Search in Google Scholar
Floss, H., Hoyer, C. T., & Huber, N. (2015). In alten Sammlungen neu entdeckt: Bemalte und gravierte Steine aus den Klausenhöhlen bei Essing im Altmühltal (Bayern). In: M. Galetová & A. Bilsborough (Eds.), Festschrift dedicated to the memory of Karel Valoch (pp. 257-277). Anthropologie (Brno), LIII, 1-2.Search in Google Scholar
Folk, C. L. (2015). The role of color in the voluntary and involuntary guidance of selective attention. In A. J. Elliot, M. D.10.1017/CBO9781107337930.024Search in Google Scholar
Fairchild, & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of Color Psychology (pp. 481-501). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Fraas, O. (1872). Resultate der Ausgrabungen im Hohlefels bei Schelklingen. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg, 28, 21-36.Search in Google Scholar
Freund, G. (1963). Die ältere und die mittlere Steinzeit in Bayern. Jahresberichte der Bayerischen Bodendenkmalpflege 4. Bayer. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege.Search in Google Scholar
Fridrich, J. (1976). Ein Beitrag zur Frage nach den Anfängen des künstlerischen und ästhetischen Sinnes des Urmenschen (Vor-Neanderthal). Památky Archeologické, 67, 5-30.Search in Google Scholar
Fridrich, J. & Fridrichová-Sýkorová, I. (2010). Bečov I and Bečov IV: Comparision of human activity in different Middle Palaeolithic cultures (Czech Republic). Studia Archeologiczne, 41, 1-10.Search in Google Scholar
Geyer, F. O. & Gwinner, M. P. (1991). Geologie von Baden-Württemberg. Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele u. Obermiller).Search in Google Scholar
Goldberg, P., Schiegl, S., Meligne, K., Dayton, C., & Conard, N. J. (2003). Micromorphology and site formation at Hohle Fels Cave, Swabian Jura, Germany. Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart, 53, 1-25.Search in Google Scholar
Hahn, J. (1986). Kraft und Aggression. Die Botschaft der Eiszeitkunst im Aurignacien Südwestdeutschlands? Tübingen: Archaeologica Venatoria.Search in Google Scholar
Hahn, J. (1987). Aurignacian and Gravettian Settlement Patterns in Central Europe. In O. Soffer (Ed.), The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives (pp. 251-261). Boston, MA.: Springer US.Search in Google Scholar
Hahn, J. (1988). Die Geißenklösterle-Höhle im Achtal bei Blaubeuren I. Fundhorizontbildung und Besiedlung im Mittelpaläolithikum und im Aurignacien. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S. & d’Errico, F. (2011). Middel Stone Age engravings and their significance to the debate on the emergence of symbolic material culture. In C. S. Henshilwood & F. d’Errico (Eds.), Homo symbolicus. The dawn of language, imagination and spirituality (pp. 75-96). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publ.Search in Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F. & Watts, I. (2009). Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 57, 27-47.10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005Search in Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S., d’Errico, F., van Niekerk,, K. L., Coquinot, Y., Jacobs, Z., Lauritzen, S.-E., Menu, M., & García Moreno, R. (2011). A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science, 334, 219-222.10.1126/science.1211535Search in Google Scholar
Henshilwood, C. S., Sealy, J. C.,Yates, R., Cruz-Uribe, K., Goldberg, P., Grine, F. E., Klein, R. G., Poggenpoel, C., Van Niekerk, K. & Watts, I. (2001). Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa: preliminary report on the 1992-1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. Journal of Archaeological Science, 28(4), 421-448.10.1006/jasc.2000.0638Search in Google Scholar
Heyes, P. J., Anastasakis, K., Jong, W. de, van Hoesel, A., Roebroeks, W., & Soressi, M. (2016). Selection and Use of Manganese Dioxide by Neanderthals. Scientific Reports, 6, 1-9.10.1038/srep22159Search in Google Scholar
Higham, T., Basell, L., Jacobi, R. M., Wood, R., Bronk Ramsey, C. B. & Conard, N. J. (2012). Testing models for the beginnings of the Aurignacian and the advent of figurative art and music: The radiocarbon chronology of Geißenklösterle. Journal of Human Evolution, 62(6), 664-676.10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.03.003Search in Google Scholar
Hodgskiss, T. (2010). Identifying grinding, scoring and rubbing use-wear on experimental ochre pieces. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37(12), 3344-3358.10.1016/j.jas.2010.08.003Search in Google Scholar
Hodgskiss, T. P. (2012). An investigation into the properties of the ochre from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern African Humanities, 24, 99-120.Search in Google Scholar
Hodgskiss, T. P. (2013a). Ochre Use at Sibudu Cave and its Link to Complex Cognition in the Middle Stone Age. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.10.1080/0067270X.2014.939451Search in Google Scholar
Hodgskiss, T. P. (2013b). Ochre Use in the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, South Africa: Grinding, Rubbing, Scoring and Engraving. Journal of African Archaeology, 11(1), 75-95.10.3213/2191-5784-10232Search in Google Scholar
Hodgskiss, T. P. (2014). Cognitive Requirements for Ochre Use in the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, South Africa. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 24(03), 405-428.10.1017/S0959774314000663Search in Google Scholar
Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O., & Vandermeersch, B. (2003). An Early Case of Color Symbolism: Ochre Use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology, 44(4), 491-522.10.1086/375869Search in Google Scholar
Howell, F. C. (1966). Observations on the earlier phases of the European Lower Palaeolithic. American Anthropologist, 68(2), 88-201.10.1525/aa.1966.68.2.02a001000Search in Google Scholar
Huber, N. & Floss, H. (2014). Bemalte Steine aus dem Magdalénien der Klausenhöhle bei Essing (Bayern). Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte, 23, 103-119.Search in Google Scholar
Jacobs, G. H. (2013). Color vision. In W. J. Lennarz & M. D. Lane (Eds.), Encyclopedia of biological chemistry (2nd ed., pp. 550-554). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Search in Google Scholar
Jacobs, G. H. (2015). Evolution of color vision and its reflections in contemporary mammals. In A. J. Elliot, M. D. Fairchild, & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of Color Psychology (pp. 110-130). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Kaulich, B. (1994). Die Klausenhöhlen. In R. K. F. Mayer & H. Schmidt-Kaler (Eds.), Wanderungen in die Erdgeschichte 6: Unteres Altmühltal und Weltenburger Enge. (pp. 81-86). München: Pfeil.Search in Google Scholar
Knight, C., Power, C., & Watts, I. (1995). The Human Symbolic Revolution: A Darwinian Account. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 5(1), 75-114.10.1017/S0959774300001190Search in Google Scholar
Koch, R., Senowbari-Daryan, B. & Strauss, H. (1994). The Late Jurassic ‘Massenkalk Fazies’ of southern Germany: calcareous sand piles rather than organic reefs. Facies, 31(1), 179-208.10.1007/BF02536939Search in Google Scholar
Kolpakov, E. M. (2009). The Late Acheulian Site of Dashtadem-3 in Armenia. PaleoAnthropology, 3-31.Search in Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1979). Lascaux inconnu. Gallia préhistoire, 12. Paris: CNRS.Search in Google Scholar
Mackay, A., & Welz, A. (2008). Engraved ochre from a Middle Stone Age context at Klein Kliphuis in the Western Cape of South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35, 1521-1532.10.1016/j.jas.2007.10.015Search in Google Scholar
Maier, A. (2015). The Central European Magdalenian. Regional Diversity and Internal Variability. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-94-017-7206-8Search in Google Scholar
Maier, M. A., Hill, R. A., Elliot, A. J., & Barton, R. A. (2015). Color in achievement contexts in humans. In A. J. Elliot, M. D. Fairchild, & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of Color Psychology (pp. 568-584). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Marshak, A. (1981). On Paleolithic Ochre and the Early Uses of Color and Symbol. Current Anthropology, 22(2), 188-191.10.1086/202650Search in Google Scholar
McBrearty, S., & Tryon, C. A. (2006). From Acheulean to Middle Stone Age in Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. In E. Hovers & S. L. Kuhn (Eds.), Transitions before the Transition. Evolution and Stability in the Middle Palaeolithic and Middle Stone Age (pp. 257-277). New York: Springer.Search in Google Scholar
Miller, C. E. (2015). Geoarchaeology and the interpretation of the past in the caves of Swabia: current and future research priorities. Proceedings of the Human origin sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia (2), 60.Search in Google Scholar
Moreau, L. (2009). Geißenklösterle. Das Gravettien der Schwäbischen Alb im europäischen Kontext. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Obermaier, H. (1914). Fouilles en Baviere. L ́Anthropologie, 25, 254-262.Search in Google Scholar
Obermaier, H. (1928). The caves of Altamira. Madrid: Blass.Search in Google Scholar
Paddayya, K. (1976). Excavation of a new Acheulian occupation site at Hunsgi, South India. Current Anthropology, 17(4), 760-761.10.1086/201822Search in Google Scholar
Paddayya, K. (1977). An Acheulian occupation site at Hunsgi, Peninsular India: A summary of the results of two seasons of excavation (1975-6). World Archaeology, 8(3), 344-355.10.1080/00438243.1977.9979678Search in Google Scholar
Pazda, A. D., & Greitemeyer, T. (2015). Color in romantic contexts in humans. In A. J. Elliot, M. D. Fairchild, & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of Color Psychology (pp. 531-545). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Peile, A. R. (1979). Colours that cure. Hemisphere, 23(4), 214-217.Search in Google Scholar
Power, C., Sommer, V., & Watts, I. (2013). The Seasonality Thermostat: Female Reproductive Synchrony and Male Behavior in Monkeys, Neanderthals, and Modern Humans. PaleoAnthropology, 33-60.Search in Google Scholar
Regan, B. C., Julliot, C., Simmen, B., Vienot, F., Charles-Dominique, P., & Mollon, J. D. (2001). Fruits, foliage and the evolution of primate colour vision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 356, 229-283.10.1098/rstb.2000.0773Search in Google Scholar
Reiff, W. (1993). Geologie und Landschaftsgeschichte der Ostalb. In Karst und Höhle, 71-92.Search in Google Scholar
Richter, D., Waiblinger, J., Rink, W. K. & Wagner, G. A. (2000). Thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance and 14C-dating of the late Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic site of Geißenklösterle Cave in Southern Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27, 71-89.10.1006/jasc.1999.0458Search in Google Scholar
Rifkin, R. F. (2011). Assessing the efficacy of red ochre as a prehistoric hide-tanning ingredient. Journal of African Archaeology, 9(2), 131-158.10.3213/2191-5784-10199Search in Google Scholar
Rifkin, R. F. (2012). Processing ochre in the Middle Stone Age: Testing the inference of prehistoric behaviours from actualistically derived experimental data. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 31(2), 174-195.10.1016/j.jaa.2011.11.004Search in Google Scholar
Rifkin, R. F. (2015). Ethnographic and experimental perspectives on the efficacy of red ochre as a mosquito repellent. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 70(201), 64-75.Search in Google Scholar
Rifkin, R. F., Dayet, L., Queffelec, A., Summers, B., Lategan, M., d’Errico, F., & Petraglia, M. D. (2015a). Evaluating the Photoprotective Effects of Ochre on Human Skin by In Vivo SPF Assessment: Implications for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Dispersal. PLoS One, 10(9), 1-30.10.1371/journal.pone.0136090Search in Google Scholar
Rifkin, R. F., d’Errico, F., Dayet-Boulliot, L., & Summers, B. (2015b). Assessing the photoprotective effects of red ochre on human skin by in vitro a experiments. South African Journal of Science, 111(3/4), 1-8.10.17159/sajs.2015/20140202Search in Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W. (1988). From find scatters to early hominid behaviour at Maastricht-Belvédere (The Netherlands). Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, 21, 1-150.Search in Google Scholar
Roebroeks, W., Sier, M. J., Nielsen, T. K., Loecker, D. de, Parés, J. M., Arps, C. E. S., & Mücher, H. J. (2012). Use of red ochre by early Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 109(6), 1889-1894.10.1073/pnas.1112261109Search in Google Scholar
Sagona, A. (Ed.). (1994). Bruising the Red Earth: Ochre Mining and Ritual in Aboriginal Tasmania. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Saier, C. (1994). Das Material der “Altgrabungen” vom Hohlen Felsen, Gemeinde Schelklingen, Alb-Donau-Kreis. (Unpublished Magister thesis). Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Germany.Search in Google Scholar
Salomon, H. (2009). Les matiéres colorantes au début du Paléolithique supérieur: Sources, transformations et fonctions. (Doctoral Dissertation). Université de Bordeaux, France.Search in Google Scholar
Schall, W. (2002). Erläuterungen zum Blatt 7425 Lonsee. Geologische Karte von Baden-Württemberg 1:25000.Search in Google Scholar
Schiegl, S., Goldberg, P., Pfretzschner, H.-U. & Conard, N. J. (2003). Paleolithic burnt bone horizons from the Swabian Jura: Distinguishing between in situ fireplaces and dumping areas. Geoarchaeology, 18(5), 541-565.10.1002/gea.10080Search in Google Scholar
Schreg, R. (2009). Development and abandonment of a cultural landscape archaeology and environmental history of medieval settlements in the northern Black Forest. In R. Schreg, J. Klapste & P. Sommer (Eds.), Medieval Rural Settlement in Marginal Landscapes 7 (pp. 315-333). Prague: Ruralia.Search in Google Scholar
Schwarz, S. & Singer, M. (2013). Romantic red revisited: Red enhances men’s attraction to young, but not menopausal women. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(1), 161-164.10.1016/j.jesp.2012.08.004Search in Google Scholar
Soergel-Rieth, E. (2011). Eine diluviale Nagetierschicht und ihre Bedeutung für die Klimafrage. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag (manuscript of 1924).Search in Google Scholar
Solecki, R. S. (1982). A ritual Middle Palaeolithic deer burial at Nahr Ibrahim Cave, Lebanon. In R. Saidah (Ed.), Archéologie au Levant. Recueil à la mémoire de Roger Saidah (pp. 47-56). Série archéologique: Vol. 9. Lyon: Maison de l’Orient.Search in Google Scholar
Soriano, S., Villa, P., & Wadley, L. (2009). Ochre for the toolmaker: Shaping the Still Bay points at Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa). Journal of African Archaeology, 7(1), 41-54.10.3213/1612-1651-10121Search in Google Scholar
Soressi, M., & d’Errico, F. (2007). Pigments, gravures, parures: Les comportements symboliques controversés des Néandertaliens. In B. Vandermeersch & B. Maureille (Eds.), Les Néandertaliens, biolgie et cultures. (pp. 283-296). Documents préhistoriques: Vol. 23. Paris: CTHS.Search in Google Scholar
Soressi, M., Rendu, W., Texier, J.-P., Claud, É., Daulny, L., d’Errico, F., Laroulandie, V., Maureille, B., Niclot, M., Schwortz, S., & Tillier, A.-M. (2008). Pech-de-l’Azé I (Dordogne, France): Nouveau regard sur un gisement moustérien de tradition acheuléenne connu depuis le 19eme siecle. In J. Jaubert, J.-G. Bordes, & I. Ortega (Eds.), Les sociétés Paléolithiques d’un grand Sud-Ouest: nouveaux gisements, nouvelles méthodes, nouveaux résultats (pp. 95-132). Actes des journées décentralisées de la SPF des 24-25 novembre 2006. Mémoire de la Société préhistorique française: Vol. 47. Bordeaux: Société Préhistorique Française.Search in Google Scholar
Stephen, I. D. & Perrett, D. I. (2015). Color and face perception. In A. J. Elliot, M. D. Fairchild, & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of Color Psychology (pp. 585-602). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Taller, A. (2014). Das Magdalénien des Hohle Fels. Chronologische Stellung, Lithische Technologie und Funktion der Rückenmesser. Tübingen: Kerns Verlag.Search in Google Scholar
Thévenin, A. (1976). Les civilisations du Paléolithique intérieur en Alsace. In H. de Lumley (Ed.), La préhistoire française. Les civilisations paléolithiques et mésolithiques de la France (pp. 984-996). Paris: Editions de C.R.N.S.Search in Google Scholar
Thévenin, A. (1989). L’Art azilien: essaie de synthese. L’Anthropologie, 93, 585-603.Search in Google Scholar
Ufrecht W. (2008). Evaluating landscape development and karstification of the Central Schwäbische Alb (Souhwest Germany) by fossil record of karst fillings. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 52(4), 417-436.10.1127/0372-8854/2008/0052-0417Search in Google Scholar
van Peer, P., Fullagar, R., Stokes, S., Bailey, R., Moeyersons, J., Steenhoudt, F., Geerts, A., Vanderbeken, T., Dapper, M. de, & Geus, F. (2003). The Early to Middle Stone Age Transition and the Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan. Journal of Human Evolution, 45(2), 187-193.10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00103-9Search in Google Scholar
van Peer, P., Rots, V., & Vroomans, J.-M. (2004). A Story of Colourful Diggers and Grinders: The Sangoan and Lupemban at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Northern Sudan. Before Farming, 3, 1-27.10.3828/bfarm.2004.3.1Search in Google Scholar
Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F., van Niekerk, K. L., Henshilwood, C. S., & Erasmus, R. M. (2013). Thinking strings: Additional evidence for personal ornament use in the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 64(6), 500-517.10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.001Search in Google Scholar
Velo, J. (1984). Ochre as medicine: A suggestion for the interpretation of the archaeological record. Current Anthropology, 25(5), 674.10.1086/203205Search in Google Scholar
Villa, P., Pollarolo, L., Degano, I., Birolo, L., Pasero, M., Biagioni, C., Douka, K., Vinciguerra, R., Lucejko, J. J., & Wadley, L. (2015). A Milk and Ochre Paint Mixture Used 49,000 Years Ago at Sibudu, South Africa. PLoS One, 10(6), 10.10.1371/journal.pone.0131273Search in Google Scholar
Wadley, L. (2005a). Ochre crayons or waste products?: Replications compared with MSA ‘crayons’ from Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Before Farming, 3, 1-12.10.3828/bfarm.2005.3.1Search in Google Scholar
Wadley, L. (2005b). Putting ochre to the test: Replication studies of adhesives that may have been used for hafting tools in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution, 49, 587-601.10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.06.007Search in Google Scholar
Wadley, L. (2011). Complex cognition required for compund adhesive manufacture in the Middle Stone Age implies symbolic capacity. In C. S. Henshilwood & F. d’Errico (Eds.), Homo symbolicus. The dawn of language, imagination and spirituality (pp. 97-109). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publ.Search in Google Scholar
Wadley, L., Hodgskiss, T. P., & Grant, M. (2009). Implications for Complex Cognition from the Hafting of Tools with Compound Adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 106, 9590-9594.10.1073/pnas.0900957106Search in Google Scholar
Watts, I. (1998). The Origin of Symbolic Culture: The Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa and Khoisan Ethnography. (Unpublished Dissertation). University of London, United Kingdom.Search in Google Scholar
Watts, I. (2002). Ochre in the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: Ritualized display or hide preservative. The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 57(175), 1-14.10.2307/3889102Search in Google Scholar
Watts, I. (2009). Red ochre, body painting, and language: Interpreting the Blombos ochre. In R. Botha & C. Knight (Eds.), The Cradle of Language (pp. 62-92). Studies in the Evolution of Language: Vol. 12. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.Search in Google Scholar
Watts, I. (2010). The pigments from Pinnacle Point Cave 13B, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 59, 392-411.10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.006Search in Google Scholar
Watts, I. (2015). Early Color Symbolism. In A. J. Elliot, M. D. Fairchild, & A. Franklin (Eds.), Handbook of Color Psychology (pp. 319-339). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Watts, I., Chazan, M., & Wilkins, J. (2016). Early Evidence for Brilliant Ritualized Display: Specularite Use in the Northern Cape (South Africa) between ~500 and ~300 Ka. Current Anthropology, 57(3), 287-310.10.1086/686484Search in Google Scholar
Wernert, P. (1957). Stratigraphie Paléontologique et Préhistorique des sédiments quaternaires d’Alsace, Achenheim. Strasbourg: Imprimerie de l’Université.Search in Google Scholar
Wreschner, E. E. (1980). Red Ochre and Human Evolution: A Case of Discussion. Current Anthropology, 21(5), 631-644.10.1086/202541Search in Google Scholar
Wreschner, E. E. (1983). Red ochre in formative processes of color symbolism and the question of language development. In E. d. Grolier (Ed.), Glossogenetics. The origin and evolution of language. Proceedings of the International Transdisciplinary Symposium on Glossogenetics (pp. 355-365). Chur, New York.Search in Google Scholar
Wreschner, E. E. (1985). Evidence and Interpretation of Red Ochre in the Early Prehistoric Sequences. In P. V. Tobias (Ed.), Hominid evolution. Past, present and future. Proceedings of the Taung Diamond Jubilee International Symposium, Johannesburg and Mmabatho, Southern Africa, 27th January - 4th February 1985. (pp. 387-396). New York: Liss.Search in Google Scholar
Zipkin, A. M., Wagner, M., McGrath, K., Brooks, A. S., & Lucas, P. W. (2014). An experimental study of hafting adhesives and the implications for compound tool technology. PLoS One, 9(11), e112560.10.1371/journal.pone.0112560Search in Google Scholar
© 2018
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.