Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Saur November 3, 2021

Co-Constructing Digital Archiving Practices for Community Heritage Preservation in Egypt and Iraq

  • James Baker ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Sofya Shahab ORCID logo and Mariz Tadros

Abstract

We document cultural heritage to preserve cultural heritage, to ensure its survival by pushing back against the entropic forces of forgetting and neglect. These entropic forces are particularly acute for intangible cultural heritage preserved in digital form and produced in fragile and conflict-affected settings. And whilst professionals from across the “memory” professions have responded to these challenges, based on our experience of development work with young people in Egypt and Iraq, they have done so in ways that are ill-suited to the worldviews, cultural practices, educational experience and learning models of those outside centres of archival power. This paper describes the delivery of “digital archiving” workshops, training, support and resources developed by an interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral collective of academics, practitioners, community leaders and community participants. Working at the intersection of development studies, heritage management and digital preservation, this paper argues that cultural heritage practices are enriched by foregrounding particular place-based and contingent activities that productively peel back the provincialism of the canons of enlightenment memory work.


Corresponding author: James Baker, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, E-mail:

Funding source: British Academy

Award Identifier / Grant number: SDP2\100397

  1. Research funding: This work was funded by British Academy (SDP2\100397).

References

Adamson, T. 2019. Small Donors, Not French Tycoons, Help Pay Notre Dame Works. New York: Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/paris-ap-top-news-business-fires-international-news- d69824caa68b4d24b13e91fed77dd953 (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Agostinho, D. 2019. “Archival Encounters: Rethinking Access and Care in Digital Colonial Archives.” Archival Science 19 (2): 141–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-019-09312-0.Search in Google Scholar

Agostinho, D., S. Gade, N. Bonde Thylstrup, and K. Veel. 2021. (W)ARCHIVES: Archival Imaginaries, War, and Contemporary Art. Berlin: Sternberg Press.Search in Google Scholar

Baca, M., ed. 2016. Introduction to Metadata. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute.Search in Google Scholar

Baca, M., P. Harpring, E. Lanzi, L. McRae, and A. Whiteside. 2006. Cataloging Cultural Objects: A Guide to Describing Cultural Works and Their Images. Chicago: American Library Association.Search in Google Scholar

Baker, J., and S. Shahab. 2021. Preserving Communities’ Heritage: A Workbook for Heritage Capturers. Institute of Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.19088/CREID.2021.006.Search in Google Scholar

Balestrini, M., J. Bird, P. Marshall, A. Zaro, and Y. Rogers. 2014. “Understanding Sustained Community Engagement: A Case Study in Heritage Preservation in Rural Argentina.” In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 2675–84. CHI ’14. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.10.1145/2556288.2557323Search in Google Scholar

Bergis, J., E. Summers, and V.Jr. 2018. Documenting the Now White Paper: Ethical Considerations for Archiving Social Media Content Generated by Contemporary Social Movements: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations. Documenting the Now. https://www.docnow.io/docs/docnow-whitepaper-2018.pdf (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Bowker, G. C., and S. L. Star. 2000. Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences. Cambridge: The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/6352.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Brozgal, L. 2014. “In the Absence of the Archive (Paris, October 17, 1961).” South Central Review 31 (1): 34–54, https://doi.org/10.1353/scr.2014.0004.Search in Google Scholar

Bunn, J. 2021. “Born Digital Archive Cataloguing and Description.” DPC Technology Watch Guidance Note. York: Digital Preservation Coalition.Search in Google Scholar

Byrne, D. 2014. Counterheritage: Critical Perspectives on Heritage Conservation in Asia. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315813189Search in Google Scholar

Chakrabarty, D. 2007. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400828654Search in Google Scholar

Chambers, R. 2004. Ideas for Development: Reflecting Forwards. IDS Working Paper 238. UK: Institute of Development Studies.Search in Google Scholar

Cohn, B. 1996. Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400844326Search in Google Scholar

Collections Trust. 2017. Spectrum 5.0. https://collectionstrust.org.uk/spectrum/spectrum-5/ (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Cook, T., and J. M. Schwartz. 2002. “Archives, Records, and Power: From (Postmodern) Theory to (Archival) Performance.” Archival Science 2 (3): 171–85, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02435620.Search in Google Scholar

DACS. 2004. Describing Archives: A Content Standard. Chicago: The Society of American Archivists.Search in Google Scholar

Delsalle, P. 2017. A History of Archival Practice. New York; London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315564821Search in Google Scholar

Digital Preservation Coalition. 2015. Handbook: Digital Preservation Handbook, 2nd ed. York: Digital Preservation Coalition. http://handbook.dpconline.org/ (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Duncan, C. 1995. Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums. London; New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Egerton, J. 1998. The British School. National Gallery Catalogues. Revised Series. London: National Gallery Publications.Search in Google Scholar

El Deed, S. 2017. IS in Syria Destroys Part of Roman Theater in Palmyra. New York: Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/6ef15fee2076485e91fe8b6ddedf385f (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Fowler, C. 2021. Green Unpleasant Land. Leeds: Peepal Tree Press.Search in Google Scholar

Greene, C. S. 2016. “Material Connections: “The Smithsonian Effect” in Anthropological Cataloguing.” Museum Anthropology 39 (2): 147–62, https://doi.org/10.1111/muan.12121.Search in Google Scholar

Hall, S. 1999. “Un‐Settling “The Heritage”, Re‐Imagining the Post‐Nation: Whose Heritage?” Third Text 13 (49): 3–13, https://doi.org/10.1080/09528829908576818.Search in Google Scholar

Hannan, L., and S. Longair. 2017. History Through Material Culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Harvey, D. R., and J. Weatherburn. 2018. Preserving Digital Materials, 3rd ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Search in Google Scholar

Hicks, D. 2020. The Brutish Museums : The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution. London: Pluto Press.Search in Google Scholar

International Council of Archives, ed. 2000. ISAD(G): General International Standard Archival Description; Adopted by the Committee on Descriptive Standards, Stockholm, Sweden, 19–22 September 1999. 2. Ottawa: International Council of Archives.Search in Google Scholar

Ishmael, H. J. M., and R. Waters. 2017. “Archive Review: The Black Cultural Archives, Brixton.” Twentieth Century British History 28 (3): 465–73, https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwx023.Search in Google Scholar

Johnston, R., and K. Marwood. 2017. “Action Heritage: Research, Communities, Social Justice.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 23 (9): 816–31, https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1339111.Search in Google Scholar

Kassim, S. 2017. The Museum Will Not be Decolonised. https://mediadiversified.org/2017/11/15/the-museum-will-not-be-decolonised/ (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Kilbride, W. 2018. “Minding the Gaps: Digital Preservation then and Now – Digital Preservation Coalition.” In Preserveren: Stappen Zetten in Een Nieuw Vakgebied, edited by M. van Gorsel, E. Hooke, B. de Nil, and M. Ras, 174–83. s-Gravenhage: Stichting Archiefpublicaties.Search in Google Scholar

Kurin, R. 2004. “Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage in the 2003 UNESCO Convention: A Critical Appraisal.” Museum International 56 (1–2): 66–77, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00459.x.Search in Google Scholar

Langford, R. F. 1983. “Our Heritage – Your Playground.” Australian Archaeology 16 (1): 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1983.12092875.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, C. A. 2012. “Digital Curation as Communication Mediation.” In Handbook of Technical Communication, edited by A. Mehler, L. Romary, and D. Gibbon, 507–530. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110224948.507Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, W. S. 1968. One Man’s Education. New York: A. A. Knopf.Search in Google Scholar

Liboiron, M. 2021. Pollution is Colonialism. Durham: Duke University Press.10.1215/9781478021445Search in Google Scholar

McKemmish, S., J. Bone, J. Evans, F. Golding, A. Lewis, G. Rolan, K. Thorpe, and J. Wilson. 2020. “Decolonizing Recordkeeping and Archival Praxis in Childhood Out-of-Home Care and Indigenous Archival Collections.” Archival Science 20 (1): 21–49, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10502-019-09321-z.Search in Google Scholar

Millar, L. 2019. Matter of Facts: The Value of Evidence in an Information Age. Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman.Search in Google Scholar

Mitchell, M., D. R. Guilfoyle, R. D. Reynolds, and C. Morgan. 2013. “Towards Sustainable Community Heritage Management and the Role of Archaeology: A Case Study from Western Australia.” Heritage & Society 6 (1): 24–45, https://doi.org/10.1179/2159032x13z.0000000005.Search in Google Scholar

Ngulube, P. 2018. “Using Action Research to Develop a Public Programming Strategy for Heritage Assets, with an Example from South Africa.” In Handbook of Research on Heritage Management and Preservation, 69–95. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.10.4018/978-1-5225-3137-1.ch004Search in Google Scholar

Ngulube, P., M. Ngoepe, N. Saurombe, and F. Chaterera. 2017. “Towards a Uniform Strategy for Taking Archives to the People in South Africa: Can We Really Build the Tower of Babel?” ESARBICA Journal: Journal of the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives 36: 74–93.Search in Google Scholar

Odumosu, T. 2020. “The Crying Child: On Colonial Archives, Digitization, and Ethics of Care in the Cultural Commons.” Current Anthropology 61 (S22): S289–302, https://doi.org/10.1086/710062.Search in Google Scholar

Owens, T. 2018. The Theory and Craft of Digital Preservation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.10.31229/osf.io/5cpjtSearch in Google Scholar

Pérez, E. 1999. The Decolonial Imaginary: Writing Chicanas into History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Pledge, J., and E. Dickens. 2017. “Process and Progress: Working with Born-Digital Material in the Wendy Cope Archive at the British Library.” Archives and Manuscripts 46 (1): 59–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/01576895.2017.1408024.Search in Google Scholar

Qato, M. 2019. “Forms of Retrieval: Social Scale, Citation, and the Archive on the Palestinian Left.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 5 (2): 312–5, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743819000096.Search in Google Scholar

Roberts, D. A., and R. B. Light. 1980. “Progress in Documentation: Museum Documentation.” Journal of Documentation 36 (1): 42–84, https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026691.Search in Google Scholar

Rosenzweig, R. 2003. “Scarcity or Abundance? Preserving the Past in a Digital Era.” The American Historical Review 108 (3): 735–62, https://doi.org/10.1086/529596.Search in Google Scholar

Shahab, S. 2021. “Affective Terrains of Assyrian Heritage After Daesh.” Territory, Politics, Governance, https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2021.1945485.Search in Google Scholar

Sloyan, V. 2016. “Born-Digital Archives at the Wellcome Library: Appraisal and Sensitivity Review of Two Hard Drives.” Archives and Records 37 (1): 20–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/23257962.2016.1144504.Search in Google Scholar

Stefano, M. L. 2012. “Reconfiguring the Framework: Adopting an Ecomuseological Approach for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage.” In Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage, edited by G. Corsane, M. L. Stefano, and P. Davis, 223–38. Woodbridge, VA: Boydell & Brewer.Search in Google Scholar

Stoler, A. L. 2009. Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense. Princeton: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400835478Search in Google Scholar

Stoler, A. L. 2016. Duress: Imperial Durabilities in Our Times. Durham: Duke University Press.10.2307/j.ctv125jn2sSearch in Google Scholar

Stone, S. M. 1984. “Documenting Collections.” In Manual of Curatorship: A Guide to Museum Practice, edited by J. M. A. Thompson, 127–35. London: The Museums Association.Search in Google Scholar

Sutherland, T. 2017. “Archival Amnesty: In Search of Black American Transitional and Restorative Justice.” Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies 1 (2), https://doi.org/10.24242/jclis.v1i2.42.Search in Google Scholar

Tadros, M. 2020. Eleven Recommendations for Working on Empowerment and Accountability in Fragile, Conflict or Violence-Affected Settings. Brief, Brighton: IDS.Search in Google Scholar

Thylstrup, N. B., D. Agostinho, A. Ring, C. D’Ignazio, and K. Veel. 2021. Uncertain Archives Critical Keywords for Big Data. Cambridge: The MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/12236.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Trouillot, M.-R. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Tsing, A. L. 2012. “On Nonscalability: The Living World is Not Amenable to Precision-Nested Scales.” Common Knowledge 18 (3): 505–24, https://doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-1630424.Search in Google Scholar

Tuck, E., and K. W. Yang. 2012. “Decolonization Is Not a Metaphor.” Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 1 (1): 40.Search in Google Scholar

Turner, H. 2020. Cataloguing Culture: Legacies of Colonialism in Museum Documentation. Vancouver: UBC Press.Search in Google Scholar

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2003. Text of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Waters, R. 2019. Thinking Black: Britain, 1964–1985. Oakland: University of California Press.10.1525/9780520967205Search in Google Scholar

Witness. 2015. Activists’ Guide to Archiving Video. https://library.witness.org/product/activists-guide-to-archiving-video/ (accessed August 13, 2021).Search in Google Scholar

Yakel, E. 2003. “Archival Representation.” Archival Science 3 (1): 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02438926.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2021-11-03
Published in Print: 2021-07-27

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 29.11.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pdtc-2021-0018/html
Scroll to top button