Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Mouton November 16, 2016

A developmental approach to diglossia: Bilectalism on a gradient scale of linguality

  • Kleanthes K. Grohmann EMAIL logo , Maria Kambanaros , Evelina Leivada and Charley Rowe

Abstract

The cognitive benefits of bilingualism have an impact on the processing mechanisms that are active during the acquisition process in a way that results in language variation. Within bilingual populations, the notion of “language proximity” is also of key importance for deriving variation. Certain sociolinguistic factors can invest the process of language development and its outcome with an additional layer of complexity that results from the emergence of mesolectal varieties which blur the boundaries of grammatical variants. We report data on the acquisition and development of object clitic placement in the two varieties of Greek spoken in Cyprus, and on performance in executive control tasks by monolingual, bilectal, and bi-/multilingual children. Comparing findings across experiments, the present study identifies the different factors that define “bilectalism” within the greater context of multilingualism, merging sociolinguistic and neurocognitive insights about language variation and how they inform development in diglossic contexts that involve closely related varieties—a study in comparative linguality.


Department of English Studies, University of Cyprus, 75 Kallipoleos, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus

References

Adesope, O.O., T. Lavin, T. Thompson and C. Ungerleider. 2010. “A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism”. Review of Educational Research 80. 207–245.10.3102/0034654310368803Search in Google Scholar

Agouraki, Y. 1997. “On the enclisis/proclisis alternation”. In: Drachman, G., A. Malikouti-Drachman, J. Fykias and C. Klidi (eds.), Proceedings of the second International Conference on Greek Linguistics (vol. II. Salzburg: University of Salzburg. 393–404.Search in Google Scholar

Antoniou, K. 2014. The effects of childhood bilectalism and bilingualism on executive control and implicature understanding. (PhD dissertation, Cambridge University.)Search in Google Scholar

Antoniou, K., K.K. Grohmann, M. Kambanaros and N. Katsos. 2016. “The effect of childhood bilectalism and multilingualism on executive control”. Cognition 149. 18–30.10.1016/j.cognition.2015.12.002Search in Google Scholar

Antoniou, K., M. Kambanaros, K.K. Grohmann and N. Katsos. 2014. “Is bilectalism similar to bilingualism? An investigation into children’s vocabulary and executive control skills”. In: Orman, W. and M.J. Valleau (eds.), BUCLD 38: Proceedings of the 38th annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (vol. 1. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. 12–24.Search in Google Scholar

Arvaniti, A. 2010. “Linguistic practices in Cyprus and the emergence of Cypriot Standard Greek”. Mediterranean Language Review 17. 15–45.Search in Google Scholar

Auer, P. 2005. “Europe’s sociolinguistic unity, or: A typology of European dialect/standard constellations”. In: Delbecque, N., J. van der Auwera and D. Geeraerts (eds.), Perspectives on variation. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 7–42.10.1515/9783110909579.7Search in Google Scholar

Barac, R. and E. Bialystok. 2012. “Bilingual effects on cognitive and linguistic development: Role of language, cultural background, and education”. Child Development 83. 423–422.10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01707.xSearch in Google Scholar

Barac, R., E. Bialystok, D.C. Castro and M. Sanchez. 2014. “The cognitive development of young dual language learners: A critical review”. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29. 699–714.10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.02.003Search in Google Scholar

Baum, S. and D. Titone. 2014. “Moving towards a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging”. Applied Psycholinguistics 35. 857–894.10.1017/S0142716414000174Search in Google Scholar

Benítez-Burraco, A. and C. Boeckx. 2014. “Universal Grammar and biological variation: An EvoDevo agenda for comparative biolinguistics”. Biological Theory 9. 122–134.10.1007/s13752-014-0164-0Search in Google Scholar

Bialystok, E. 2001. Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511605963Search in Google Scholar

Bialystok, E. 2009. Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 3–11.10.1017/S1366728908003477Search in Google Scholar

Bialystok, E., F. Craik and G. Luk. 2012. “Bilingualism: Consequences for mind and brain”. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16. 240–250.10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001Search in Google Scholar

Bialystok, E. and M. Viswanathan. 2009. “Components of executive control with advantages for bilingual children in two cultures”. Cognition 112. 494–500.10.1016/j.cognition.2009.06.014Search in Google Scholar

Blom, E., A.C. Küntay, M. Messer, J. Verhagen and P. Leseman. 2014. “The benefits of being bilingual: Working memory in bilingual Turkish–Dutch children”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 128. 105–119.10.1016/j.jecp.2014.06.007Search in Google Scholar

Boeckx, C. 2013. “Biolinguistics: Forays into human cognitive biology”. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 91. 1–28.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P. 1993. Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Brojde, C.L., S. Ahmed and E. Colunga. 2012. “Bilingual and monolingual children attend to different cues when learning new words”. Frontiers in Psychology 3. 155.10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00155Search in Google Scholar

Calvo, A. and E. Bialystok. 2014. “Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning”. Cognition 130. 278– 288.10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.015Search in Google Scholar

Cazden, C.B. 1976. “Play with language and metalinguistic awareness: One dimension of language experience”. In: Bruner, J.S., A. Jolly and K. Sylva (eds.), Play: Its role in development and evolution. New York: Basic Books. 603–608.Search in Google Scholar

Chambers, J. 2009. Sociolinguistic theory: Linguistic variation and its social significance. (Rev. edn.) Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Cheshire, J. and D. Stein. 1997. Taming the vernacular: From dialect to written language. Harlow: Longman.Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. 1981. Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.Search in Google Scholar

Cornips, L. 2006. “Intermediate syntactic variants in a dialect–standard speech repertoire and relative acceptability”. In: Fanselow, G., C. Féry, R. Vogel and M. Schlesewsky (eds.), Gradience in grammar: Generative perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 85–105.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199274796.003.0005Search in Google Scholar

Costa, A. and N .Sebastián–Gallés. 2014. “How does the bilingual experience sculpt the brain?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15. 336–345.10.1038/nrn3709Search in Google Scholar

de Abreu, P.M.E. 2011. “Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect?” Memory 19. 529–537.10.1080/09658211.2011.590504Search in Google Scholar

de Abreu, P.M.E., A. Cruz–Santos, C.J. Tourinho, R. Martin and E. Bialystok. 2012. “Bilingualism enriches the poor enhanced cognitive control in low-income minority children”. Psychological Science 23. 1364–1371.10.1177/0956797612443836Search in Google Scholar

Du Bois, J.A. 1985. “Competing motivations”. In: Haiman, J. (ed.), Iconicity in syntax. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 343–366.10.1075/tsl.6.17dubSearch in Google Scholar

Eckert, P. 2004. “Adolescent language”. In: Finegan, E. and J.R. Rickford (eds.), Language in the USA: Themes for the twenty–first century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 361–374.10.1017/CBO9780511809880.021Search in Google Scholar

Eckert, P. 1996. “Vowels and nail polish: The emergence of linguistic style in the preadolescent heterosexual marketplace”. In: Warner, N., J. Ahlers, L. Bilmes, M. Oliver, S. Wertheim and M. Chen (eds.), Gender and belief systems: Proceedings of the fourth Berkeley Women and Language conference. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley Women and Language Group. 183–190.Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, C. A. 1959 [2003]. “Diglossia”. Word 15. 325–340. [Reprinted 2003 in: Bratt Paulston, C. and G.R. Tucker (eds.), Sociolinguistics: The essential readings. Oxford: Blackwell. 345–358.]10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702Search in Google Scholar

Fernald A., V.A. Marchman and A. Weisleder. 2012. “SES differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months”. Developmental Science 16(2). 234–248.10.1111/desc.12019Search in Google Scholar

Foy, J.G. and V.A. Mann. 2014. “Bilingual children show advantages in nonverbal auditory executive function task”. International Journal of Bilingualism 18. 717–729.10.1177/1367006912472263Search in Google Scholar

Genesee, F., J. Paradis and M.B. Crago. 2011. Dual language development and disorders: A handbook on bilingualism and second language learning. (2nd edn.) Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes.Search in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. 2011. “Some directions for the systematic investigation of the acquisition of Cypriot Greek: A new perspective on production abilities from object clitic placement”. In: Rinke, E. and T. Kupisch (eds.), The development of grammar: Language acquisition and diachronic change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 179– 203.10.1075/hsm.11.10groSearch in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. 2014a. “CAT research on object clitic placement: Where we are now”. In: Grohmann, K.K. and T. Neokleous (eds.), Developments in the acquisition of clitics. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 1–40.Search in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. 2014b. “Towards comparative bilingualism”. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4. 336–341.10.1075/lab.4.3.06groSearch in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. and M. Kambanaros. 2016. “The gradience of multilingualism in typical and impaired language development: Positioning bilectalism within comparative bilingualism”. Frontiers in Psychology: Language Sciences 7. 37.10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00037Search in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. and E. Leivada. 2011. “Towards disentangling bi-x: Metalinguistic awareness and competing motivations”. Paper presented at the 2011 UIC Bilingualism Forum, University of Illinois at Chicago (14–15 April 2011).Search in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. and E. Leivada. 2012. “Interface ingredients of dialect design: Bi-x, socio-syntax of development, and the grammar of Cypriot Greek”. In: Di Sciullo, A.M. (ed.), Towards a biolinguistic understanding of grammar: Essays on interfaces. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 239–262.10.1075/la.194.11groSearch in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. and E. Leivada. 2013. “Lightverbhood in child language: Evidence from Cypriot Greek”. In: Blom, E., J. Verhagen and I. van de Craats (eds.), Dummy auxiliaries in first and second language acquisition. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 141–170.10.1515/9781614513476.141Search in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K. and E. Papadopoulou. 2011. “Question(able) issues in Cypriot Greek”. Linguistic Analysis 37. 8–38.Search in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K., E. Papadopoulou and C. Themistocleous. Submitted. “Acquiring clitic placement in bilectal settings: Interactions between social factors”.Search in Google Scholar

Grohmann, K.K., E. Theodorou, N. Pavlou, E. Leivada, E. Papadopoulou and S. Martínez-Ferreiro. 2012. “The development of object clitic placement in Cypriot Greek and the Romance connection”. In: Ferré, S., P. Prévost, L. Tuller and R. Zebib (eds.), Selected proceedings of the Romance Turn IV workshop on the acquisition of Romance languages. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 128–152.Search in Google Scholar

Hadjioannou, X., S. Tsiplakou and M. Kappler. 2011. “Language policy and language planning in Cyprus”. Current Issues in Language Planning 12. 503–569.10.1080/14664208.2011.629113Search in Google Scholar

Henry, A. 2005. “Non–standard dialects and linguistic data”. Lingua 115. 1599–1617.10.1016/j.lingua.2004.07.006Search in Google Scholar

Kambanaros, M. and K.K. Grohmann. 2015a. “More GAPs in children with SLI? Evidence from Greek for not fully lexical verbs in language development”. Applied Psycholinguistics 36. 1029–1057.10.1017/S0142716414000034Search in Google Scholar

Kambanaros, M., and K.K. Grohmann. 2015b. “Grammatical class effects across impaired child and adult populations”. Frontiers in Psychology: Language Sciences 6. 1670.10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01670Search in Google Scholar

Kambanaros, M., K.K. Grohmann and M. Michaelides. 2013. “Lexical retrieval for nouns and verbs in typically developing bilectal children”. First Language 33. 182– 199.10.1177/0142723713479435Search in Google Scholar

Karpava, S. 2014. Vulnerable domains for cross-linguistic influence in L2 acquisition of Greek. (PhD dissertation, University of Cyprus, Nicosia.)Search in Google Scholar

Karpava, S. and K.K. Grohmann. 2014. “Bilingual acquisition of Cypriot Greek object clitic placement”. In: Grohmann, K.K. and T. Neokleous (eds.), Developments in the acquisition of clitics. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 87–137.Search in Google Scholar

Kovács, Á.M. and J. Mehler. 2009. “Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106. 6556–6560.10.1073/pnas.0811323106Search in Google Scholar

Kroch, A. 1994. “Morphosyntactic variation”. In: Beals, K., J. Denton, R. Knippen, L. Melnar, H. Suzuki and E. Zeinfeld (eds.), Papers from the 30th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society: Parasession on variation and linguistic theory. Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society. 180–201.Search in Google Scholar

Kroch, A. and A. Taylor. 2000. “Verb–object order in Middle English”. In: Pintzuk, S., G. Tsoulas and A. Warner (eds.), Diachronic syntax: Models and mechanisms. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 132–163.Search in Google Scholar

Kroll, J.F. and E. Bialystok. 2013. “Understanding the consequences of bilingualism for language processing and cognition”. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 25. 497–514.10.1080/20445911.2013.799170Search in Google Scholar

Legate, J. and C. Yang. 2007. “Morphosyntactic learning and the development of tense”. Language Acquisition 14. 315–344.10.1080/10489220701471081Search in Google Scholar

Leivada, E., and K.K. Grohmann. In press. “Language acquisition in bilectal environments: Competing motivations, metalinguistic awareness, and the socio-syntax of development hypothesis”. In: Katerbow, M. and G. de Vogelaer (eds.), Variation in language acquisition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Search in Google Scholar

Leivada, E., M. Kambanaros and K.K. Grohmann. 2016. “The universally preserved loci hypothesis: Evidence from Greek”. Paper presented at Language Disorders in Greek 6, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras (3–4 June 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Leivada, E., N. Pavlou and E. Papadopoulou. 2016. “From competing grammars to mixing grammars: A corpus study of bilectalism”. Paper presented at the 2016 UIC Bilingualism Forum, University of Illinois at Chicago (20–21 October 2016).Search in Google Scholar

Leivada, E., P. Mavroudi and A. Epistithiou. 2010. “Metalanguage or bidialectism? Acquisition of clitic placement by Hellenic Greeks, Greek Cypriots and binationals in the diglossic context of Cyprus”. In: Botinis, A. (ed.), Proceedings of ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop on Experimental Linguistics 2010. Athens: ISCA and the University of Athens. 97–100.Search in Google Scholar

Lenneberg, E.H. 1967. Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley.10.1080/21548331.1967.11707799Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, M. P., G.F. Simons and C.D. Fennig (eds.). 2015. Ethnologue: Languages of the world. (18th edn.) Dallas, TX: SIL International. Available at: <http://www.ethnologue.com>.Search in Google Scholar

Lightfoot, D. 1999. The development of language: Acquisition, change, and evolution. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Llama, R., W. Cardoso and L. Collins. 2009. “The influence of language distance and language status on the acquisition of L3 phonology”. International Journal of Multilingualism 7. 39–57.10.1080/14790710902972255Search in Google Scholar

Manti, R. 2011. Diglossia in Cyprus and its impact in the university classroom setting. (Ms., University of Cyprus, Nicosia.)Search in Google Scholar

Marinis, T. 2000. “The acquisition of clitic objects in Modern Greek: Single clitics, clitic doubling, clitic left dislocation”. ZAS Working Papers 15. 259–281.10.21248/zaspil.15.2000.32Search in Google Scholar

McEntee-Atalianis, L. and S. Pouloukas. 2001. “Issues of identity and power in a Greek–Cypriot community”. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 22. 19–38.10.1080/01434630108666423Search in Google Scholar

Meisel, J.M. 2009. “Second language acquisition in early childhood”. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 28. 5–34.10.1515/ZFSW.2009.002Search in Google Scholar

Milroy, L. 1987. Language and social networks. Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Miyake, A. and N.P. Friedman. 2012. “The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions four general conclusions”. Current Directions in Psychological Science 21. 8–14.10.1177/0963721411429458Search in Google Scholar

Miyake, A., N.P. Friedman, M.J. Emerson, A.H. Witzki, A. Howerter and T.D. Wager. 2000. “The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex ‘frontal lobe’ tasks: A latent variable analysis”. Cognitive Psychology 41. 49–100.10.1006/cogp.1999.0734Search in Google Scholar

Montrul, S. 2008. Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: Re-examining the age factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/sibil.39Search in Google Scholar

Morales, J., A. Calvo and E. Bialystok. 2013. “Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 114. 187–202.10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002Search in Google Scholar

Newton, B. 1972. Cypriot Greek: Its phonology and inflections. The Hague: Mouton.10.1515/9783111634319Search in Google Scholar

Newton, B. 1983. “Stylistic levels in Cypriot Greek”. Mediterranean Language Review 1. 55–63.Search in Google Scholar

Paap, K.R. and Z.I. Greenberg. 2013. “There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing”. Cognitive Psychology 66. 232–258.10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002Search in Google Scholar

Paap, K.R. and O. Sawi. 2014. “Bilingual advantages in executive functioning: Problems in convergent validity, discriminant validity, and the identification of the theoretical constructs”. Frontiers in Psychology: Language Sciences 5. 962.10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00962Search in Google Scholar

Papadakis, Y. 2003. “Linguistic varieties and social practices in Cyprus”. In: Gefou-Madianou, D. (ed.), Self and 'other': Conceptualizations, identities and practices in Greece and Cyprus. Athens: Gutenberg. 535–564.Search in Google Scholar

Papadopoulou, E., E. Leivada and N. Pavlou. 2014. “Acceptability judgments in bilectal populations: Competition, gradience, and socio-syntax”. Linguistic Variation 14. 109–128.10.1075/lv.14.1.05papSearch in Google Scholar

Papapavlou, A. 1998. “Attitudes towards the Greek Cypriot dialect: Sociocultural implications”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 13. 15–28.10.1515/ijsl.1998.134.15Search in Google Scholar

Paradis, J. 2011. “Individual differences in child English second language acquisition: Comparing child-internal and child-external factors”. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 1. 213–237.10.1075/lab.1.3.01parSearch in Google Scholar

Paradis, J., K. Emmerzael and T.S. Duncan. 2010. “Assessment of English language learners: Using parent report on first language development”. Journal of Communication Disorders 43. 474–497.10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.01.002Search in Google Scholar

Paradis, J. and F. Genesee. 1996. “Syntactic acquisition in bilingual children: Autonomous or independent?” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18. 1–25.10.1017/S0272263100014662Search in Google Scholar

Paradis, J., A. Tremblay and M. Crago. 2008. “Bilingual children’s acquisition of English inflection: The role of language dominance and task type”. BUCLD 32: Proceedings of the 32nd annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (vol. 1). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. 378–389.Search in Google Scholar

Parodi, T. and I.M. Tsimpli. 2005. “‘Real’ and apparent optionality in second language grammars: Finiteness and pronouns in null operator structures”. Second Language Research 21. 250–285.10.1191/0267658305sr248oaSearch in Google Scholar

Petinou, K. and A. Terzi. 2002. “Clitic misplacement among normally developing children and children with specific language impairment and the status of Infl heads”. Language Acquisition 10. 1–28.10.1207/S15327817LA1001_1Search in Google Scholar

Poarch, G.J. and J.G. van Hell. 2012. “Executive functions and inhibitory control in multilingual children: Evidence from second-language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals”. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 113. 535–551.10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.013Search in Google Scholar

Ringbom, H. 2006. Cross-linguistic similarity in foreign language learning. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599361Search in Google Scholar

Romaine, S. 1981. “The status of variable rules in sociolinguistic theory”. Journal of Linguistics 17. 93–119.10.1017/S0022226700006794Search in Google Scholar

Rowe, C. and K.K. Grohmann. 2013. “Discrete bilectalism: Towards co-overt prestige and diglossic shift in Cyprus”. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 224. 119–142.10.1515/ijsl-2013-0058Search in Google Scholar

Rowe, C. and K.K. Grohmann. 2014. “Canaries in a coal mine: Native speakerhood and other factors as predictors of moribundity, death, and diglossic shift in Cypriot Greek”. Mediterranean Language Review 21. 121–142.Search in Google Scholar

Siegal, M., A. Matsuo, C. Pond and Y. Otsu. 2007. “Bilingualism and cognitive development: Evidence from scalar implicatures”. In:. Otsu, Y. (ed.), Proceedings of the eighth Tokyo conference on psycholinguistics. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo. 265–280.Search in Google Scholar

Siegal, M., L. Iozzi and L. Surian. 2009. “Bilingualism and conversational understanding in young children”. Cognition 110. 115–122.10.1016/j.cognition.2008.11.002Search in Google Scholar

Siegal, M., L. Surian, A. Matsuo, A. Geraci, L. Iozzi, Y. Okumura and S. Itakura. 2010. “Bilingualism accentuates children’s conversational understanding”. PLoS ONE 5. e9004.10.1371/journal.pone.0009004Search in Google Scholar

Siegel, J. 2010. Second dialect acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511777820Search in Google Scholar

Sophocleous, A. 2011. “Two languages in the classroom: The inconsistency between national and local objectives in formal education in Cyprus”. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 10. 266–281.10.1080/15348458.2011.598129Search in Google Scholar

Sophocleous, A. and C. Wilks. 2010. “Standard Modern Greek and Greek–Cypriot dialect in kindergarten classroom interaction: Teachers’ and learners’ language attitudes and language use”. Language, Culture and Curriculum 23. 51–69.10.1080/07908311003632519Search in Google Scholar

Theodorou, E. 2013. Specific language impairment in Cypriot Greek: Diagnostic and experimental investigations. (PhD dissertation, University of Cyprus, Nicosia.)10.1075/lv.13.2.04theSearch in Google Scholar

Theodorou, E. and K.K. Grohmann. 2013. “The acquisition of relative clauses in Cypriot Greek: Production and comprehension”. Diacrítica 26. 271–300.Search in Google Scholar

Theodorou, E., M. Kambanaros and K.K. Grohmann. 2016. “Diagnosing bilectal children with SLI: Determination of identification accuracy”. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics.10.1080/02699206.2016.1182591Search in Google Scholar

Trudgill, P. 1972. “Sex, covert prestige and linguistic change in the urban British English of Norwich”. Language in Society 1. 179–195.10.1017/S0047404500000488Search in Google Scholar

Tsimpli, I.M. 2003. “Clitics and articles in L2 Greek”. In: Liceras, J.M., H. Zobl and H. Goodluck (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition conference (GASLA 2002). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. 331–339.Search in Google Scholar

Tsimpli, I.M. 2014. “Early, late or very late: Timing acquisition and bilingualism”. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4. 393–402.10.1075/lab.4.3.17tsiSearch in Google Scholar

Tsimpli, I.M., M. Kambanaros and K.K. Grohmann. In press. “Language pathology”. In: Roberts, I.G. (ed.), The Oxford handbook of universal grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Tsimpli, I.M. and M. Mastropavlou. 2007. “Feature interpretability in L2 acquisition and SLI: Greek clitics and determiners”. In: Liceras, J.M., H. Zobl and H. Goodluck (eds.), The role of formal features in second language acquisition. London: Routledge. 142–183.Search in Google Scholar

Tsiplakou, S. 2009. “Language alternation, competing grammars and interlanguage: Another facet of the Cyprus problem”. In: Giannakis, G., M. Baltazani, G. Xydopoulos and T. Tsangalidis (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Greek Linguistics. Ioannina: University of Ioannina. 1195–1209.Search in Google Scholar

Tsiplakou, S. 2014. “How mixed is a ‘mixed’ system? The case of the Cypriot Greek koiné”. Linguistic Variation 14. 161–178.10.1075/lv.14.1.07tsiSearch in Google Scholar

Unsworth, S., Argyri, F., Cornips, L., Hulk, A., Sorace, A. and I.M. Tsimpli. 2014. “On the role of age of onset and input in early child bilingualism in Greek and Dutch”. Applied Psycholinguistics 35. 765–805.10.1017/S0142716412000574Search in Google Scholar

Vangsnes, Ø.A., G.B.W. Söderlund and M. Blekesaune. 2015. “The effect of bidialectal literacy on school achievement”. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.10.1080/13670050.2015.1051507Search in Google Scholar

Varlokosta, S., K. Konstantzou and M. Nerantzini. 2014. “On the production of direct object clitics in Greek typical development and specific language impairment: The effect of task selection”. In: Grohmann, K.K. and T. Neokleous (eds.), Developments in the acquisition of clitics. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 188– 211.Search in Google Scholar

Varlokosta, S., A. Belletti, J. Costa, N. Friedmann, A. Gavarró, K.K. Grohmann, M.T. Guasti, L. Tuller, et al. 2016. “A crosslinguistic study of the acquisition of pronoun and clitic production”. Language Acquisition 23. 1–26.10.1080/10489223.2015.1028628Search in Google Scholar

Westergaard, M., N. Mitrofanova, R. Mykhaylyk and Y. Rodina. 2016. “Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The linguistic proximity model”. International Journal of Bilingualism.10.1177/1367006916648859Search in Google Scholar

Wildgen, W. 2008. “Sketch of an evolutionary grammar based on comparative biolinguistics”. In: Röska-Hardy, L. S. and E.M. Neumann-Held (eds.), Learning from animals? Examining the nature of human uniqueness. Hove: Psychology Press. 45–59.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, C. 2000. “Internal and external forces in language change”. Language Variation and Change 12. 231–250.10.1017/S0954394500123014Search in Google Scholar

Yang, C. 2004. “Toward a theory of language growth”. In: Jenkins, L. (ed.), Variation and universals in biolinguistics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 37–56.Search in Google Scholar

Yiakoumetti, A. 2007. “Choice of classroom language in bidialectal communities: To include or to exclude the dialect?” Cambridge Journal of Education 37. 51–66.10.1080/03057640601179046Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2016-11-16
Published in Print: 2016-11-1

© Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

Downloaded on 5.12.2023 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/psicl-2016-0025/html
Scroll to top button